By an Act passed in 1866 a forfeiture of not exceeding $10, to be recovered by any common informer, was imposed upon any railroad company which, "whenever it shall be necessary for any freight train" to *Page 3 remain at a station in such a position as to obstruct a highway-crossing for more than five minutes, should not separate the cars so as to let travelers pass. Public Acts of 1866, p. 54, Chap. 99. In 1878 this was replaced by an Act providing that any traveler upon a public street or highway, whose passage over a railroad-crossing was obstructed for more than five minutes "by reason of trains, cars, or locomotives standing upon or across such street or highway," might recover not exceeding $50 from the corporation owning the railroad. Public Acts of 1878, p. 346, Chap. 135. By an amendment made in 1893 (Public Acts of 1893, p. 402, Chap. 250) the sum recoverable was changed to $10 and costs (General Statutes, § 2039); and by an Act entitled "An Act concerning Damages for Obstructing Streets with Railroad Cars," passed in 1903 (Public Acts of 1903, p. 5, Chap. 4), it was changed again to $25 and costs.
An Act was passed in 1881 (Public Acts of 1881, p. 80, Chap. 135) and is now in force (General Statutes, § 2040), providing that a highway-crossing at grade in any city within two hundred feet of a covered bridge in the highway should not be obstructed "by the making up of railroad trains, nor by allowing any train, car, or locomotive, to stand on or across said highway," for more than three minutes at any one time, under a penalty of fine or imprisonment, or both.
In 1883 the railroad commissioners were empowered to order any railroad company "not to use for switching purposes, nor for standing trains of any kind" any specified highway-crossing, such use of which they might deem inconsistent with public convenience (Public Acts of 1883, p. 269, Chap. 80, p. 283, Chap. 106); and to make orders "regulating the obstruction of streets and highways by railroad locomotives and cars; and generally to make any and all orders regarding the crossing of streets and highways by railroad locomotives and cars, that the public may be inconvenienced as little as possible thereby." These provisions *Page 4 are substantially reproduced in General Statutes, §§ 3891, 3893.
It is plain from this course of legislation that the General Assembly have had in mind two evils to be guarded against in the use of a highway-crossing in the operation of railroads. One was its obstruction by standing cars or trains; the other its obstruction by moving cars or trains. General Statutes, §§ 2040, 3891 and 3893 provide a remedy for both these evils. General Statutes, § 2039 (as amended in 1903) provides a remedy for but one of them.
This action is brought under § 2039, and the only obstruction to travel upon the street which is alleged is one "by reason of cars, trains and locomotives of defendant standing upon and across said street." The finding shows that the plaintiff was a passenger on a street-car which was prevented for eleven minutes from crossing the defendant's tracks because they were occupied by a freight train; that part of the time the cars were standing still, and the rest of the time they were being switched backward and forward; but that there was no evidence that cars stood, without moving, upon or across the street for more than five minutes.
The statute is a remedial one, but the remedy furnished is the right of any traveler, whose passage has been obstructed in the manner specified, to recover a fixed sum as damages, irrespective of what damages he may in fact have suffered. It was within the power of the legislature to impose such a liability upon railroad companies. When they are permitted to cross highways at grade, public travel upon such highways is necessarily both endangered and impeded. The loss which any particular traveler may suffer from being long delayed at a grade-crossing, it would be hard to estimate with precision. One man's time is worth more than another's. One man's engagements may be more pressing than another's. Embarrassing questions as to remote and consequential damages might arise. It is *Page 5 therefore within the power of the State to fix an arbitrary sum, as the measure of recovery, provided only that it be not unreasonably great. Laws providing for the award of treble the actual damage in certain cases have long been upon our statute books. General statutes, §§ 1097, 1101, 1103-1105, 2036. There is nothing in such enactments inconsistent with the Constitution of the United States.Minneapolis Railway Co. v. Beckwith, 129 U.S. 26,9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 207; 1 Joyce on Damages, § 95. Nevertheless the statute now in question approaches closely to the field of penal statutes, and must be construed with reasonable strictness, and not so as to extend its operation beyond what is called for by the ordinary import of its terms.Stevens v. Kelly, 66 Conn. 570, 575, 34 A. 502; Hallenbeckv. Getz, 63 Conn. 385, 387, 28 A. 519.
Cars which are being switched cannot properly be described as standing; and as the plaintiff's averment that cars were standing upon and across the street for more than five minutes was not sustained by the evidence, he was not entitled to the judgment which he recovered.
