1. Section 2261, R.L. 1925, provides inter alia that circuit judges sitting in chambers shall have original jurisdiction in all cases under sections 2260 to 2268, inclusive. Section 2260 defines the terms "dependent" and "delinquent" children. It provides in part: "The words `delinquent child' shall mean any minor who violates any law of the Territory or any county or city and county ordinance or who is incorrigible, vicious or immoral, or who is growing up in idleness or crime or who is an habitual truant from school or who habitually wanders about the streets in public places during school *Page 834 hours without lawful occupation or employment. Any dependent or delinquent child may be proceeded against in the manner hereinafter provided. * * * Proceedings under this chapter shall not be deemed to be criminal proceedings * * *."
Section 2263 provides as follows: "Upon the filing with the judge of a sworn petition, setting forth upon knowledge or upon information and belief facts showing that any child under eighteen years of age resident within the circuit is a delinquent or dependent child the judge may, before further proceedings are had in the case, give notice thereof to a duly appointed probation officer who shall have opportunity allowed him to investigate the facts. In such case the probation officer shall immediately proceed to make a full examination of the parentage and surroundings of the child and all the facts of the case and report the same to the judge in writing and if after full investigation it shall appear to the judge that the public interest and the interest of the child will be best subserved thereby, a summons shall issue, reciting the substance of the petition and requiring the person or persons having custody or control of the child, or with whom the child may be, to appear with the child at a place and time which shall be stated in the summons, and if such person is other than the parent or guardian of such child, then such parent or guardian shall be notified of the pendency of the case, if he is a resident of the circuit and can be found. If any person summoned as herein provided shall fail, without reasonable cause, to appear with the child or to comply with the order of the judge, he may be proceeded against for contempt of court. In case the summons cannot be served or the parties summoned fail to obey the summons and in any case when it shall appear to the court that such summons might be ineffectual, upon *Page 835 complaint on oath in writing a similar summons as near as may be may issue to the child or a warrant of arrest may issue, reciting the substance of the complaint and requiring the officer to whom it is directed to bring such child before the judge to be dealt with according to law, and such child may be committed to a probation officer or such other person as the judge may designate, pending the final disposition of the case. On the return of the summons or warrant, or as soon thereafter as may be, the judge shall proceed to hear and dispose of the case, and if the allegations against the child are proved, the court may adjudge the child a delinquent or dependent child as the case may be. If it shall appear to the judge that the public interests and the interests of such child will be best subserved thereby, he may order the return of the child to its parents or guardians or friends, or he may place it, if delinquent, under probation as hereinafter provided and in all cases he may decree the child found delinquent or dependent to be the ward of the court as far as its person is concerned, and in such cases, where any child has been decreed to be the ward of the court, the authority of the judge over its person shall continue until the judge shall otherwise decree. The child found delinquent may be placed on probation for such time during its minority and upon such conditions as the judge may determine and such child so released on probation may be furnished with a written statement of the terms and conditions of release. At any time during the probationary term of a child released on probation as aforesaid, the judge may, in his discretion, revoke or terminate the probation. If at any time before discharge the child be found to be wilfully wayward, incorrigible or unmanageable and in any case upon an adjudication of delinquency, if in the opinion of the judge the welfare of the child and the *Page 836 public interests so require, the judge may cause it to be sent to the Industrial School for Boys or the Industrial School for Girls, or to any institution authorized by law to receive such child. And in such case, the report, if any, of the probation officer shall be attached to the mittimus and the child shall be placed in charge of some person designated by the judge to be conveyed to the institution, provided that when a girl is to be conveyed to any institution, the judge shall appoint a suitable woman to accompany such girl."
Section 2268 provides in part: "All children, while under the orders of the judge, shall be in the care and custody of the probation officer or such other person as the judge may designate * * *."
