1. (a) It is not necessary for the plaintiff to anticipate and negative any possible defense that the defendant may have to a contract upon which suit is based. See Columbian Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Carter, 58 Ga. App. 150 (1) (197 S.E. 925). *Page 846
(b) In an action on a contract, it is not necessary for the petition, on its face, to allege in detail the terms of the contract, when a copy thereof is attached to the petition and made a part of it.
(c) The petition, in an action upon a contract, is sufficient to withstand general demurrer, when it properly and sufficiently alleges: (1) the existence of the contract, (2) the failure of the defendant to perform some obligation to the plaintiff thereunder, (3) consequent damage to the plaintiff.
2. (a) Where a petition contains general averments which consist of conclusions of the pleader, and also specially pleaded facts which warrant such conclusions, the general averments must be construed to have reference to the specially pleaded facts. See North British Ins. Co. v. Parnell, 53 Ga. App. 178 (1) (185 S.E. 122).
(b) The remaining grounds of the special demurrer are without merit.
3. (a) The broker's commissions are earned when, during the agency, he finds a purchaser ready, able, and willing to buy, and who actually offers to buy on the terms stipulated by the owner. See Code, § 4-213.
(b) A contract is breached by a party to it who is bound by its provisions to perform some act toward its consummation, and who, without legal excuse on his part and through no fault of the opposite party, declines to do so.
(c) A contract for the sale of real property, requiring the seller to furnish a "good and marketable" title, does not necessarily mean that he must furnish such a title as a title insurance company will insure. A title insurance company may, if it sees fit, decline to issue a policy of insurance on any title regardless of how good and marketable it may be.
(d) Where the broker has found a purchaser ready, able, and willing to buy, and the owner refuses to carry out the trade, it is not necessary, in order for the broker to recover his commissions, that the proposed purchaser tender the purchase-price. See Smith v. Tatum, 140 Ga. 719 (1) (79 S.E. 775).
4. The remaining special grounds of the amended motion for a new trial are without merit.
DECIDED FEBRUARY 24, 1949. REHEARING DENIED MARCH 24, 1949. The defendant in error, McNabb Realty Company, hereinafter referred to as the plaintiff, brought a suit for $560 for real-estate commissions, in the Civil Court of Fulton County against the plaintiff in error, E. L. Douglas, hereinafter referred to as the defendant.
The petition alleges in substance: that on or about June 20, 1947, the plaintiff found a customer who was ready, able, and willing to purchase the property of the defendant for $12,000; that the defendant had previously employed the plaintiff, a licensed real-estate agent, to sell said property, and that on June *Page 847 20, 1947, the defendant accepted in writing the offer of the proposed purchaser, which offer was procured by the plaintiff; and that the defendant failed and refused to convey title to the proposed purchaser and also failed and refused to pay the plaintiff the stipulated commission.
Attached to the petition and made a part thereof, is a copy of the contract, by the terms of which the plaintiff, as real-estate agent, undertook to sell for the defendant certain property located in DeKalb County, Georgia, for $12,000 cash. Said contract contained, among others, provisions as follows: "Buyer has paid to the undersigned McNabb Realty Company Agent, receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged by Agent,$560.00 as earnest money, to be applied as part payment of the purchase-price of said property at the consummation of this sale; and if sale, due to Buyer's default, is not consummated, then one-half of said earnest money shall be applied toward commissions owing Agent hereunder, and Agents shall pay the balance to Seller to be applied toward Seller's damages caused by Buyer's default. In the event the sale is not consummated for reasons other than the default of Buyer, said earnest money is to be refunded to Buyer. Seller agrees to furnish good and marketable title to said property and Buyer shall have a reasonable time in which to examine the same. If Buyer finds any legal defects to title, Seller shall be furnished with a written statement thereof and given a reasonable time in which to correct the same. It is agreed that such papers that may be legally necessary to carry out the terms of this contract shall be executed and delivered by the parties at interest as soon as the validity of the title to said property has been established."
