On October 1st, 1897, Burton W. Bishop owned a tract of land, and his wife owned two others on one of which was a house, in the Union School District of Guilford. He also owned another tract in the town, which was not in that district, and a little personal property. He put all these items of property into his tax list and returned it under oath to the town assessors. The lands were described as:
"1 dwelling-house with buildings and lots appurtenant thereto.
"73 acres of land, bounded and described on back of this list."
The assessors valued all the 73 acres at a lump sum, and afterwards, under General Statutes, § 2417, one of them valued so much of these lands as lay in the district at another lump sum, and returned a list of the same, including also the personal property and the house lot at proper valuations, to the clerk of the district, all being thus entered in the name of Burton W. Bishop.
In July, 1898, the district levied a five-mill tax to pay debts which had been accumulating for several years. It was made payable October 1st, 1898. No rate bill was made out until October 6th, 1898. Then one was made out in which Burton W. Bishop was charged with $12.92, this being five mills on the assessed valuation of all the property, real and personal, in the district, so owned by himself and his wife on October 1st, 1897. No attempt was ever made to collect any part of this $12.92 out of the personal property, and no personal demand was ever made or served *Page 697 upon either. On September 30th, 1899, the collector of district taxes put on record a certificate of lien for $12.92 on the three tracts of land in the district.
In February, 1903, Burton W. Bishop paid $3 on the tax, claiming that that was all of it that was legally due from him. Soon afterwards this suit was brought. The defendants in their answer denied the validity of the proceedings by the town and district, which were stated in the complaint. No evidence was offered on the trial to show the separate value of either of the three tracts. Judgment was rendered for the defendants, and "that said tax lien is void and the same is hereby set aside and declared of no effect."
General Statutes, Rev. 1888, § 3803 (Rev. 1902, § 2297), provided that "the taxable estate of married women, other than separate property, shall be set in the lists of their husbands." The exception of separate property was first made in 1880. Public Acts of 1880, p. 525, Chap. 57. At that time there were comparatively few married couples whose rights were regulated by the new system adopted in 1877. The term "separate property of a married woman" had an established meaning. It was "such estate only, be it real or personal, as is settled on her for her separate use, without any control over it on the part of her husband." Butler v.Buckingham, 5 Day, 492, 497, 501. It does not appear that the land of Mrs. Bishop was of such a character.
It was within the power of the legislature to make this statutory provision. Taxes are naturally a charge on income. Practically a husband, whether married before or after 1877, is apt to have the management of his wife's lands, and to receive the income from them. To charge him primarily with the duty of paying the annual taxes on her real estate, and to relieve her from the duty of returning a separate list, was a reasonable regulation of a matter of personal status. It might be otherwise, were he compelled to pay assessments for public improvements benefiting her land, which would be properly a charge upon the land rather than upon the income from it. New London v. Miller, 60 Conn. 112.
The omission to make a separate valuation of each parcel *Page 698 of land was invited by Burton W. Bishop. He listed the various parcels together as "73 acres." While it is true that he referred in that connection to the back of the list on which the acreage and situation of each were separately described, he presented them on the face of the list, which is the place on which to enter the valuation, as a single item. He is therefore estopped from claiming that they should have been valued separately. Albany Brewing Co. v. Meriden,48 Conn. 243, 245. As he also listed them all as his own property, making no reference to the fact of his wife's ownership of two of the parcels and that the house was on one of these, he is equally precluded from taking any benefit from the fact that in the grand list of the district they were not entered as hers. His act naturally led to this irregularity.
The complaint alleges that all the land so listed by the district stood in the name of Burton W. Bishop, but that his wife claims a joint interest in it. The finding shows that this was untrue. On such a complaint, the Court of Common Pleas was justified in dismissing the action as against her. While she was described in the writ as the wife of Burton W. Bishop, there is no allegation that she owned any of the property in question, or that she was made a party because she was a married woman. No fair notice therefore was given her of the real nature of the plaintiff's claim, as respects her lands.
As to him, however, the case set up was in part made out. He was the owner of some of the land assessed. He had induced its valuation by the district, together with other land of his wife, at a lump sum for the whole. He was justly taxable on this amount.
It is found that no notice of the valuation made by the district was ever given, nor any meeting held of the assessors and selectmen to act upon applications for relief, as required by General Statutes, §§ 2417, 2418; that no personal demand was ever made upon him for payment of the tax; and that there was no attempt to collect it out of his personal property. None of these matters were in issue under the *Page 699 pleadings, and therefore they could not affect the disposition of the cause.
The answer set up the defense that the tax was invalid, because partly laid to pay old debts which had been in arrears for years. It was the duty of the district to pay them, and taxation was the proper means.
Land cannot be foreclosed under a lien for taxes on personal property; but it does not appear that any part of what is now due to the plaintiff is for a tax on personal property. The $3 paid on account was not applied by either party to any particular part of the indebtedness. It should therefore be applied as the justice of the case may require. Chester v. Wheelwright, 15 Conn. 562. This will be best secured by applying it, so far as necessary, in discharge of that portion of the tax laid on account of the personal property (which was less than $1), and treating the balance as paid to reduce the amount due for the proportion of the tax laid on account of the lands owned by Mrs. Bishop. For the whole of the residue the plaintiff is entitled to a foreclosure as respects the tract of land listed by the district which was owned by Burton W. Bishop.
The judgment appealed from, in declaring the lien set up by the plaintiff to be void and setting it aside, went beyond the issue. Affirmative relief in favor of a defendant can only be granted when it is asked for by a cross-complaint or counterclaim.
There is error, the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas is set aside and the cause remanded with directions to dismiss the suit as against Mrs. Bishop and to grant a foreclosure as respects the tract of land owned by her husband, for $9.92, with interest and costs.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.