I. The affirmative defenses pleaded were:
(1) That, under the contract of sale, pursuant to which the shipment was made, the purchasers had the right to make trial of the engine; that, pursuant to such contract, they took immediate possession of the engine, for the purpose only of making such trial; that, immediately after making such trial, they returned the engine to the place from which they took it; and that the same has been at all times in the possession of the defendant, and subject to the demand of the plaintiff.
(2) That the taking of the temporary possession of said engine for the purpose of trial was done and directed by the plaintiff's own agent, one Hollinberger.
(3) That the inspection and trial conducted by the purchasers were acquiesced in and ratified, at the time thereof, by the plaintiff.
The court instructed the jury, in substance, that the defendant was liable for a conversion unless the defendant had proved the first affirmative defense herein set out. The defendant complains of the failure of the court to submit to the jury its other pleaded defenses. It complains also that the verdict was contrary to the evidence, and that a verdict should have been directed in its own behalf. Certain rulings upon offers of testimony are also challenged.
The law of liability of a common carrier, so far as it is involved upon this record, is well settled. For the purpose of the discussion, we shall assume that the bill of 1. CARRIERS: lading made a prima-facie case for the carriage of plaintiff. If there is a defect in plaintiff's goods: case in that respect, it is that it never non- presented its bill of lading, and never made any conversion demand upon the railroad company for its by consignment. Nor does it affirmatively appear permitting that the defendant company had disabled itself trial. from immediate compliance with the demand, if one had been made. That possible infirmity in plaintiff's prima-facie case we ignore.
The bill of lading carries the legal title to the consignment. Delivery of the consignment to a nonholder of the bill of lading is made at the peril of the carrier. In such event the burden is cast upon the carrier to show that the delivery was made to a person authorized to receive it, notwithstanding the absence of *Page 298 the bill of lading. The method adopted by the plaintiff amounted, in legal effect, to a consignment C.O.D. Such consignment does not necessarily forbid an inspection and trial. If the consignee or person from whom collection of the price was to be made, was entitled to an inspection and trial before acceptance, the carrier may permit such inspection and trial, without being chargeable with conversion. And this is so, even though it permit the temporary use and possession of the consignment, for the purpose only of such trial. Such permission is not, of itself, deemed a delivery or a misdelivery.
If, in this case, the purchasers were in fact, under their contract, entitled to a trial inspection of this engine, such fact is available to the defendant, as a complete defense against the charge of conversion. Clark v. American Exp. Co., 130 Iowa 254; Famous Mfg. Co. v. Chicago N.W.R. Co., 166 Iowa 361; FirstNat. Bank of Wadena v. Farmers Bank of Traer, 195 Iowa 1260. This is not a case where the shipment was lost, or where any actual damage resulted thereto, as a result of the inspection. The trial court instructed the jury that, if the purchasers, under their agreement, had a right to make the inspection by trying the engine, then the plaintiff could not recover. The verdict for the plaintiff, therefore, was necessarily a finding that they had no such right. The three affirmative defenses above stated are so blended and so related in the record that it is quite impossible to give a fair consideration to any one of them if the others be ignored. The first question confronting us is whether the verdict is contrary to the evidence on the question of right of inspection. We have read the evidence verbatim, and cannot avoid the conclusion that the verdict is contrary thereto, and purely arbitrary. Upon the controlling feature of the case, the evidence is without material dispute.
II. The antecedent negotiations were had in Des Moines, with the general manager of the plaintiff. He was the chief witness for the plaintiff on the trial, and testified with commendable candor. The one point of dispute between him and the chief witness for the defendant is not controlling, because of other undisputed features of the record.
