1. The general grounds are expressly abandoned in the defendant's brief, he admitting the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the verdict convicting him of forgery.
2. The defendant was indicted on Wednesday, July 24, 1940, and was arrested that night. He made bond and sought counsel immediately, but the attorney he wished was out of town until Friday, July 26, when he was employed. His case was called for trial on Tuesday, July 30, 1940. He made a motion for a continuance because of the delay in obtaining counsel, because of sickness in his family, and because certain named witnesses whom he wished called could not be located. All of these witnesses were in court except one who was out of the State. On the foregoing evidence the judge overruled the motion but passed the case for two days until Thursday, August 2, 1940. When the case was called on August 2 the defendant made another motion for continuance based on the same evidence which had been presented with the motion on July 30. Continuances are left to the sound discretion of the judge, and he could have granted the continuance for the term or postponed the case to another day in the term. Here the case was postponed to another particular *Page 143 day in the term. It appears from the record that counsel was employed and had six days within which to prepare the case. It does not appear from the record that he had been unable to utilize this time in the preparation of the defendant's case. All the witnesses desired except one were available, and it does not appear in what manner said unavailable witness would have testified in behalf of the defendant had he been present. We do not think the judge abused his discretion in overruling the motion for continuance. This decision is consistent with the ruling in Blackman v. State, 76 Ga. 288, relied on by the defendant.
3. Where specimens of handwriting are brought into court there is no need of an opinion being expressed with reference thereto based on comparison of handwritings, unless such opinion be expressed by an expert — a person skilled in handwriting.
4. A nonexpert witness may identify the handwriting of a particular individual (as he would identify the individual himself), provided he knows the handwriting or is so familiar with it that he would recognize it. Hester v. State, 17 Ga. 130, 133, 134.
5. But a nonexpert witness can not testify as to the identity of handwriting if his opinion is founded solely on a comparison of a handwriting brought into court and proved to be genuine with the handwriting in question. Wimbish v. State, 89 Ga. 294 (2) (15 S.E. 325).
6. A writing acknowledged by the defendant to have been done by him (here the pay-roll) was admissible for comparison with the alleged forged instrument by the jury, who were as competent to make such comparison as a nonexpert witness, and it was their duty to form their own conclusion uninfluenced by the opinion of the nonexpert witness. Harris v. State, 188 Ga. 745, 747 (4 S.E.2d 651).
7. It was error requiring a new trial to allow the "lay witness," Boyd, to testify as to the similarity of the handwriting of the defendant with that of one Roy Spivey, by comparing the handwriting of the defendant on the "time sheet" with the handwriting of Spivey on the "pay-rolls."
DECIDED NOVEMBER 11, 1941. Only headnotes 3 through 7 will be discussed. The witness Boyd was allowed to testify: "I have examined the signatures or names and apparent signatures on these pay-rolls for the first and last half of April, 1940, and the first half of May, in so far as the name of Roy Spivey is concerned, and the signature on the pay-roll for the second half of April is not the same as that on the pay-roll for the first part of April and the first part of May. I have compared the handwriting to that of Mr. Copeland, and I have compared the names on the time sheet in the handwriting of Mr. Copeland with the name of Roy Spivey appearing on the payrolls *Page 144 for the first half of April and the first half of May and the indorsement on the back of the checks issued on these pay-rolls. I am not an expert on handwriting and can not say that there is a similarity in the handwriting on the pay-rolls for the first half of May and first half of April as to the name of Roy Spivey, but there appears to be in some instances." The defendant objected to this testimony on the ground that "the witness had not qualified as an expert and that his opinion would not be worth anything to the jury and was irrelevant and immaterial."
On the question as to the admissibility of testimony of this character Mr. Wigmore says: "The effect of the application of the opinion rule . . is at once to exclude the testimony of laywitnesses. Where specimens are brought into court, there is no need of any opinion based on them except from persons skilled in handwriting; for the jury can judge as well as any other laymen; moreover, they would always have to be brought into court, where the witness does not have personal knowledge of their genuineness, because their genuineness would have there to be proved by other witnesses." 7 Wigmore on Evidence 188, § 1997; 1 Wharton's Criminal Evidence, 887, § 424 g. Mr. Wigmore recognizes certain exceptions to the rule as to the exclusion of the testimony of lay witnesses, and states that wherever a lay witness is to speak from having already seen the person write or from correspondence he must bring the documents into court, and he may then use them in testifying, also by comparison made in court by the possessor of ancient documents, and such a person is qualified to speak as to that handwriting after comparing the ancient documents with the disputed writing. These two exceptions, he says, seem to have survived by tradition from the 1800s. 7 Wigmore on Evidence, 198, 199, §§ 2005, 2006.
