This action, to quiet title to land, was brought against the defendants Elwood, who owned land adjoining the plaintiffs', the town of Westport, and John H. Light and others, as representing the general public.
The plaintiffs claim to be the owners in fee simple, as having title by deed and also by adverse possession. The plaintiffs' land is situated on the southwesterly side of Sherwood's Island in the town of Westport, and is described in the complaint as bounded northerly on the land of the defendant Fannie L. Elwood, easterly on the highway known as Island Lane, and southerly and westerly on Long Island Sound. The only controversy arises with reference to the bound on Long Island Sound, and the defendants' answers allege that the plaintiffs' land is bounded southerly and westerly on a highway, that the southern and western limit of the plaintiffs' ownership is marked by a stone wall north of the highway, and that the beach above high-water mark in front of the plaintiffs' land is a public beach. The plaintiffs' replies deny that the beach is public, deny that any highway ever existed, and allege that, if it did exist, it was abandoned before this suit was brought. *Page 600
The strip of land thus left in dispute is about ten hundred and eighty-six feet long and from twenty-four to sixty-three feet wide. It is composed in part of a strip of sand scattered with stones and boulders next above high-water mark, from five to twenty feet wide, and in part of a bank rising abruptly from the sand and about seven feet above high water. The top of this bank is thirty-five feet wide at its widest point, and at other places the bank has been washed away by high tides and storms to the base of the stone wall.
No evidence was offered of any formal lay-out of a highway over the locus, but the defendants claimed that the highway exists by dedication and user. The evidence as to user was conflicting, and the trial court has found that neither the top of the bank nor the strip of sand above high-water mark has ever been used by the public as a highway.
We cannot disturb the several findings of subsidiary facts on which this finding of ultimate fact is founded. The testimony relied upon in support of the defendants' numerous exceptions to these findings is in part disputed, in part discredited by the physical conditions as found by the trial court after inspection of the premises, and in part explicable on the probability that the user was below, instead of above, high-water mark. The same is true of the testimony relied upon in support of the defendants' exceptions to the findings which lead up to the conclusion of the trial court that the land in dispute has never been and is not now a public beach. All of these exceptions to findings and to refusals to find are overruled.
The material questions of law on this appeal are those which arise from the fact that the old deeds through which plaintiffs claim title refer to a highway in front of a part, at least, of the plaintiffs' land. The finding shows that Sherwood's Island, so-called, is a body of *Page 601 upland bounded on the west by salt meadows and facing on a continuous sand beach which extends in a northwesterly direction in front of Sherwood's Island and of the salt meadows to Compo Mill Pond. At its northern end Sherwood's Island is connected with the mainland by a bridge from which a highway, called Island Lane, runs southerly through the island and terminates at the beach. The defendants' claim is that the highway referred to in the old deeds was a continuation northwesterly of Island Lane toward the Compo Grist Mill.
Prior to 1720 the southerly end of Sherwood's Island was owned by several different proprietors, who afterward conveyed to one Daniel Sherwood, through whom the plaintiffs and the defendants Sherwood claim. Going northwesterly along the beach from the end of Island Lane, the four lots which fronted on the beach, in the order in which they are named, were known as the Couch lot, the Jesup lot, the Godfrey lot, and the Green lot. The Couch lot was conveyed to Daniel Sherwood in 1806, and was bounded easterly and southerly by highway, the easterly boundary referring to Island Lane. In 1794 the Jesup lot was conveyed to Daniel Sherwood and was bounded southerly by highway. In 1783 the Godfrey lot was conveyed to one Godfrey and bounded southerly and westerly on highway and on the Sound; and, in 1793, it was conveyed to Daniel Sherwood and bounded westerly in part on salt meadows and in part on the beach and southerly in part on beach and in part on lands of Couch and Jesup. These three lots, taken together, constitute the premises described in the complaint. The Green lot, which now belongs to the defendants Elwood and lies northerly of and next northwesterly on the beach to the plaintiffs' land, was conveyed to Daniel Sherwood in 1720 and bounded south on the *Page 602 heirs of Couch and "only a small part on the beach." It therefore appears from these deeds that about 1800 there was a highway extending northwesterly along the shore from Island Lane in front of the old Couch and Jesup lots and in front of a part, only, of the old Godfrey lot; and no highway in front of the balance of the plaintiffs' present holdings or in front of the land northwesterly of the plaintiffs and now owned by the defendants Elwood. No reference to any highway along the shore front northwest of the Godfrey lot appears from numerous other deeds introduced, in all of which the proprietors were bounded on the beach.