For the defendant, it appears in evidence that, for some *Page 299 years, a group of a half dozen farmers in Dallas County had owned and used jointly, a threshing machine separator. They owned no engine. They had uniformly employed Hollinberger, the owner of an engine, to operate for them their separator during the threshing season. At the beginning of the threshing season of 1922, Hollinberger's engine failed, and it became necessary to procure another engine. They deemed it expedient to buy, if possible, a suitable secondhand engine. They commissioned Hollinberger, who was an experienced engineer, to go to Des Moines, and see what could be obtained. Hollinberger entered into negotiations with the plaintiff at Des Moines for the engine which was afterwards shipped. These negotiations extended over a period of two, perhaps three, days. Some members of the purchasing group were present in Des Moines with Hollinberger, and saw the engine and participated to some slight extent in the negotiations. The price made by the plaintiff was then $1,300. An offer of $1,000 was made, which was not accepted. The final negotiations and agreement, pursuant to which the shipment was made, were had between the general manager of the plaintiff and Hollinberger alone. The former testified that there was no agreement for the privilege of inspection or trial. The latter testified that there was such an agreement. The purchasing group had no personal knowledge of the agreement, except as it was communicated to them by Hollinberger.
The fatal infirmity in the plaintiff's case appears in certain 2. PRINCIPAL candid testimony on the part of the general AND AGENT: manager. This was that he commissioned the Hollinberger to "put the deal through" and to relation: make the sale, and agreed to pay him a corrupting commission of $100 therefor. He testified: agent for other party.
"* * * The closing of the deal was made with Hollinberger, and was not made with the other men at all. The other men were not present when the deal was closed. I agreed to give Mr. Hollinberger a commission if the deal went through. I don't remember definitely whether it was $75 or $100, but I agreed to give him some commission if he put the deal through. I closed the deal with Hollinberger, and not with the farmers. I don't know what deal he made with the farmers; *Page 300 but he made the deal with the farmers, and I agreed to pay him a commission if he finally made a sale."
Disregarding the sinister aspect of such agreed commission and its invasion of the hearthstone of the purchasing group, it created a situation and a relation which should not have been ignored upon the trial below. By such arrangement the plaintiff made Hollinberger its own agent for the purpose of making the sale, and became bound by his subsequent conduct and representation, within the scope of such agency. It could not take the benefit of such an agency and escape the burden of responsibility therefor. By such arrangement, also, it destroyed Hollinberger's agency for the purchasing group, so far as its own right to rely on such agency was concerned. The members of the group knew nothing about the changed relation of Hollinberger to the subject-matter of the negotiations. Plaintiff could not thereafter bind the purchasing group by mere negotiations between its general manager and Hollinberger.
The foregoing is the final agreement, pursuant to which shipment was made. The purchasers were under the pressure of great hurry to get into their fields. The shipment was made at once on Friday, August 3d, and reached its destination, 25 or 30 miles distant, the same day. Hollinberger and one of the purchasing group boarded the flat car upon which the engine was shipped, and fired it en route, in order that it might be ready for unloading under its own power, immediately upon arrival. The other members of the purchasing group were at the station waiting for it, and ready to assist in the unloading. None of them knew that the bill of lading had been sent to the Adel Bank, some miles distant. The car was spotted about 12 rods from the station. The engine was unloaded therefrom and taken to the field where the separator was stationed. On Saturday, a trial was had, which proved very unsatisfactory. On Sunday, Hollinberger and two or three of the purchasing group hastened to Des Moines, with their complaint of trouble. In response thereto, Diebel, the Des Moines salesman, who had steamed and exhibited the engine at Des Moines, and who had loaded and billed the same, came to the assistance of the purchasers. One of the defects was a broken clutch. Diebel testified *Page 301 that this break had occurred in Des Moines, before shipment. Other defects were in the smokestack and in the flues. Diebel returned to Des Moines on Monday night, promising to return on the following day with the proper repairs. He came on the following day, bringing with him repairs for the clutch, and a smokestack. The repairs were placed upon the clutch. Whether the smokestack was installed, does not appear. At the time of his making such repairs, Diebel knew that the bill of lading was outstanding and uncollected. Likewise, the general manager knew the same thing. The members of the purchasing group acted in good faith, believing that they had a right to make such trial. Diebel and the general manager necessarily knew at the time that they did so believe. There is no room, upon the record, to doubt that Hollinberger believed the same thing. Diebel returned to Des Moines on Tuesday evening. On Wednesday morning, the engine was returned to the railroad station by Hollinberger and the purchasing group, and was rejected as not satisfactory. It has at all times remained in the possession of the railway company, subject to the demand of the plaintiff.
