Achsa Shryer and Joan Carpenter were informed against, tried and convicted in the District Court of the Eleventh Judicial District of the State of Idaho, in and for Twin Falls County, of the crime of carrying certain articles (steel hacksaw blades) into the jail of that County, useful to aid a prisoner therein, one Clyde Pease, to escape. Following conviction and sentence to the penitentiary for not less than one nor more than five years, respective counsel, in open court, both defendants being present, made application for leniency, a showing being made in support of the Carpenter application. The applications were argued and submitted, whereupon the court entered the following judgment: "It is thereupon ordered, adjudged and decreed, That the said Achsa Shryer and Joan Carpenter are guilty of Carrying to Prisoner things to aid Escape and that they each be punished by imprisonment in the Penitentiary of the State of Idaho, for the term of not less than one year nor more than five years, but that the sentence be commuted, and that they each be confined in the Twin Falls County Jail for a period of four months." The appeal to this court is from the judgment.
Respondent moves to dismiss the appeal upon the ground, among others, "that by her own act in making application for and inducing the trial court to exercise its discretion, under Section 19-2501, I.C.A., as amended, and to exercise such discretion by commuting the said sentence, the appellant, Joan Carpenter, accepted her conviction of the said offense and thereby waived her right of appeal from such judgment of conviction."
Section 19-2501, I.C.A., before amendment, provided: "Parole. — Whenever any person shall have been convicted of any crime against the laws of this state except those of treason or murder, and the defendant has never before been convicted of a felony, the court may in its discretion, commute the sentence and confine the defendant in the county jail, or, if the defendant is of proper age, in the state industrial school, suspend the execution of judgment or withhold judgment on such terms and for such time as it may prescribe, and, in either event, may put the defendant on probation in the charge of one of the probation officers of the juvenile court of the county in which the court is sitting or other probation officer, or or any other proper person selected and designated for that purpose."
This Section was amended in 1943 (Session Laws 1943, Chapter 14, page 43), several changes and additions, italicized, beingmade. As so amended it provides: "Parole. — Whenever any person shall have been convicted, or enter a plea of guilty inany District Court of the State of Idaho, of or to any crime against the laws of the State, except those of treason or murder * * * the court may, in its discretion, upon applicationby the defendant, commute *Page 284 the sentence, confine the defendant in the county jail, or * * * suspend the execution of the judgment, or withhold judgment on such terms and for such time as it may prescribe * * * and may put the defendant on probation in charge of * * *some proper person selected and designated by the court for that purpose, and make such orders relative thereto as theCourt in its sound discretion deems necessary and expedient."
Respondent argues: "First, where a defendant, after conviction or plea of 'guilty', makes application under Section19-2501, as amended by Chapter 14, Session Laws, 1943, to the Court to exercise the discretion imposed in it by that statute, and the Court does exercise that discretion in defendant's favor and commutes the sentence from the statutory penalty, in this case one to five years in the penitentiary, to four months imprisonment in the county jail can the defendant appeal from that judgment; or, by the making of his application for, and thereby invoking the exercise of, the discretion of the Court, does the defendant waive his right of appeal; or, further, if defendant has the right of appeal, is the appeal limited to a review of whether the discretion of the Court was lawfully exercised?"
It will be noted Section 19-2501, I.C.A., before amendment, did not require an application by a defendant. It provided:"The court may in its discretion, commute the sentence andconfine the defendant in the county jail", but that by the amendment it is provided the court may, "In its discretion,upon application by the defendant (emphasis added), commute the sentence, confine the defendant in the county jail, or * * * suspend the execution of the judgement, or withhold judgment * * *." From which it appears that before amendment, the court was authorized to act, on its own motion, without an application, but that after and under the amendment the jurisdiction of the court to act is invoked, or set in motion, by an application. It further appears counsel for appellant so understood in that they, as her attorneys, made the required application and, further, here argue that "the exercise of this authority can only be put in motion by the defendant." But it is insisted the application was for a parole, and that when the discretion of the court is so "called into being by defendant, the court may then exercise the same on behalf of the defendant or refuse to exercise it, and in neither case is the defendant, insofar as his right of appeal is concerned, bound by the ultimate sentence imposed by the court."
It will have been observed Section 19-2501, supra, as amended (Session Laws 1943, Chapter 14, page 43), vests jurisdiction in the trial court, upon application by a defendant, to:
1. Commute the sentence.
2. Imprison in the county jail.
3. Suspend execution of the sentence. *Page 285
4. Parole the defendant by withholding judgment and putting him "on probation in charge of * * * some proper person selected and designated by the court for that purpose, and make such orders relative thereto as the Court in its sound discretion deems necessary and expedient."
