The defendant pursues the first eight of his ten grounds of appeal, assigned in the record, *Page 594 and waives the ninth and tenth. The first three relate to the claimed improper reception of evidence as to the plaintiff's medical and hospital bills, and the remaining five to alleged failures to charge the jury on certain points and to errors in the charge as made.
The evidence which the plaintiff offered and the court admitted over the objection of the defendant, as covered by the first three assignments of error, was to the effect that the plaintiff, as a result of the injuries complained of, had incurred a hospital bill of $148.50, of which all but $10 was still due. The contention of the defendant was, that under the allegations of the complaint the evidence was not admissible to show this as one of the elements of the plaintiff's damages.
After giving a general description of the injuries which the plaintiff claimed to have suffered by being thrown from his motorcycle, the following appears in paragraph three of the complaint: ". . . and as a result of said injuries to the plaintiff's person he was obliged to have hospital treatment and medical attention and to spend large sums of money for such treatment and attention and for a long time to come will be obliged to spend large sums for such treatment and attention." In contending that this language of the complaint does not permit the introduction of the evidence in question, the appellant relies upon Smith v.Whittlesey, 79 Conn. 189, 63 A. 1085.
The rule as to allegation and proof of damages, in cases of this character, was laid down by JUDGE SWIFT in Parmalee v. Baldwin, 1 Conn. 313, 317, and this is cited with approval in Smith v. Whittlesey, the court adding: "We have uniformly enforced this technical rule of pleading as well since as before the adoption of the Practice Act." The rule is: "In actions for torts, where the law necessarily implies that the plaintiff *Page 595 has sustained damage by the act complained of, it is not necessary to make an allegation of special damages in the declaration; but where the law does not necessarily imply such damage, it is essential to the validity of the declaration that the resulting damages shall be stated with particularity." The obvious purpose of this familiar rule is to give the defendant fair notice of the damage the plaintiff will claim. Where the results of an injury are natural and necessary, they are implied by law, and the law conclusively charges the defendant with notice of them without any specific reference to them in the complaint; but where they are special and peculiar to the case in hand, the defendant cannot know what they are unless they are set out in the complaint. Farrington v. Cheponis,82 Conn. 258, 261, 73 A. 139.
The language used in the case at bar distinctly apprises the defendant that the plaintiff has suffered a financial loss by reason of medical and hospital bills. Any criticism of the language used on the ground that it is too general, would have been more properly put forward by a motion to make more specific, before the defendant pleaded a general denial of the allegations of the complaint. The fact and the character of the damage claimed is clear, and the items and amounts could doubtless have been made specific by a timely motion for that purpose. As the matter stood at the time of trial, the evidence was properly admitted.
The complaint alleges the cause of the injury to have been a collision between the motorcycle of the plaintiff and the wagon of the defendant. The answer is a general denial, and the defendant's contention, that the injury was caused by the striking of a stone culvert by the plaintiff's motorcycle, was an oral claim made by the defendant upon the trial and was not an issue raised by the pleadings. It is this phase of the *Page 596 case which forms the basis of the remaining assignments of error.
The view of the defendant seems to be that the court was bound to make specific reference to his oral claim of fact as to the cause of the injury, and charge the jury that the plaintiff could only recover if the injury was caused by a collision with the defendant's wagon, and could not recover if it was caused by striking a stone culvert or in some other way. But if the jury were given to understand that recovery could only be had upon the allegations of the complaint, this necessarily excluded a recovery for injury caused by some other means or in some other way. As already suggested, the defendant's claim as to the way the injury occurred, is not made in the pleadings. The court, in the opening portion of the charge, distinctly told the jury that it was essential to keep in mind the issues raised by the pleadings. The court then proceeded to call attention specifically to the claim of a collision as set up in the complaint and denied by the answer, and the jury were instructed that it was incumbent upon the plaintiff to prove the essential allegations of the complaint. The jury could not have failed to understand from this, that this was the issue of fact under the pleadings, and that proof of striking a stone culvert or of any other cause of injury was expressly excluded as a basis of recovery. Later on in the charge the court again calls the attention of the jury to the issue of fact framed by the pleadings, as to whether a collision occurred between the motorcycle of the plaintiff and the team of the defendant, and concludes: "Now, if you find by a fair preponderance of the evidence that the plaintiff was at the time of the injury in the exercise of due care as I have defined to you that term, and that the defendant's driver was not in the exercise of due care as I have also defined it, in one or *Page 597 more of the respects alleged in the complaint, that such negligence on the part of the driver, if you find it approximately caused the collision between the defendant's wagon and the motorcycle of the plaintiff, your verdict should be for the plaintiff." The appellant contends that the court, in those portions of the charge cited in paragraphs 6, 7, and 8 of the appeal, "assumed that there was an actual collision between the defendant's wagon and the plaintiffs motorcycle, and that the defendant's wagon did run into and upon the plaintiff and his motorcycle." We think, on the contrary, that the language used by the court, clearly assumes that the jury will require the plaintiff to prove this fact. Taken in connection with the other portions of the charge, we think the jury could not well have understood otherwise. Reduced to its lowest terms, the contest as to the fact of the happening was whether there was or was not a collision, and we think the charge made it clear to the jury, that the plaintiff could only recover upon proof of the affirmative of this contention. Again, when the defendant's counsel, at the close of the court's remarks to the jury, raised the point as to the necessity that the plaintiff prove a collision, the court said to the wry that he thought he made that clear, and added that the plaintiff must prove that the acts of negligence set out in the complaint "must have proximately caused a collision between the vehicle of the plaintiff and the wagon of the defendant." This portion of the appeal is apparently based upon the theory, as exhibited in the appellant's brief, that the jury may have found as a fact that the injury was caused by striking the stone culvert, or in some other way than by collision with the defendant's wagon, and that the charge did not clearly *Page 598 guard the jury against giving the plaintiff a verdict under such circumstances. We do not think that supposition finds any warrant in the record. The portions of the charge to which we have referred, and the charge as a whole, correctly state the law and adequately guard the jury against giving a plaintiff's verdict on such a finding of fact.
There is no error.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.