On August 9, 1923, defendants executed and delivered to plaintiff a promissory note for $1,500, due one year from date, and a real estate mortgage securing the payment thereof. On December 10, 1923, plaintiff executed and acknowledged before a deputy county recorder a marginal release on the record of the mortgage, in the following words:
"I hereby certify that this mortgage and the indebtedness secured hereby is fully paid, satisfied and discharged.
"C.W. BERRYMAN.
"Signed and acknowledged before me the 10th day of December, 1923.
"H.A. BENSON, County Recorder.
"By RUTH F. HILLIARD, "Deputy."
Plaintiff delivered the mortgage to defendant L.B. Dore, but retained the note. When the note came due, plaintiff demanded payment, which was refused. Plaintiff instituted this action to recover on the note. At the close of the evidence, the court granted a nonsuit as to defendant Viola D. Dore. This appeal is by the administrator of plaintiff's estate from a judgment in favor of defendant L.B. Dore.
Plaintiff pleaded a simple action on the note. Defendants pleaded that a mortgage was executed as security for the note, and set forth at length the satisfaction. The plaintiff conceded the release of the mortgage, but contended that the purported release of the note was made unintentionally and by mistake.
Appellant specifies 58 assignments of error. It will be unnecessary to treat them all in detail. The error claimed in granting a nonsuit as to Viola D. Dore is neither argued nor well founded. Appellant specifies that the court erred in trying the case with a jury, contending that "the issue made by the pleadings was an issue to be determined by *Page 332 the court." As will be shown herein, there were questions of fact to be submitted to the Jury, and it was not error, therefore, for the court to decline to try the case without a jury. Defendant does not claim to have paid anything on this indebtedness, and the only point involved in the case is the effect of the marginal release.
Counsel for defendant argue that a mortgagee cannot maintain an action upon the note alone without alleging that the security given as a part of the transaction has become valueless without his fault or negligence. It seems conceded by appellant that he could not maintain this action upon the note if the mortgage was released without the consent of the defendant. This rule has been firmly established and repeatedly followed in California and by this court. (Portland Cattle LoanCo. v. Biehl, 42 Idaho 39, 245 P. 88, and cases therein cited.) None of the adjudicated cases, however, go to the extent of holding that a mortgagor may consent to a release of his mortgage without any consideration, and then defend against a personal liability upon the note on the ground of the release of the mortgage, or rather the former existence of the mortgage. Those California decisions enforcing the rule have been based upon the fact that the mortgage either existed or was released without the consent of the mortgagor, and all which have adverted to it at all have inferred that consent to the release would subject the mortgagor to personal liability for the debt. (Woodward v. Brawn, 119 Cal. 283, 63 Am. Rep. 108, 51 P. 2, 542; Crisman v. Lanterman, 149 Cal. 647, 117 Am. St. 167, 87 P. 89; J. I. Case Threshing Mach. Co. v.Copren Bros., 32 Cal. App. 194, 162 P. 647; Ferry v. Fisk,54 Cal. App. 763, 202 P. 964.) The principle involved is that the land is primarily liable, and the mortgagor has a right to insist that the mortgagee do not release the land and throw upon him a personal liability; but when the release is made with his consent, he should not be permitted to say that by that very act he evades such personal liability. *Page 333
Defendant contends that plaintiff renounced his rights in the note and the indebtedness evidenced thereby against defendant, under C. S., sec. 5989, which reads:
"The holder may expressly renounce his rights against any party to the instrument before, at, or after its maturity. An absolute and unconditional renunciation of his rights against the principal debtor made at or after the maturity of the instrument discharges the instrument. But a renunciation does not affect the rights of a holder in due course without notice. A renunciation must be in writing, unless the instrument is delivered up to the person primarily liable thereon."
The release pleaded was placed upon the margin of the recorded mortgage with a rubber stamp. Plaintiff testified that he intended to release the mortgage, but did not intend to acknowledge payment of the indebtedness, and did not know that he was placing and acknowledging his signature beneath words which on their face had that effect.
Defendant maintains that the release is within the well-known rule excluding parol evidence to vary or contradict the terms of a written instrument. He admits that a receipt may be so varied or disputed, but argues that a release is in a different category. It is often stated, as a general rule, that releases may not be varied or contradicted by parol evidence. (5 Wigmore on Evidence, 2d ed., sec. 2432, p. 312; 3 Abbott's Trial Evidence, 3d ed., p. 2218; 22 Cal. Jur., p. 756, sec. 7; 23 Rawle C. L., p. 387.) It is well settled, however, that simple receipts are only prima facie evidence of the truth of the statements recited therein, and that oral evidence is admissible to show that the money receipted for was not in fact paid. (Gagnon v. Molden, 15 Idaho 727, 99 P. 965; Barghoorn v.Moore, 6 Idaho 531, 57 P. 265; 22 C. J., p. 1135, sec. 1520; 10 Rawle C. L., p. 1025, sec. 217.)