Our legislature likewise has allowed lay witnesses, subject it seems to similar qualifications, to testify as to handwriting. "Proof of handwriting may be resorted to in the absence of direct evidence of execution. In such case, any witness shall be competent to testify as to his belief, who shall swear that he knows or would recognize the handwriting. The source of his knowledge shall be a question for investigation, and shall go entirely to the credit and weight of his evidence." Code, § 38-708. It is further provided: "Other writings, proved or acknowledged to be genuine, *Page 145 may be admitted in evidence for the purpose of comparison by thejury. Such other new papers, when intended to be introduced, shall be submitted to the opposite party before he announces himself ready for trial." (Italics ours.) Code, § 38-709. Thus it seems to be the law in this State that where the issue is whether a document was made by one, the question is not one of law but of fact for determination by the jury. Gibson v. Gibson, 54 Ga. App. 187 (2), 189 (187 S.E. 155). A writing acknowledged by the defendant to have been by him (here the pay roll) is admissible for comparison with the forged order by the jury themselves, who are as competent to make such comparison as the nonexpert witness, and it is their right and duty to form their own conclusion uninfluenced by the opinions of nonexpert witnesses.Thomas v. State, 59 Ga. 784 (5); Waddell v. WatkinsMedical Co., 25 Ga. App. 657 (4) (104 S.E. 250). But, even though the other writings offered for the purpose of comparison be "acknowledged as genuine," the defendant is entitled to know that evidence as to the comparison of signatures will be resorted to, and to have such writings submitted to him before he announces ready for trial. Marietta Fertilizer Co. v. Gary,22 Ga. App. 604 (6) (96 S.E. 711); Thomas v. State,39 Ga. App. 659, 661 (148 S.E. 277).
Opinions are to be given by experts, as well on the question of handwriting as on any other question. Persons other than experts are to testify to facts, not opinions. If one who was not an expert were permitted to give his opinion as to the genuineness of the handwriting, based merely on the comparison at the trial of the disputed writing with one proved to be genuine, he would be usurping the duty of the jury. The jury, by statute (Code, § 38-709), may compare these writings. The evidence should have been excluded. It is true that a party who is not an expert, but who is acquainted with the handwriting of another, may testify whether a given signature is in the proper handwriting of the person with whose handwriting he is acquainted; but only experts, persons accustomed to and skilled in the matter of handwriting, may institute comparison between writings of unquestioned genuineness and writings in dispute and give an opinion. Wimbish v. State, supra; Piedmont Arlington LifeInsurance Co. v. Lester, 59 Ga. 812; Griffin v. State,90 Ala. 596, 600 (8 So. 670); McKay v. Lasher, 42 Hun (N. Y.), 270, 272; Johnston v. Bee, 84 W. Va. 532 *Page 146 (100 S.E. 486, 7 A.L.R. 252). The reason for the distinction is obvious. The practiced eye of the expert will enable him to perceive the distinguishing characteristics or features in different specimens of handwriting, and at once to indicate the points of similarity or dissimilarity, though he may be entirely unacquainted with the specimens presented. By long practice and observation he has become skilled in such matters. Not so with the nonexpert. It is only when he has become familiar with the peculiarities of a handwriting, as one becomes familiar with the countenances of his friends or the characteristics of objects of common observation, that he is able to distinguish between it and other specimens that may bear only a slight resemblance to it. Woodman v. Dana, 52 Maine, 9, 15.
The controlling issue in this case was whether the defendant had forged the signature of Roy Spivey to the pay-roll and to the check. It is true that the witness whose testimony is challenged testified that he had been employed in the accounting department of the State Highway Department for the last ten years, and had had general supervision of distributions made under pay rolls during 1940, covering the period in question, but the witness was not shown to be an expert in judging handwriting or in the comparison of hands; in fact he voluntarily denied that he was an expert; nor had he any knowledge whatever of either the handwriting or signature of the defendant, or of the handwriting or signature of Spivey (whose name was alleged to have been forged), and yet he was permitted to give his opinion as to the similarity or genuineness of the signature in question by comparing it with the signature and handwriting admitted by the defendant to be genuine. Under the most liberal rule adopted by the courts of the Union, this testimony could and should not have been received. First National Bank of Omaha v. Lierman, 5 Neb. 247,250. We therefore think the testimony was erroneously admitted and a new trial should have been granted.
Judgment reversed. Gardner, J., concurs.