In the judgment-file all the issues are found for the plaintiff. It is only in the special finding of facts, made for the purposes of the appeal, that it appears that there was no evidence to support the judgment as respects the material issue as to whether cars were kept standing, as alleged, for more than five minutes. To determine that issue in the plaintiff's favor without any evidence to establish the fact in controversy was an error in law. Boughtonv. Boughton, 77 Conn. 7, 58 A. 226.
As we have concluded that there should be a new trial, it is necessary to consider the other reasons of appeal, since they involve points which might be the subject of controversy in future proceedings in the court below.
A motion was filed there stating that this action was one of five, each brought against the defendant for the same cause, on the same statute, by a passenger on the car *Page 6 in question, all returned to the same City Court at the same time, and all then pending, and that the same attorney represented the plaintiff in each action, and asking for a consolidation of all five, on the ground that "only one penalty can be recovered under the statute for one offense, and that this penalty is indivisible, requiring a joint action by all persons aggrieved." The denial of this motion is one of the reasons of appeal; and another is that, if the statute means that each and every traveler obstructed on the same occasion, by cars standing on a highway crossing for more than five minutes, can recover $25 and costs, it conflicts with the constitutions both of Connecticut and the United States.
A motion to consolidate is addressed to the discretion of the court, and its exercise of that discretion will not be reversed on appeal, unless in a case of manifest abuse.State v. Main, 31 Conn. 572, 577; 3 Cyc. 334; 8 id. 593. The sole ground relied on in the motion now in question was that no more than $25 and costs could be recovered from the defendant for its obstruction of the street, no matter how many travelers might have been inconvenienced by it. This involved a point of statutory construction, and invited the consideration of a question of constitutional law. It was well within the discretion of the trial court to decline to pass upon matters of such importance on a motion to consolidate; as in case of a recovery by the plaintiff they would remain open to the defendant, and could be more appropriately discussed in disposing of the other actions, should they subsequently be brought on for trial.
The same points were also urged by the defendant on the argument of the cause, as a reason why judgment should be rendered in its favor. We need not consider whether they are tenable and material for any purpose in any action, for, if it be so that the statute throws on the company only a liability for $25 and costs, the plaintiff, on proof of *Page 7 the averments in his complaint, would be entitled to recover those sums, since he was the first to sue and bring his cause to a final hearing. Vigilantibus, non dormientibus,jura subveniunt. That four other actions by four other plaintiffs were pending could not cut down a judgment in his favor to $5, instead of $25.
The answer alleged that "at the commencement of this action there were and now are four other actions pending in the City Court of Waterbury against this defendant for the recovery of the statutory penalty set forth in the complaint in this action and for the same cause as that set forth in said complaints, in which Deborah Fitzgerald, Mollie Mahoney, Mrs. Joseph F. Tracy and Julia Cunningham are the respective plaintiffs." No reply having been filed to this, its truth was admitted. Thereupon the defendant moved for judgment, on the ground, also urged in his final argument and reasons of appeal, "that if different suits for the recovery of the same penalty are in fact commenced at the same time, each may be pleaded against the other and both may be defeated." The finding of facts states, and must stand as an exposition of what the defendant claimed on the trial to be the admission resulting from the want of a reply, that the four other writs were returned at the same time when the plaintiff's writ was. There was therefore no priority between them. Each of the five plaintiffs stood on the same footing. Each might push for the first opportunity to be heard. The same defenses, so far as appears, were available in each.
If the defendant be right in its construction of the statute, and desired to set up the pendency of the other four actions to defeat that of the present plaintiff, it should have pleaded in abatement. Beach v. Norton, 8 Conn. 71, 78;Cahill v. Cahill, 76 id. 542, 547, 57 A. 284. Not having so pleaded, this defense could not be made by answer. Practice Book (1908) p. 247, Rules under the Practice Act. §§ 155, 155(a). *Page 8
There is nothing in the contention that a passenger in a street-car is not a traveler on the street. He is such, as fully as one riding in any other vehicle. While the car runs on fixed tracks, this is simply a mode of using the highway for highway purposes. Canastota Knife Co. v. NewingtonTramway Co., 69 Conn. 146, 152, 36 A. 1107.
The City Court, on motion of the defendant that the plaintiff be required to furnish a bond with surety for the prosecution of the action, ordered him to file one in the sum of $10, which was done, and denied a subsequent motion that bond in the sum of $100 be ordered. The amount of such a bond was a matter within the discretion of the trial court.
There is error and a new trial is ordered.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.