The complaint describes a single transaction, viz, the exchange of a farm for personal property. The ground of the action is deceit practiced by the defendant with intent thereby to induce the plaintiff to transfer her personal property to him, and to defraud her. The deceit alleged consisted in false representations as to the farm, knowingly and fraudulently made by the defendant, and believed and acted on by the plaintiff. The false representations alleged are (1) a representation of title, viz, that the defendant owned, when in fact he did not own, the land conveyed; (2) a representation of quantity, viz, that the farm contained 30 acres when in fact it contained only 18 1/4 acres; and (3) representations of quality, viz, that the land conveyed was good farming land, when in fact it was unfit for farming. The damages claimed as the result of this fraud are $2,500.
The complaint is loosely drawn, but there was no demurrer, and so defects of form were waived and cannot now be taken advantage of by the defendant.
The rulings of the court upon evidence and in the charge to the jury must be considered in view of such waiver and of the sufficiency of the complaint in substance. There was some confusion in the minds of the counsel and court arising from the wholly unnecessary division of the complaint into two counts. Brown v. Wilcox, ante, p. 100, 104; Dunnett v.Thornton, ibid. 1, 5. Treated, as the complaint must be, as unaffected by such improper division, the confusion has not worked any material injury to either party.
There is no error in the admission of testimony. The plaintiff, upon her cross-examination, having admitted that the defendant, when charged with having made false representations, offered to trade back, and that she refused, was permitted on her redirect examination to testify that she refused because some portion of her personal property taken by the defendant had been injured in the removal, some had been lost or destroyed, and she did not know the condition of other portions. This evidence tended to show that the offer to trade back was made with the knowledge that the parties could not be put in the same position as before the trade. *Page 373 It was also admissible as showing just what the plaintiff had refused to do.
The plaintiff, having produced in evidence a survey of the 18 1/4 acres described in the deed given her by the defendant, was afterwards permitted to testify that while they were standing in front of the farm house on the premises the defendant pointed out to her a piece of land (which piece was not in fact within the boundaries of the deed subsequently given her, nor within the lines of the survey) which he stated was included in the farm he proposed to sell.
This evidence tended to prove false representation, both as to quantity and quality. The plaintiff and defendant had just inspected the four or five acres about the house, and the plaintiff had said she did not care to trade; things were not as represented. In response the defendant said: "But you haven't seen it all yet," and pointed in the direction of the piece of land across the stream (thereby indicating that the stream was the "fine stream of water" stated as included in the farm, instead of being, as it was in fact, the western boundary) and called her attention to this lot of ten acres, high and level and lying on the side of the stream opposite the house. The evidential force of this deceptive representation is not neutralized by the fact the lot was not within the boundaries of the land conveyed, nor within the lines of the survey the plaintiff had introduced in evidence. The testimony also tended to prove that the false representations charged were made knowingly and with fraudulent intent.Gustafson v. Rustemeyer, 70 Conn. 125, 139; Morehouse v.Northrop, 33 id. 380, 386.
The plaintiff having introduced evidence to prove that the defendant had pointed out to her and submitted to her inspection the "Dudley lot," as included within the thirty acres he proposed to sell, evidence of the value of that lot and the appearance and character of the land was properly admitted. The defendant had (if the jury believed the testimony) identified that land as representing land the plaintiff would have acquired if thirty acres had been conveyed to her, and evidence of its value and appearance was relevant *Page 374 to the question of damage as well as to that of fraudulent intent.
We have studied the defendant's requests to charge, the charge, the errors assigned, and the plaintiff's carefully prepared brief, and are satisfied that there is no error in the charge which entitles the defendant to a new trial. Some of the errors assigned relate to passages in the charge which are really comments on the weight of evidence within the discretion of the court, some are based on implications the language of the court will not fairly support, some relate to matters that could not have affected the result, and some rely on formal defects in pleading which the defendant had waived. It can serve no useful purpose to enumerate all these claimed errors. It is sufficient to refer to those controlling claims that seem to raise some material question of law. They are three, and relate to the false representation of quantity.
The defendant asked the court to charge that "as the complaint contains no allegation of the difference between what the value of the land would have been, if the representations had been true, and what it was at the time of sale, no recovery can be had for that representation, except nominal damages"; and the court did not so charge. This is in effect asking the court to direct the jury to return a verdict for the defendant on this part of the case, because the complaint in stating this false representation alleges no cause of action. In fact the complaint does allege a cause of action. The allegations may not be sufficiently direct and explicit to stand against a demurrer, but they are sufficient after verdict, and are sufficient after the defendant has waived objection to the manner of statement by going to trial upon a denial of each of the plaintiff's allegations. Morehouse v.Throckmorton, 72 Conn. 449, 453.
