The main questions presented by this appeal relate to the appellant's claim that the Act (Public Acts of 1901, Chap. 183, Rev. 1902, § 2645) empowering the county commissioners to reject any application for a license, upon finding there already exists, in the town or in the vicinity of the place for which a license is asked, a sufficient number of licensed places, subject to the right of appeal by the *Page 360 applicant in the same manner as appeals are now taken, is void. The claim is, that the appeal thus provided is in effect the ordinary process for transferring a cause from an inferior to an appellate court for retrial, and imposes upon the Superior Court the purely administrative powers and duties of an administrative board, which the court is incompetent to exercise upon the principle laid down in Norwalk Street Ry. Co.'s Appeal,69 Conn. 576; and that the power given to the commissioners is so dependent upon the right of such appeal that the invalidity of that part of the Act providing for the appeal involves the invalidity of the whole Act.
It is a sufficient answer to this claim, that the construction thus given to the provision for an appeal cannot be maintained. It is well settled that the legislature cannot give the Superior Court appellate jurisdiction of this kind in matters committed to executive officers. In certain instances, where appropriate process is provided, the court may set aside acts of administrative officers for unlawful conduct in excess of their power. Such process for controlling the unlawful conduct of county commissioners, in granting or refusing licenses, has been provided by the legislature under the name of "appeal." Public Acts of 1893, Chap. 175; Public Acts of 1899, Chap. 223. The word "appeal," as thus used, has been construed as providing for an original application to the Superior Court to exercise its appropriate judicial power in respect to acts done by the county commissioners in excess of their power, or in the unlawful abuse of that power. "Such appeal is a process by which the Superior Court is enabled to determine the legality of certain specified actions of the county commissioners." Wakeman's Appeal,74 Conn. 313, 315; Norwalk Street Ry. Co.'s Appeal, 69 id. 576, 600; Malmo's Appeal, 72 id. 1, 8, 9; Bradley v. NewHaven, 73 id. 646, 650. When the legislature uses the word "appeal" in the Act of 1901, it must be held to use it with the same meaning attached to the word in the Acts of 1893 and 1899.
This view of the statute disposes of the substantial error claimed by the appellant; but another claim was involved *Page 361 in the argument, which may be stated thus: In sustaining the legality of the commissioners' conduct it was not sufficient for the court to satisfy itself that the commissioners acted fairly, honestly and reasonably in rejecting the application, but it must also be satisfied upon an original investigation that it would itself reject the application. This claim is inconsistent with the nature of the application to the Superior Court authorized by statute. The intervention of the court is based upon some illegal conduct by the commissioners in the execution of purely administrative powers. We said inState v. Wilcox, 42 Conn. 364, 371, in speaking of our statute as first enacted in 1872, that the granting of licenses and other powers therein contained "are police regulations, quite fit and proper to be exercised by municipalities, county commissioners, or boards of selectmen, for the protection of the morals and health, and the promotion of the prosperity, of their particular localities." We said in Underwood v. CountyCommissioners, 67 Conn. 411, 416, that the power and duty to grant licenses, conferred and imposed upon the commissioners, "are administrative and not judicial in their nature." The illegal exercise of this power may be restrained by the court, but the power itself to issue a license in a lawful manner is vested solely in the commissioners. Indeed, the plan and purpose of the legislation regulating the sale of liquors depends upon the supervision given to the commissioners, who for this reason have the sole power to license, but only for the period of a single year. Malmo's Appeal, 72 Conn. 1,7. It may be true that the legislature may provide for the issue of licenses by an inferior court, upon conditions appropriate to the exercise of its judicial power, but it plainly would be impracticable to accomplish in that way the main objects secured by the present legislation. That treats the issue of licenses as purely administrative, and the question of what limitations might be involved if it were treated as judicial, cannot arise. Malmo's Appeal, 72 Conn. 1, 5.
The questions brought before the court by the application are these: Have the commissioners acted illegally? Have the commissioners exceeded or abused their power? All *Page 362 matters to be considered by the court are incident to the examination of these questions. Ordinarily the illegality claimed must consist in a disregard or misunderstanding of the statutory qualifications for a license, or of the limitations upon its issue. These questions arise upon the application as an original process and may call for an original investigation, and in this qualified sense there may be a hearing denovo in respect to the issue of a license.
The statutory qualification most frequently called in question is that which requires the licensee to be a suitable person and his place of business a suitable place. The word "suitable" may be so used as to involve nothing more than a direction to appoint a proper person, but we held in Smith'sAppeal, 65 Conn. 135, and in Hopson's Appeal, ibid. 140, that the word was not so used in our statute, but was used to define a statutory qualification calling for an interpretation of a judicial nature as well as an exercise of personal judgment. So long as there was no special process for testing the legality of the commissioners' action, the discretion involved in personal judgment was practically the controlling feature; and so we held in Batters v. Dunning, 49 Conn. 479, that this discretion could not be controlled by the writ of mandamus. But when in 1893 a special process was provided for testing the legality of the commissioners' action in refusing or granting a license, the existence of all statutory qualifications was involved, as bearing on the illegality claimed.
The substantial statutory qualifications are these: As to person — the licensee must be suitable, must not have been convicted of violating the law, etc., must not be a sheriff, or other officer, grand juror, justice of the peace, etc., must, if a female, be known to the commissioners to be a woman of good repute, and must not keep a house of ill-fame nor a gambling place. As to place — the place of sale must be suitable, must not be on fair grounds, nor in a dwelling with access to saloon, nor in the part of cities not effectually policed, nor in the purely residential or manufacturing parts of a town, nor in those parts of a license town where it is *Page 363 apparent the applicant is seeking patronage from an adjoining no-license town.