Under section 2263 as above set forth three facts only are required to be shown in the petition, namely, (a) that the child over whom the court is asked to exercise jurisdiction is under eighteen years of age, (b) that said child is resident within the circuit and (c) that said child is "dependent" or "delinquent," as those terms are defined by section 2260. Furthermore, the disposition of the child is to be governed by two considerations only, namely, the public interests and the interests of the child, as those interests shall appear to the judge; and there is no provision and no implication in the Juvenile Court Act that the right to the custody of the person of the child on the part of parent, guardian or any other person shall deprive the court of its jurisdiction in the premises.
Section 3094, R.L. 1925, provides in part that "the marriage of any female who is under guardianship as a minor shall operate as a legal discharge to her guardian." (The italics are ours.) The above-quoted portion of Section 3094 is identically as it appears in section 1362 of the Civil Code of 1859. The section last above *Page 837 named is part of chapter 29 of the Civil Code which treats of guardians and wards, naming the events in which guardians of the persons and estates of minors, spendthrifts, and insane persons may be appointed, and setting forth the procedure required for nomination, appointment and qualification of the same, their powers, duties and compensation. The kind of guardians referred to and the incidents and limitations of their authority may be ascertained from an examination of the chapter, which with its later amendments is now chapter 180, R.L. 1925. Needless to say the chapter nowhere refers to wardship on account of delinquency, with which subject it has nothing whatever to do. What are now sections 2260 to 2271, inclusive, of the Juvenile Court Act were enacted at dates beginning in 1905, and later added to and in some instances amended. They are in no way concerned with the ordinary incidents of guardianship, nor do the provisions of the chapter on guardianship interfere in any way with their enforcement. The fact that a child is under guardianship under chapter 180 would not prevent it from becoming a ward of the juvenile court under chapter 136, nor would the termination of the former guardianship have any effect upon the duration of the latter. In this view the provisions of section 3094 do not apply to the wardship of delinquents under chapter 136. Furthermore, parental control being no impediment to juvenile court wardship, emancipation from parental control by marriage of a female under eighteen years of age cannot prevent the jurisdiction of the juvenile court from attaching in a proper case.
In 1914 the supreme court of Washington, In re Lundy,82 Wash. 148, Ann. Cas. 1916E 1007, 1008, was required to pass upon the jurisdiction of the juvenile court in the case of a female child seventeen years of age, who *Page 838 at the time of said petition had been married for seven months to a man of full age, which marriage had later been annulled by a valid decree. Two questions were presented to the Washington court for consideration, the first of which is thus stated in the report: "Is a girl under the age of eighteen years within the purview of the juvenile law, and subject to the jurisdiction of the juvenile court whether she be married or single?" After quoting the provisions of the Juvenile Court Act, which in the essentials hereinabove set forth are similar to our own, the court continued: "The act, in its application to the delinquent, is not punitive in its nature or purpose. The policy underlying this law is protection, not punishment. Its purpose is not to restrain criminals to the end that society may be protected and the criminal perchance reformed; it is to prevent the making of criminals. Its operation is intended to check the criminal tendency in its inception, and protect the unformed character in the facile period from improper environment and influences. In short, its motive is to give to the weak and immature a fair fighting chance for the development of the elements of honesty, sobriety and virtue essential to good citizenship. While no person, whether minor or adult, should ever be restrained of liberty without due process, and in that respect the statute must be construed with all the strictness of a criminal law (Weber v. Doust, 81 Wash. 668, 143 P. 148) in other respects it should be liberally construed to the end that its manifest beneficent purpose may be effectuated to the fullest extent compatible with its terms. The act, taken as a whole, will admit of no other view. We are asked to hold that because another statute, Rem. Bal. Code, § 8744 (P.C. 69, § 3) declares `All females married to a person of full age shall be deemed and taken to be of full age,' the admitted prior marriage of *Page 839 the child here involved caused her to become and remain of full age for all purposes, and that the annulment of the marriage did not restore her former status as a minor child, within the