Such are the undisputed facts appearing in this record. One feature of the case which was ignored in the court below was the conversion by plaintiff to its own use of the agent of the purchasing group. The creation of this agency by plaintiff carries a double aspect:
(1) Because thereof, the right of the purchasing group to make inspection must be determined by their conversation with Hollinberger after he became agent for the plaintiff, and not from the conversation of Hollinberger with the general manager.
(2) Hollinberger was the directing hand and mind that took the engine from the station to the field, for the purpose of trial. In so doing, he was acting within the scope of the agency conferred upon him to "put the deal through" and to "make the sale." His act in so doing was, of legal necessity, the act of the plaintiff itself.
III. Furthermore, the subsequent conduct of all parties was wholly inconsistent with the theory that there was to be no right of inspection by trial, but was acquiescent and ratifying *Page 302 3. CARRIERS: in its nature. The Des Moines agency knew that carriage of the right was being exercised, and acquiesced in goods: it. It knew that the engine had been taken for acquiescence such purpose, and it participated in the trial of consignor of it. The very sending of the bill of lading to in Adel, several miles distant, was inconsistent inspection with such theory. Concededly, the engine was and trial shipped hurriedly, in order to meet the effect. necessities of the purchasing group, who needed the engine for immediate use. If it was really to be paid for in advance of any trial thereof, there was no apparent reason why it should not have been paid for in Des Moines, before shipment. The purchasers were there, and accessible. To send the bill of lading to Adel for collection could only work delay and inconvenience, if payment was expected before delivery by the railway company at the station at Kennedy. The very method adopted indicated a purpose to delay collection until a fair trial could be had. As between the plaintiff and the defendant carrier, it was the duty of the plaintiff to receive the shipment at the destination point with reasonable promptness. It was likewise its duty to unload the freight and to release the defendant's car with like promptness. Failing to do so, it would become subject to penalties in the form of demurrage. The relation of the defendant to the shipment would change from that of carrier to that of bailee. But the plaintiff made no other provision for the receipt of the freight or the unloading thereof except that which was carried out by Hollinberger. When the engine came to the destination point, Hollinberger was already in possession of it, aboard the flat car. While it was being put upon trial by Hollinberger and the purchasing group, the Des Moines agency participated in the trial for the last two days thereof. During all this time, the bill of lading lay dormant at Adel. The negotiability of the bill of lading is not involved. If the bill had been issued or negotiated to a third party, a different question would be presented. But a bill of lading issued to a consignor and held by him is subject to meritorious defense against him, like any other contract. Suppose that the depot agent of the defendant company had gone to the threshing field on Monday or Tuesday, to enforce his constructive possession and to terminate the temporary use of the engine for trial, and had found there both *Page 303 the seller and the purchaser, jointly engaged in the trial, would he not have been justified in allowing the trial to proceed? Was his justification any less because he failed to go to the threshing field to observe personally what was going on? The very fact that the plaintiff knew what had been done and what was going on, and yet withheld the presentation of the bill of lading until after the completion of the trial of the engine, was a circumstance of much significance. These facts also have a double aspect:
(1) They bear on the question whether the circumstances appearing in evidence, as distinguished from direct evidence, tend to the support of the verdict or to the contrary.
(2) They bear upon the question of ratification, in that they disclose the acquiescence of the plaintiff, through its Des Moines agency, in the acts of the purchasing group, and a ratification of the acts of Hollinberger in directing such trial, and of the defendant carrier in permitting it. This issue of ratification was not submitted to the jury in the trial below, nor otherwise considered by the court.
We recognize that the defendant's pleading in that regard was not very meritorious. Nevertheless, it did plead ratification in specific terms, and the pleading was in no manner assailed.
Upon a consideration of the record as a whole, we think it is quite conclusive against the plaintiff, and that the defendant's motion, at the close of all the evidence, to direct a verdict, ought to have been sustained. The judgment below is, accordingly, reversed. — Reversed and remanded.
FAVILLE, C.J., and STEVENS, De GRAFF, and VERMILION, JJ., concur. *Page 304