Releases contractual in their nature are governed by the rule excluding parol evidence (Jensen v. McConnell Bros., 31 Idaho 87,169 P. 292), but those not contractual, and which are in substance mere receipts, are not within the rule, but are subject to the law governing receipts. (22 *Page 334 C. J., p. 1140, sec. 1526.) The words in the marginal release importing payment of the indebtedness secured by the mortgage in effect constituted a receipt, and nothing more. The correct rule applicable, and the reasons for it, are well stated inThompson v. Layman, 41 Minn. 295, 42 N.W. 1061, a case involving the precise question presented here. The court said:
"That a mere receipt — that is, a written admission, of the fact of payment and receipt of money — may be contradicted by parol is not questioned. It is urged, however, that a release cannot be contradicted by parol, and that is true of a technical release. This is not a release in that sense. Such a release is in the nature of a contract — abandoning or relinquishing a claim. It operates to discharge a contract not by performance of it according to its terms, for such performance leaves nothing to release, but by voluntary surrender of the right to require performance. This instrument has no element of contract in it. It only acknowledges that the terms of the note and mortgage have been performed by payment of the money. It admits a fact, such as an ordinary receipt does, nothing more. The payment, if made, discharged the note and mortgage, without the writing. The writing is only evidence (for proof or record) of the fact operating the discharge. . . . . So far as the rules of evidence are concerned, it is like any other written receipt."
This holding is supported by the weight of authority. (Thompson v. Avery, 11 Utah, 214, 39 P. 829; Beal v. Stevens,72 Cal. 451, 14 P. 186; Sells v. Tootle, 169 Mo. 593,61 S.W. 579; Scott v. Scott, 105 Ind. 584, 5 N.E. 397; Soule v. Soule,157 Mass. 451, 32 N.E. 663; Pierce v. Baker (Tex.Civ.App.),238 S.W. 699.)
Under the facts presented, what we have said of the writing under discussion, as a "release," applies to it considered as a "renunciation." (Pitt v. Little, 58 Wash. 355, 108 P. 941;Baldwin v. Daly, 41 Wash. 416, 83 P. 724.)
Assignments 2 to 10 are based upon the admission of evidence, over objection, tending to show that the plaintiff *Page 335 had satisfied many other mortgages by marginal satisfaction wherein the same rubber stamp was used. This could properly be considered by the jury in determining his understanding of the recital in the release, and his intention thereby to declare the note "paid, satisfied and discharged."
The cross-examination should not have been permitted to go to the extent of attempting to establish that plaintiff released this and other mortgages to hinder, delay and defraud creditors. There was no fraud pleaded, and assignments of error 11 to 35 are well taken. Fraud relied upon as a defense must be pleaded. (27 C. J., p. 28, sec. 144; 13 C. J., p. 744, sec. 894.)
Ager v. Duncan, 50 Cal. 325, and Sewell v. Norris,128 Ga. 824, 58 S.E. 637, 13 L.R.A., N.S., 1118, cited by respondent, may be authority for the rule that "in such cases it is immaterial by which of the parties the fraudulent nature of the contract is disclosed to the court," yet neither of them is authority that such fraud may be shown without pleading it. The former decision is obscure as to the pleadings, but excerpts from briefs of counsel indicate that the fraud may have been disclosed by the complaint, but that it was "disclosed . . . . by the answer," and that the defendant sought to "avoid its payment on the plea" of fraud; and in the latter the opinion recites that the plaintiff did not "rely upon" the fraud, and "the defendants . . . . must set up the transaction, whatever it was, in support of their claim."
The plaintiff sought to establish that the defendant had mortgaged the property involved after this release, and had sold the property thereafter, and specifies as error the rejection of evidence to this effect. These instruments would not be admissible under the reasoning of the opinion inWoodward v. Brown, 119 Cal. 283, 63 Am. St. 108, 51 P. 2, but the dissenting opinion of Beatty, C. J. (119 Cal. 289,51 P. 543), upon this point, appeals to me as the better reasoning. The defendant is not contending that there is still a mortgage upon the land which should be foreclosed *Page 336 before he becomes personally liable, and his act in mortgaging and later selling the land clear of this encumbrance was competent to be considered by the jury as evidence of his consent to the satisfaction of the mortgage, if it be found that the note was not released and renounced.
Specifications 42, 43, 44, 46 and 47 are based upon the alleged error of the court in denying plaintiff's motions to strike certain evidence of the defendant. There being no pleading of fraud or of any promise or consideration for the release of the note, the evidence was wholly immaterial to the issues as to the consent of the defendant to the satisfaction of the mortgage, or whether the note was paid, satisfied or discharged, and the motions should have been granted.
The appellant specifies numerous errors in the instructions given and refused. There being no issue of fraud, or evidence to support estoppel, it was error to give the instructions which were given upon these issues.
Appellant complains of instruction 8c, embodying C. S., sec. 5989. This instruction was erroneous in telling the jury that if they found "that the plaintiff renounced in writing his rights against the defendant upon the note . . . . , and that such renunciation was an absolute and unconditional renunciation," then their verdict should be for the defendant, without properly explaining to the jury in connection therewith that the release would not have that effect if the release of the note recited therein was unintentional and made by mistake, and the note was not, as a matter of fact, released and the rights of the plaintiff renounced thereby.
Instruction No. 9 was also erroneous in the inference that the verdict must depend upon an express or implied new promise or agreement to pay the note. If defendant consented to the release of the mortgage, he would be already personally liable on the note without any new promise.
There were presented two issues: (1) Did the defendant consent to the release of the mortgage? And (2) Did the release satisfy and discharge the note? The evidence *Page 337 presented questions of fact for the jury. The court therefore did not err in denying the plaintiff's motion for directed verdict.
It becomes unnecessary to discuss numerous other assigned errors with relation to matters which, in view of the holding herein, cannot arise upon another trial.
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial. Costs to appellant.
Wm. E. Lee, C.J., and Givens, J., concur.
Budge, J., took no part in the decision.