In 1829 Daniel Sherwood's estate was distributed, and the four lots above named were set out to Franklin Sherwood, his son, and bounded southerly and westerly by the beach. This disappearance of the highway as a southern boundary is noteworthy, because the distributors were freeholders of the town who had an interest in the preservation of the highway, if any was then supposed to exist. It is not improbable that the old highway should have fallen into disuse after the Godfrey and Jesup lots passed into the hands of Daniel Sherwood, who already had an outlet to the eastward on Island Lane; especially if the beach below high-water mark afforded then, as the finding shows that it does now, a strip of firm hard sand relatively free from boulders, so that those who had occasion to go to the salt meadows on the west or to the Compo Grist Mill may have traveled below high-water mark. In 1842 Franklin Sherwood mortgaged the premises to the town of Westport, bounding them southerly and westerly by the highway and the beach. This is the last, and after 1806, the only, reference on the land records to any highway southerly of the plaintiffs' land. In 1888 Franklin Sherwood distributed all his real estate among his children, and for that purpose conveyed the *Page 603 Green lot to his daughter, the defendant Fannie L. Elwood, and conveyed the old Couch, Jesup and Godfrey lots to his son Arthur, the father of the plaintiffs, describing the latter tract of land as "containing two lots on the westerly side of the highway adjoining the beach and as the fences now stand and is bounded; northerly by my own land, easterly by highway, southerly and westerly by the beach." Some stress is laid by the defendants on the words "as the fences now stand," and the claim is that they indicate an admission that Franklin Sherwood did not own or intend to convey anything south of the stone wall; but such a construction is inconsistent with the subsequent specific boundary on the west and south by the beach, and it is also unnecessary, for the reference to the fences as boundaries is satisfied by the division fences between the daughter's portion and the two lots conveyed to the son. In 1901 Arthur Sherwood conveyed the premises described in the complaint to his children, bounding the same southerly and westerly on Long Island Sound, and the title thereto is now vested in the plaintiffs.
It will be seen that for the last seventy years the land records make no reference to any highway south of the plaintiffs' land; and the trial court finds that, if there ever was such a highway, its locus has not been disclosed, and its use has been abandoned for a time beyond the memory of the oldest witness. It is also found that the locus is impassable, except for pedestrians, above high-water mark, and that such passing as there has been along the shore by pedestrians and teams has usually been along the beach below high water where the sand is firm and comparatively free from boulders, and that, so far as teams or pedestrians have traveled over parts of the premises above high-water mark, it has been with the license or permission of the plaintiffs *Page 604 or their predecessors in title. It is also found that the plaintiffs and their predecessors in title, back to the distribution in 1829 of the estate of Daniel Sherwood, have been in the continuous, exclusive and adverse possession of all of the premises described in the complaint.
The defendants have excepted to the findings of subsidiary facts bearing upon the question of adverse possession, but an examination of the record shows that they are based on conflicting testimony, and the exceptions are therefore overruled.
On the findings as they stand, the court did not err in concluding that, if a highway ever existed in front of the plaintiffs' premises, it had been abandoned by long-continued disuse and had reverted to the grantees of the original dedicators. A highway is nothing but an easement. Peck v. Smith, 1 Conn. 103. The old common-law doctrine that there can be no loss of a public right in a highway by nonuser or by adverse possession has been modified. Hartford v. New York N.E. R. Co., 59 Conn. 250, 259, 260, 22 A. 37. "The desertion of a public road for nearly a century, is strong presumptive evidence that the right of way has been extinguished." Beardslee v. French, 7 Conn. 125,128. In Litchfield v. Wilmot, 2 Root, 288, it was held that fifteen years uninterrupted possession of a highway would bar the town from recovering it. In Brownell v.Palmer, 22 Conn. 107, 121, it was apparently questioned, though not necessary to the decision, whether twenty years would be sufficient, but not doubted that a very long possession would prevail. In Greist v.Amrhyn, 80 Conn. 280, 285, 68 A. 521, it is said that "the length of time during which such nonuser must continue on the part of the public, before the highway can be presumed to be abandoned, has not been determined in this State by statute or judicial decision. *Page 605 It must be a long time." Such an abandonment implies, of course, a voluntary and intentional renunciation, but the intent may be inferred as a fact from the surrounding circumstances; and in this case the inference of an intentional abandonment of the use of any ancient highway which may have existed in front of the plaintiffs' land, was justified by the finding that there had been no use of any part of the locus for a highway within the memory of witnesses covering a period of over sixty years; by the finding of an exclusive adverse possession of the whole of the locus by the plaintiffs and their predecessors in title since 1829, and by the finding that, except by permission of the plaintiffs and their predecessors, such passing to and fro as has continued within the memory of witnesses has been upon the comparatively unobstructed strip of sand below high-water mark.
The defendants also claim that the deeds which bound the plaintiffs' grantors on the south and west by the beach carry the title no further than to the strip of sand between the high-water mark and the upland. The word "beach" may be used to mean land between high and low-water mark, or it may be used to include a sandy shore above mean high water which is washed by storms and by exceptionally high tides. In this case the trial court has found that the grantors used the word as meaning the shore at high-water mark, and the facts as to adverse possession by the plaintiffs' predecessors in title would so indicate. It is also apparent, upon comparing the southern boundaries of the Godfrey lot as described in the deeds dated 1783 and 1793, respectively, that the southern bound upon the "beach" was used in the later deed as synonymous with the southern bound upon the "Sound" in the former deed. We think the court did not err in construing these deeds as bounding the plaintiffs and their *Page 606 predecessors upon the shore at high-water mark. There was no evidence of any grant or allotment of the beach above high-water mark to the early proprietors of the town. We think that the word "beach," when used as a boundary in these deeds, must be understood as conveying all the land on the shore down to high-water mark.
There is no error.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.