It is evident that the consideration of these qualifications, as bearing upon the question of legality, cannot be the same in all cases. The illegality of granting a license to a person who has been convicted of violating the law, is certain; while the affirmation of illegality in granting a license to a female not known to the commissioners to be a woman of good repute, is difficult if not impracticable; and the illegality of granting a license to a person who is not suitable, would hardly be affirmed, unless it should be apparent that the commissioners acted under some misapprehension, or the possession of the qualification should appear to the court so clear as to imply a want of judicial temper and fairness in the commissioners amounting to misconduct. When the action of the commissioners is based upon the existence or nonexistence of statutory qualifications; the court, in reaching its conclusion as to the claimed illegality, may consider and pass upon these qualifications; but the proceeding is so peculiar, so different from an ordinary judicial contention, requiring so much of that personal judgment which involves judicial discretion, that its final action is not open to review by this court in the same manner and to the same extent as an ordinary final judgment. But until 1899 the action of the commissioners might be independent of the question of qualification. They might refuse a license because, in their judgment, the best interests of the community, under the due administration of law, required a refusal. Malmo's Appeal,72 Conn. 1, 8. This power, of adapting the issue of licenses to the exigencies of public interest, is placed primarily in the towns, which decide from time to time whether public interest justifies the issue of any license. Originally this decision was expressed by a vote forbidding the selectmen from recommending any person for a license, and when no such vote was passed the selectmen were authorized to decide to what extent the public interests justified the issue of licenses. After this power was taken from selectmen, the imperative form of the law, directing the commissioners to license qualified *Page 364 persons recommended by the selectmen, was changed to its present permissive form, viz, "The county commissioners . . . may," etc. Public Acts of 1889, Chap. 117, Rev. 1902, § 2643. From that time until 1899 the commissioners had a discretion in the issue of licenses to qualified persons, where the exigencies of public good justified its exercise. In 1899 the discretionary power was taken from the commissioners, and in 1901 was again given to them, in a modified form, by the statute under discussion. The statute does not relieve the commissioners from the duty of licensing qualified persons, unless they become satisfied that a sufficient number of licensed places exist in a particular town or locality; but when they find that a sufficient number do exist, then they may reject or grant the application of a qualified person for an additional license, as in their judgment may best serve the good of the locality. It is plain that such a discretion is liable to abuse, and equally plain that the considerations of local interest, and conditions determining the administrative policy which would justify its exercise in any particular case, may be within the grasp of an administrative board like the county commissioners, but are impracticable for a court to ascertain and apply, even if it could be law fully burdened with such duties.
The power, however, as given to the commissioners is not arbitrary, and its unfair or unreasonable exercise may be such as should render the rejection of a license unlawful. For this reason the revesting of such power in the commissioners, by the Act of 1901, is expressly stated to be subject to the existing right to invoke the judicial power for testing the legality of the commissioners' conduct, by the original application to the Superior Court called an appeal. Misconduct in such case may be shown by direct evidence of arbitrary, unfair, and partial treatment, and may be indicated by facts which the commissioners knew, or should have known, of which facts the number of existing licenses may be one; but it is evident that the court cannot ascertain all the facts and considerations of administrative policy which *Page 365 might properly influence the commissioners in the performance of duties imposed upon them.
In the present case the court ascertained the number of existing licensed places, and, so far as appears, heard all the evidence offered and entertained all the considerations bearing upon the conduct of the commissioners, and was convinced that the commissioners acted honestly and reasonably in forming their judgment as to the sufficient number of licensed places, and as to their duty, in the due administration of the law, to reject this application for an additional license. It was not the duty of the court, nor was it practicable for it, to judicially determine what its own opinion might be if it stood in the place of the commissioners, endowed with the same powers and means of information and charged with the same administrative duty.
Our legislation in respect to the sale of intoxicating liquors assumes that such traffic is dangerous to public health and morals, and makes it unlawful unless as permitted by administrative officers, in localities where, in their judgment, the public good may be served by such permission. The power of determining this administrative policy is given primarily and mainly to the towns, but secondarily, to a limited extent, to the county commissioners, who have the sole power to issue licenses to qualified persons. The Act of 1893 sought to minimize the danger of an occasional abuse of the power vested in the commissioners, by providing a process for invoking the power of the court to test the legality in a particular case, of the commissioners' exercise of their power. To this end it created a sort of legal right in the would-be beneficiary of a license on the one hand, and in any taxpayer of the town on the other, in the lawful performance of their public duties by the commissioners. This purpose controls the Act of 1901. The court has sought, without undue questioning, to administer such powers so as to give effect to the legislative intent that the judicial power may be exercised so far as practicable, in the prevention of an unlawful abuse of the power vested in the commissioners; but the legislation cannot be interpreted as imposing upon *Page 366 the Superior Court, and even upon this court, the duties of a licensing board under conditions inconsistent with the legitimate exercise of judicial power.
The dismissal of the appeal by the Superior Court did not involve an erroneous construction of the statute. The errors claimed as to the conduct of the court, in reaching its conclusion upon the suitability of place, cannot be considered.Malmo's Appeal, 73 Conn. 232, 238; Hopson's Appeal, 65 id. 140, 149.
As the foregoing reasons apply to, and must control the disposition of Apel's Appeal, there is no occasion for a separate opinion in that case.
There is no error in either case.
In this opinion the other judges concurred, except BALDWIN, J., who dissented.