While, as will have been noticed, the Statute provides for the parole of a convicted defendant, appellant did not make such an application. The record shows she made an application for leniency. Funk Wagnall's New Standard Dictionary thus defines leniency: "The state or quality of being lenient; lenity; forbearance; mildness." It defines lenient: "Of merciful disposition; proceeding from or showing a merciful disposition; disinclined to or refraining from severity; not harsh, gentle; mild; indulgent."
By her application for leniency, appellant asked the court to be lenient; in other words, not to be harsh or severe in the matter of imposing sentence. That the court so understood her application conclusively appears from the judgment itself in that, after imposing a sentence of not less than one nor more than five years, it at once commuted the sentence to four months in the county jail.
And, furthermore, that appellant and her counsel also understood the application for leniency to be an application for commutation of sentence rather conclusively appears from the fact they at no time gave the trial court the slightest hint appellant's application for leniency was, in reality, an application for a parole, and not for commutation of sentence, or that the court had misunderstood the nature of her application.
I come now directly to a consideration of the question as to whether, where, as in the case at bar, an application is made for commutation of sentence and the application is granted upon a showing made by the applicant, applicant thereby waived the right to appeal; and, further, and in connection with that question, if the right to appeal is not waived, is the appeal limited to determining whether the trial court did or did not, in granting the application, abuse the sound, legal discretion vested in it by statute?
Respondent contends "the legislature intended to make it optional with a convicted defendant either to appeal from the judgment or to accept it and seek clemency at the hands of the court, and did not intend that such a defendant might pursue both courses in a case where such clemency should in fact be obtained upon his voluntary application, before appealing," citing State v. Yockey, 57 Idaho 497, 66 P.2d 111. On the other hand, appellant insists this court did not hold in State v. Yockey, supra, "that one who invokes the discretion of the court cannot appeal from such result."
While State v. Yockey, supra, was decided prior to the amendment of the statute under consideration (Chapter 14, 1943 Session Laws, page 43), the amendment in no *Page 286 way affects the decision insofar as the question under discussion is concerned, in that the only difference between the old statute and the new, on the question of the exercise of sound, legal discretion, is that under the old the court was authorized to act on its own motion and under the new, jurisdiction to act is set in motion by the application of the defendant; and, further, and notwithstanding the statute (Section 19-2501), before amendment, made no provision for the making of an application by a defendant, an application was, nevertheless made in State v. Yockey, supra, and entertained by the court, and evidence adduced in support of the same as in the case at bar. The trial court, however, refused to grant leniency and sentenced Yockey, as well as his co-defendant (two boys, aged nineteen and twenty years), "To the penitentiary for the statutory indeterminate term of one to fifteen years." This court, after a rather complete review of the evidence adduced in support of the application, pointed out that "Under the facts and circumstances of this case as affirmatively disclosed by the record that it clearly appears that the court did not exercise any such discretion as contemplated under I.C.A., § 19-2501, raising a question of law which may be reviewed on appeal."
It must be kept in mind the record in the instant case shows appellant did not make an application for either a pardon or parole. Instead, and as also shown by the record, she made an application for commutation of sentence, submitting documentary evidence in support thereof. It thus appears the case at bar and State v. Yockey, supra, are identical in that both an application for commutation of sentence was made and documentary evidence submitted in support of the application. In State v. Yockey, supra, it was held the trial court, under the evidence submitted in support of the application for commutation of sentence, did not exercise the discretion (sound, legal) vested in it by statute (Section 19-2501, I.C.A.), and reversed the judgment in part. In other words, this court held that on appeal, where an application for commutation of sentence is made (as in the case at bar), the appeal is limited to a determination of the question as to whether the trial court did, or did not, abuse the sound, legal discretion vested in it by law.
It must also be kept in mind respondent's motion, in the instant case, as above pointed out, presents two questions for decision:
(1) Did appellant, by making an application for commutation of sentence, waive the right to appeal?
(2) If the right to appeal is not waived, is the appeal limited to determining whether the trial court did, or did not, abuse the sound, legal discretion vested in it by law by granting the application?
Section 19-2703, I.C.A., without any exceptions whatever, grants an appeal from a final judgment. Hence, respondent's motion, so far as a dismissal of the appeal is concerned, should be denied. But that does *Page 287 not dispose of the question as to whether the trial court did, or did not, abuse its discretion. That question the majority do not decide, saying the question is not presented.
Furthermore, the record shows appellant remained silent when the trial court commuted her sentence. This court held in Shaddy v. Daley, 58 Idaho 536, 540, 76 P.2d 279, 281: "A litigant is not permitted to remain silent under such circumstances with a view to accepting the benefits of a judgment if he wins and of having it vacated and set aside if he loses."
There is neither reason nor justice in permitting a litigant "to remain silent * * * with a view to accepting the benefits of a judgment if he wins and of having it vacated and set aside if he loses."