The contract also provides that the seller will pay the agent commission in accordance with the schedule printed on the reverse side thereof. This schedule shows the commission to be in the sum of $560 on a $12,000 transaction. It also contains a provision as follows: "This instrument shall be regarded as an offer by the buyer or seller who first signs to the other, and is open for acceptance by the other until 5 o'clock p. m. on the 25th day of June, 1947; by which time written acceptance of such offer must have been actually received by agent who will *Page 848 promptly notify other party of such acceptance." Immediately below this quoted provision of the contract, is the signature of S. R. Langford, as buyer. Below his signature, appears the acceptance of the defendant, as seller, dated June 20, 1947, and the signature of McNabb Realty Company.
The defendant interposed to the petition general and special demurrers, which the trial court overruled. Exceptions pendente lite were taken to this judgment.
Thereafter the defendant filed to the petition an answer and cross-action, in which he denied that the plaintiff had found a purchaser ready, able and willing to purchase the property; and denied that he had failed and refused to convey the title to such proposed purchaser, and that he was indebted to the plaintiff. By way of cross-action the defendant contended that the plaintiff has not demanded any commission of the defendant; and alleged that the plaintiff has already received the commission, one-half of which he contends belongs to him under the terms of a paragraph of the contract hereinbefore quoted, to wit, that, if the sale is not consummated due to the buyer's default, one-half of the earnest money ($560) was to be applied toward commission and the other half was to be paid to the defendant; and that the defendant has demanded $280 of the plaintiff and payment has been refused.
The defendant further alleged by way of cross-action: that, pursuant to the contract, he furnished a good and marketable title to said property, and that he gave the buyer a reasonable time in which to examine it; that the attorney for the plaintiff and the buyer demanded of the defendant a number of requirements as necessary for the issuance of a policy of title insurance in the Lawyer's Title Insurance Corporation; that he had not contracted for anything except to furnish a good and marketable title, but that the buyer demanded in excess of that, to wit, a title upon which a policy of title insurance would be issued; and that the failure to consummate the sale, therefore, was due to the buyer's default, and under the terms of the contract the buyer became obligated to pay the agent said commission.
At the conclusion of the evidence the trial court directed a verdict in favor of the plaintiff for $560, and a judgment based *Page 849 thereon was accordingly entered against the defendant, who filed a motion for new trial on the general grounds which was later amended by adding 3 special grounds.
The exceptions here are to the judgments of the trial court overruling the general and special demurrers to the petition and overruling the defendant's motion for new trial. 1. (a) Counsel for the defendant contend that the trial court erred in overruling the general demurrer to the petition, because the petition failed to show on its face that the defendant defaulted under the terms of the sale contract. It is contended that, since the petition fails to allege that the plaintiff tendered to the defendant a deed for execution to the buyer, and fails to allege that $12,000 was tendered, the petition fails to show the performance by the plaintiff of these necessary conditions precedent. Paragraph 5 of the petition alleges that the defendant has failed and refused to convey title to the property to S. R. Langford. For its purpose the general demurrer admits this allegation. The reasons for such failure constitute an affirmative defense on the part of the defendant and must be pleaded as such. It is not necessary for the plaintiff to anticipate and negative any possible defense that the defendant may have to the contract upon which the suit is based. SeeColumbian Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Carter, 58 Ga. App. 150 (1) (supra).
(b) It is also contended that the petition fails to set forth a cause of action because, while it is alleged that the plaintiff found a purchaser ready, able, and willing to purchase the property in question for $12,000, it fails to allege that he is ready, able, and willing to pay said sum in cash. Attached to the petition and made a part thereof is the contract upon which this action is based. It constitutes a written offer to purchase the property for $12,000 cash. This offer is accepted by the defendant. It is not necessary for the petition, on its face, to allege in detail the terms under which the property was to be sold to the buyer, because the contract itself, showing the terms, is attached to the petition and made a part of it. *Page 850
(c) The petition alleges the existence of the contract upon which the suit is based, the failure of the defendant to perform an obligation to the plaintiff thereon, and consequent damage to the plaintiff. In Columbian Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Carter, supra, it is held as follows: "In an action upon an alleged contract, the petition should affirmatively disclose (when construed most strongly against the pleader), among other things, (1) the existence of the contract, (2) the failure of the defendant to perform some obligation due to the plaintiff thereunder, and (3) consequent damage to the plaintiff."
The petition set forth a cause of action as against the general demurrer of the defendant.