purview of the juvenile court law. The statute referred to, however, in removing the disabilities of minority, does not use the words `for all purposes' which we are asked to read into it. That statute merely removes the common law disabilities of minority. It was never intended to prohibit a classification of minors for the purposes of legislation, nor to limit the meaning of the word `minor' in acts relating to minors as a class without that exception. As we view the juvenile court law, we find it unnecessary to enter into a lengthy discussion of this point, or to determine whether the annulment of the marriage restored the delinquent's status as a minor for all purposes, or for any purpose. Viewed as a remedial rather than a punitive statute, we would not be justified in holding that the definition of a delinquent or dependent person, found in the language of the first section of the act which we have quoted, is dominated and controlled by the single word `minor,' taken in its technical legal significance as found in other connections, and as applied in relation to other things. The purposes of the juvenile court law have a clear and distinct connection with age as related to discretion and character. In passing it, the legislature indulged the usual presumptions arising from human experience that there is ordinarily a lack of mature discretion, discriminating judgment, and stability of character in children under the age of eighteen years; hence, it does not apply to all minor children, but only to `all minor children under the age of eighteen years.' Moreover, the very next sentence of the act omits the word `minor' and says `For the purposes of this act the words `dependent child' shall mean any child under *Page 840 the age of eighteen years' thus defining its own terms. The same omission occurs again in subdivision 18 of this section, in defining the words `delinquent child' as including `any child under the age of eighteen years,' etc. Clearly, the age is the controlling element, not the minority. That the purposes of the act are broader and more comprehensive than statutes applicable to minors merely as minors is made clear in the closing clause of this first definitive section, which declares `for the purpose of this act only,' all delinquent and dependent children (presumably as just before defined), shall be the wards of the state and `subject to the custody, care, guardianship and control of the court.' When the beneficent purposes of the act are recognized as the controlling motive of the legislature in passing it, we can hardly conceive that the members of that body intended to exempt from the purview of the act those females under the age of eighteen years who had already evinced, by marriage at a tender age, that native recklessness or indiscretion, too often the concomitant of mere physical precocity, which it is one of the objects of the act to guard against and control. Suppose the act applied only to `minor children' or `any child,' as later stated, `under the age of eighteen years,' `found living or being in any house of prostitution or assignation,' eliminating all save the ninth subivision; would any one suppose that the state's guardianship or the court's tutelage would be held abrogated by any prior marriage of the habitue? We hold that a girl under eighteen years of age is within the purview of the juvenile law and within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court, notwithstanding her prior marriage to a person of full age. There are authorities which take the opposite view, but we adopt this construction of the act advisedly, and believe that in so doing we are carrying out the legislative will and *Page 841 preserving the sound public policy portrayed by the whole tenor of the act."
The foregoing quotation itself shows the points of difference between the Washington statute and our own and it shows that the reasoning of the Washington court, so far as essentials are concerned, is applicable to our local Act. The Washington Act was interpreted with reference to another statute providing that every female married to a person of full age shall be deemed and taken to be of full age, which last-named statute has no counterpart here. This fact deprives the petitioner of any benefit which she might otherwise derive from the use of the word "minor" in our statutory definition of the words "delinquent child," as set forth in section 2260 above quoted.
In the Washington case above cited the marriage of the minor had been annulled, as above set forth, but the conclusion of the appellate court that the juvenile court had jurisdiction in the premises was not based upon the hypothesis that such annulment had restored to the minor her unmarried status but upon the broader ground that the statute applied to all minors otherwise within its purview, whether married or single.
In re Lundy (supra) is of persuasive authority, if such authority is needed, that we should not read into our own statute any qualifying words where the terms "any minor" or "any child under eighteen years of age" are used.