The court declined to charge, as requested by the defendant, that representations made as to the quantity of land, "where both the vendor and the vendee have had an opportunity to examine the premises, are not actionable," but did charge that "positive and unqualified statements as to the *Page 375 number of acres in a tract of land may well and generally be regarded as representations of fact, though of course statements as to acreage may be made in such a manner and under such circumstances as to be merely matter of opinion, and in that case they would furnish no ground of liability. The letter referred to uses the language, as I have said, `Have farm of thirty acres.' You will read the whole letter and consider the whole testimony so far as it relates to quantity of land, and say whether the representations as to quantity of land in the farm, upon which the plaintiff bought, were positive representations of fact, or whether they were made as matters of opinion only. If a positive representation of fact as to the quantity of land is made by the vendor to the vendee, such vendee is under no obligation to make a survey to test the quantity, or to examine the records, or to make further inquiry in regard to it. He is entitled to rely upon it, even if he has opportunity to see the land, and does casually take a look at it, unless upon the view which he had of it the discrepancy was such as that he ought to be found to have known that the representation was not one of fact."
Naked statements of value are in their nature statements of opinion rather than fact; they belong to the "trade talk" that accompanies bargains; they may be so made and under such circumstances as to give rise to an action for deceit, but the general rule is that false statements of this kind do not constitute an actionable deceit. Statements of the acreage of a piece of land offered for sale stand on a somewhat different ground; when positively made they are in their nature statements of fact; they may be so made as to constitute mere opinion or "trade talk," but when found to have been made as a representation of an existing fact, they are subject to the rule governing false and fraudulent representations of existing facts, and if believed and acted on, may constitute an actionable deceit, although the vendee might have ascertained their falsity. Watson v. Atwood, 25 Conn. 313, 320;Beckwith v. Ryan, 66 id. 589, 595; Gustafson v. Rustemeyer,70 Conn. 125, 134. In view of the condition of evidence and claims, the charge states the law with sufficient clearness to *Page 376 guide the jury, and fairly leaves to them the facts which may control the application of the law.
Upon the question of damage, the court charged that "the rule of damage is the difference between what the plaintiff in fact got by the trade and what she would have received had the representations been true." No exception is taken to this general statement; but the defendant complains of the application made by the court in the following passage of the charge: "There is some testimony in the case tending to show that the farm was worth only $800, a sum less than the mortgage; and it appears from the deed that the plaintiff agreed to assume and pay the mortgage. The mortgage is a fixed quantity, and the jury in seeking to apply the rule will reach the correct result if they simply ascertain the difference between the actual value of the property described in the deed, without any regard to the mortgage, and the value of such land as the plaintiff would have received had it been as represented, without any regard to the mortgage upon it, and to that sum add interest at the rate of six per cent; the amount would represent just compensation." This is a suggestion in view of the facts of the case that might practically aid the jury in reaching a result consistent with the general rule of damage. No reason was given in argument for exception to this statement, and we do not see how it could have injured the defendant.
The court further told the jury that in determining how much the farm in question would have been worth had it been as represented, "the price paid by the plaintiff, that is, the value of the property which she gave in exchange, is relevant to that question, but of course not conclusive evidence."
Assuming the contention of the plaintiff to have been proved — that the defendant induced her to make the trade on the basis of the truth of his representations — then the property given in exchange represented an estimate made by the plaintiff and by the defendant of the value of the farm on the assumption the defendant's representations were true, and the actual amount of that estimate is relevant, whatever its weight may be, to the question of how much the farm conveyed *Page 377 would have been worth had it been as represented.Gustafson v. Rustemeyer, 70 Conn. 125, 134.
We do not discuss the errors claimed in that portion of the charge dealing with alleged false representations of title and quality. In the main such passages follow the requests of the defendant. There may have been error in defining what would constitute a valid transfer of title (as claimed by the plaintiff in her bill of exceptions), but if so it was favorable to the defendant. The charge practically instructed the jury against any finding in favor of the plaintiff on the ground of false representation of title or quality and, if erroneous on these points, could not have injured the defendant.
The defendant criticises some passages in the charge as misleading the jury in respect to the weight of evidence, especially as bearing on the question of his good faith. The judge did not exceed his discretion in the comments on the weight of evidence. In this, as in the charge as a whole, he was rather favorable to the defendant. There were facts apparent, if not conceded, which indicated a fraudulent intent in the whole transaction; they were dealt with in the charge very tenderly.
There is no error in the judgment of the Superior Court.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.