2. (a) Certain parts and paragraphs of the petition are specially demurred to on the ground that said allegations constitute conclusions. Other allegations and the copy of the contract, which is attached to the petition and made a part of it, constitute specially pleaded facts which warrant these general averments complained of as conclusions. The general averments, therefore, must be construed to have reference to the specially pleaded facts. See North British Ins. Co. v.Parnell, 53 Ga. App. 178 (1) (supra); Western Atlantic Ry.Co. v. Roberts, 144 Ga. 250 (86 S.E. 933); Lemon, v.Lemon, 141 Ga. 448 (81 S.E. 118); Georgia R. Banking Co. v. Sewell, 57 Ga. App. 674 (4) (196 S.E. 140); Richardson v. Pollard, 57 Ga. App. 777(4) (196 S.E. 199).
(b) The remaining grounds of the special demurrer are without merit.
3. (a) The first ground of the amended motion for a new trial contends that the evidence made an issue that should have been submitted to the jury, and that therefore it was error for the trial court to direct a verdict in favor of the plaintiff. This ground is considered with the general grounds.
Reference to the resume of the pleadings contained in the preceding statement of facts discloses substantially the contentions of the parties. The plaintiff contends that its commissions are earned because it found a purchaser ready, able, and willing to buy and who actually offered to buy on the terms stipulated by the owner, and that the defendant has failed and refused to *Page 851 convey title to the purchaser so found by the plaintiff. The defendant contends that he stood ready and willing to furnish to such purchaser a good and marketable title, but that a title upon which a policy of title insurance would be written by Lawyer's Title Insurance Corporation was demanded, and that he was not obligated under the terms of the contract to furnish a title meeting the requirements of said title insurance corporation. He also contends that, since the failure of the consummation of the sale was due to the fault of the buyer, under the terms of the contract the buyer, and not himself, is liable for the commissions; that the same have already been paid in the form of earnest money put up by the buyer, and that, under the terms of the contract, one-half of this sum ($280) is to be retained by the plaintiff, and one-half is to be paid to the defendant to be applied toward his damages caused by the buyer's default, hence his cross-action for $280.
(b) Attention is again directed to excerpts from the contract quoted in the statement of facts herein, particularly to the effect that, if the buyer finds any legal defects in the title, the seller shall be furnished with a written statement thereof and be given a reasonable time in which to correct the same. Pursuant to this provision of the contract, the defendant was furnished with a written statement of alleged legal defects on July 9, 1947, which was 19 days after the acceptance of the contract by the defendant. This statement, listing defects in the title of the defendant, contains one item as follows: "Application for title examination shows the property under investigation as being owned by E. L. Douglas. We find no instrument of record in DeKalb County, Georgia, vested in said E. L. Douglas. However, there is of record in Fulton County, Georgia, in Deed Book 1887, page 219, a warranty deed from Mrs. Louise H. Wrenn to E. L. Douglas. This deed should be filed for record in DeKalb County, Georgia." Since this court is seeking to determine whether or not the trial court erred in directing a verdict, it is not deemed necessary to review the entire title to the property. The foregoing quoted item from the list of objections is for the purpose of showing that at least one of them is reasonable and necessary to show the title to be in the defendant, and the *Page 852 singling out of this one is not to be construed as passing on the reasonableness or merits of any of the others. Mr. J. Kurt Holland, one of the attorneys of the plaintiff, testified in part as follows: "On July 22nd, I wrote Mr. Douglas and sent him an itemized statement of all the objections to his title, and I have a copy of the original letter before me. Then, I spoke to Mr. Douglas on the telephone and he answered he had received the letter but stated he didn't want to discuss the matter with me because he had notified Mr. Langford before he wouldn't go through with the sale because Mr. Langford had taken too much time to get these titles examined." The defendant on cross-examination testified in part as follows: "I recall Mr. Holland calling me at my apartment by telephone on or about July 25 and I remember speaking to him at that time. I did not say to him on July 22nd that I would not cure any defects which he outlined in his letter and that I had already notified the purchaser that I would not convey any title to him. I say that, when he called me over the telephone, I stated that I had the matter up with Mr. Melton and that the proceedings had ended there, that there wasn't anything more to be done about it. But, as a matter of fact, I changed my mind on that when Mr. Melton asked me to receive him and Mr. Langford at my apartment with reference to this property. I stated to Mr. Holland that a reasonable time had elapsed for him to comply with the contract and the matter had been stopped, but after that time, Mr. Melton telephoned me he wanted to come to my apartment with Mr. Langford to talk about carrying on with this, and I consented to do it. At that time, Mr. Frazier came instead of Mr. Melton, and there they wanted only to have the title approved by the Land Registration Act and I considered that; and, after considering it, I notified Mr. Melton that we would not go on with that Land Registration Act. He said, `Do you want me to notify Mr. Langford of that?' And I said, `Yes.' And he did notify him."