The terms "any minor," "all persons under eighteen years of age" and "any child under eighteen years of age" are unambiguous, and from their repeated use the legislative intent may be clearly ascertained without resort to statutory construction. Their literal interpretation involves no injustice, oppression or absurdity even though the Act makes no direct provision for the return *Page 842 of the wife to the husband and does make a blanket provision for notice of pendency of proceedings to parents and guardians, in certain events, without expressly excluding instances in which the right to custody and control on the part of parents and guardians has ceased. The provision last above quoted and other provisions of the Act give rise to no plain or necessary implication that the term "any minor" bears the restricted meaning, any unmarried minor, or any male minor, married or unmarried, and any unmarried female minor or any minor still under the control of parent or guardian.
Said Mr. Justice Brewer in delivering the opinion of the court in United States v. Goldenberg, 168 U.S. 95, on page 102: "The primary and general rule of statutory construction is that the intent of the lawmaker is to be found in the language that he has used. He is presumed to know the meaning of words and the rules of grammar. The courts have no function of legislation, and simply seek to ascertain the will of the legislator. It is true there are cases in which the letter of the statute is not deemed controlling, but the cases are few and exceptional, and only arise when there are cogent reasons for believing that the letter does not fully and accurately disclose the intent. No mere omission, no mere failure to provide for contingencies, which it may seem wise to have specifically provided for, justify any judicial addition to the language of the statute."
Said this court in Shaw v. Boyd, 19 Haw. 83, on page 85: "The intent of the legislature, as gathered from the language used, is the primary consideration in statutory construction, but the general motive with which the legislature may be supposed to have passed the act, such as a consideration of the mischief sought to be remedied, should be resorted to only in construing language which is obscure or ambiguous." And again, in Estateof *Page 843 Castle, 25 Haw. 108, on page 118: "`In the interpretation of statutes words in common use are to be construed in their natural, plain and ordinary signification. It is a very well settled rule that so long as the language used is unambiguous a departure from its natural meaning is not justified by any consideration of its consequences, or of public policy; and it is the plain duty of the court to give it force and effect.' 36 Cyc. 1114."
In the view hereinabove expressed the words "delinquent child," as used in section 2260, R.L. 1925, are held to include both married and unmarried minors otherwise within the terms of the definition contained in said section and the words "all persons under eighteen years of age," "any child under eighteen years of age" and "child under eighteen years of age," as used in sections 2262, 2263, 2265, 2266 and 2267, R.L. 1925, are held to apply, within the limitations set forth in those sections, to both married and unmarried children.
2. The record of proceedings in the juvenile court in the case at bar, though informal and meagre, is sufficient to show jurisdiction. A sworn petition setting up jurisdictional facts and sufficiently charging immorality, to-wit, prostitution on the part of the minor, was duly filed and summons issued thereon, in response to which both the minor and her husband appeared in court. The record further shows a hearing upon said petition, an admission on the part of the minor of the acts complained of and a declaration on the part of the court that the minor is delinquent and a ward of the court. "In such cases," says the statute as quoted, "where any child has been decreed to be the ward of the court, the authority of the judge over its person shall continue until the judge shall otherwise decree." As to the formalities required in the drafting or entering of orders *Page 844 and decrees in the juvenile court the statute itself is silent, there are no local decisions and the decisions of other jurisdictions furnish no uniform rule for our guidance. Appellant has cited the case of Juvenile Court of Shelby County v. Stateex rel. Humphrey, 201 S.W. 771, as authority for its first proposition, but an examination of the text shows that the Tennessee supreme court expressly declined to pass upon the sufficiency or insufficiency of the order adjudging delinquency in that particular case, the judgment of the lower court being affirmed upon an entirely different ground. In the case at bar enough appears to show that the judge of the juvenile court had acquired and retained jurisdiction of the person of the minor and that she is lawfully in his custody as a ward of the juvenile court.
The decree appealed from is affirmed and the said minor is remanded to the custody of the judge of the juvenile court for further proceedings in conformity with the provisions of chapter 136, R.L. 1925.