A tenant at will or at sufferance, holding over after a demand for possession by the owner or by the new lessees of such owner, is not liable in damages to such new lessees for a failure or refusal to surrender possession to the owner or to the new lessees, where such new lessees hold no estate in said premises but only the usufruct.
DECIDED SEPTEMBER 13, 1947. M. A. Baxley and Jake S. Winters sued Thomas E. Davenport in the Civil Court of Fulton County, seeking to recover damage of $300. Their petition alleged in substance: On and after November 16, 1945, they held a lease from Margaret W. Kistner, as executrix of Byron C. Kistner, to a certain storeroom and fixtures in the City of Atlanta, which lease was not to expire until January 31, 1948. Prior to November 16, 1945, the premises were occupied by one Parker. Theretofore one Tuggle had been appointed by the Superior Court of Fulton County as receiver of Parker and, on or about November 25, 1945, while in possession of the premises as such receiver, Tuggle sold the stock of goods located therein to the defendant, who from that date until December 28, 1946, occupied the same. On or about August 3, 1946, the plaintiffs demanded possession of the premises from the defendant. and Mrs. Kistner, as executrix, also demanded possession of the premises from the defendant, who refused to surrender possession of the same. From August 1, 1946, until December 28, 1946, the plaintiffs paid $50 per month as rent to Mrs. Kistner in accordance with the terms of their lease. During all of this period of time, the defendant enjoyed the use of the premises and failed and refused to deliver possession of the same to Mrs. Kistner or to the plaintiffs, and possession was acquired only through dispossessory-warrant proceedings instituted by Mrs. Kistner; the reasonable value of the premises being $50 per month. The defendant was fully acquainted with the existence of the lease, and deliberately refused to surrender possession when requested of him, and he has been stubbornly litigious and put the plaintiffs to an expense of $50 for attorney's fees to advise them of lawful methods of securing possession of the premises. The action was brought for $250, which was the reasonable value of the premises during said period, and for $50, which was the reasonable value of the services of said attorney, and for lawful interest on said sums. The prayers of the petition were for process and for a judgment against the defendant.
The defendant filed general and special demurrers to this petition. The trial judge sustained the general demurrer, and the plaintiffs excepted. It appears from the allegations of the petition that the premises were owned by Mrs. Margaret W. Kistner, as executrix of Byron C. Kistner, and that she leased or placed the premises in possession of one Parker, who had a stock of goods located therein. Parker was placed in the hands of a receiver by the superior court, and this receiver took charge of the premises and goods located therein. While this receiver was in possession of the premises under an order of the superior court, the owner leased the premises to the plaintiffs. After the execution of the lease to the plaintiffs, the receiver sold the stock of goods to the defendant, who went into possession of the premises. Several months after the defendant went into possession of the premises, the plaintiffs demanded possession of the premises from him, and the owner also demanded possession of the premises. Later, the owner instituted dispossessory-warrant proceedings against the defendant and acquired possession of the premises. The plaintiffs, as the new lessees of the premises, seek in the present action to recover damages of the defendant for withholding possession of the premises after demands by the plaintiffs and the owner and until he surrendered possession to the owner, when dispossessed under the proceedings instituted by her, and for the cost of their attorney's fees incurred in ascertaining the way to obtain possession of the premises.
The court did not err in sustaining the general demurrer and in dismissing the action. It appears from the allegations of the petition that the defendant went into possession of the premises under a former tenant, and that he remained in possession for several months without objection from the landlord or the new lessees. The fact that the owner of the premises leased the same to the plaintiffs while the defendant was in possession thereof as a tenant at will or a tenant at sufferance, did not make the defendant a tenant of the new lessees or create any contractual relationship between them. Any right to proceed against the defendant as a tenant holding over remained in the owner of the premises. In this connection, see McBurney v. McIntyre,38 Ga. 261. The right to maintain an action against a tenant for damages for wrongful holding over is generally held to be restricted to the landlord. Where a landlord parts with title to the premises during the tenancy, the new owner is then considered as the landlord, and *Page 662 he may proceed to dispossess the tenant in the same manner as the original landlord could dispossess him. Willis v. Harrell,118 Ga. 906 (6) (45 S.E. 794); Tatum v. Padrosa, 24 Ga. App. 259 (100 S.E. 653); Veal v. Jenkins, 58 Ga. App. 4 (197 S.E. 328); Patterson v. Baugh, 61 Ga. App. 270 (6 S.E.2d 380); Haynie v. Murray, 74 Ga. App. 253 (39 S.E.2d, 567). In this connection, also see Raines v. Hindman,136 Ga. 450 (71 S.E. 739, 38 L.R.A. (N.S.) 863, Ann. Cas. 1912C, 347). And where the owner of land conveys it for such term of years as to convey an estate for years in said land, within the provisions of the Code, §§ 61-101, 85-801, 85-802, the holder of such estate may, if entitled to possession under such conveyance, maintain an action for damages against the tenant for wrongful holding over the beyond his term. Anderson v. KokomoRubber Co., 161 Ga. 842 (132 S.E. 76). However, where the owner of lands does not convey the title or an estate therein, but gives the lessees only the usufruct, as in the present case, such lessees may not maintain an action for damages or one to recover possession from a tenant of the owner who is alleged to be holding over and beyond the term for which he rented the premises, but the lessees must look to the owner to place them in possession of the premises and may maintain an action for damages against him for a refusal or failure to do so. "Where the lease contains no stipulation to the contrary, there is an implied covenant on the part of the lessor that the premises shall be open to entry by the lessee at the time fixed by the lease for him to take possession, and if possession is then wrongfully withheld from the lessee, he can maintain an appropriate action against the lessor, or can at his option repudiate the contract and bring an action for damages for its breach." Browder-Manget Co. v. Edmondson, 7 Ga. App. 843, 846 (68 S.E. 453). Also, see Shiver v. Burkett, 74 Ga. App. 195 (39 S.E.2d 431), and citations. Moreover, to allow a recovery of damages by an owner and also by lessees of such owner from a tenant of the owner for wrongfully holding possession of the rented premises beyond the term might subject such tenant to double damages for the same wrong.
Under the allegations of the petition in the present case, the plaintiffs, as holders of the usufruct, could not maintain an action for damages directly against a tenant of the owner for holding *Page 663 possession of the rented premises after demands for possession by such owner and by the lessees of such owner, and the trial judge did not err in so holding and in dismissing the petition on general demurrer.
Judgment affirmed. Felton and Parker, JJ., concur.