It is to be borne in mind that in his answer and cross-action the defendant made no contention that the buyer had not acted within a reasonable time. As hereinbefore pointed out, the defendant was furnished with a list of alleged legal defects in the *Page 853 title 19 days after he had accepted the offer of the buyer. The record discloses no offer on his part to comply with any of these requirements toward the perfection of his title, but on July 22, 13 days after he received the list, according to the undisputed evidence, he informed Mr. Holland that, because a reasonable time had elapsed for him to comply with the contract, the matter had been stopped. The time running from the 9th until the 22nd of July could under no circumstances be charged to the buyer. During that time the defendant had the list of objections, and it was up to him to comply, within a reasonable time, with such items contained therein as were necessary in order to make his title "good and marketable" in accordance with the contract. The record, however, discloses that, instead of doing this, the defendant did nothing about perfecting his title, and when called upon to act declined to do so, stating as his reason that a reasonable time for the buyer to examine the title had elapsed.
(c) While it is true that the defendant was under no obligation to furnish a title upon which any particular title insurance company would issue a policy of title insurance, yet it was his duty to comply with all reasonable requirements contained in the list of objections to his title, to make the same a good and marketable one.
(d) The defendant contends that he was never tendered $12,000 as the purchase-price of his property. The obligation of the defendant to furnish a "good and marketable title" carries with it the furnishing of such a deed. Therefore, it was his obligation and not the obligation of the seller to supply such a deed. It was also not necessary for the defendant to tender the purchase-price as a condition precedent to the bringing of this suit because, the defendant having already stated to the agent of the seller that he would not go through with the transaction, the tender of the purchase-price would have been a vain and useless thing. See Smith v. Tatum, 140 Ga. 719 (1) (supra).
A verdict in favor of the plaintiff on its petition and against the defendant on his cross-action was demanded. Accordingly, the general grounds of the motion for a new trial and ground one of the amended motion are without merit.
4. By special ground 2 it is contended that the trial court *Page 854 erred in not permitting S. R. Langford, the buyer under the contract sued upon, and a witness for the plaintiff, to answer a question propounded by counsel for the defendant as to whether or not he had ever presented a deed for the defendant to sign, and the defendant refused to sign it. The obligation of the defendant to furnish a "good and marketable title" carries with it the furnishing of such a deed. Therefore, it was his obligation and not the obligation of the seller to supply such a deed and present the same to the defendant. This assignment of error is without merit.
Special ground 3 contends that the trial court erred in not allowing a witness for the plaintiff, under cross-examination, to give his opinion and interpretation of an appellate court decision. Questions of law are for the court and not for the jury. The interpretation of an appellate court decision is not proper subject-matter for the evidence. This assignment of error is without merit.
Special ground 4 contends that the trial court erred in excluding from evidence a deed to the property in question, from Mrs. Louise H. Wrenn to E. L. Douglas, recorded in the office of the Clerk of the Superior Court of Fulton County but not recorded in DeKalb County. This deed is pointed out in the list of objections to the title, furnished the defendant by the buyer. It is the deed that was required to be secured and recorded in DeKalb County. It was not material to any issue in the case at the time it was offered in evidence. The contract at that time had already been breached by the defendant. Proof that he had a good title would in no way justify his failure and refusal to convey the same to the purchaser under the terms of the contract. The exclusion of this deed was not error.
The trial court did not err in overruling the demurrers, both general and special, to the petition of the plaintiff, and the motion for a new trial as amended of the defendant.
Judgment affirmed. MacIntyre, P. J., and Gardner, J.,concur. *Page 855