The bill in this case was filed in the Circuit Court for Washington County by the appellee, Marie C. Miller, against Paul F. Miller, her husband, the appellant, praying for a divorce amensa et thoro on the ground of abandonment and desertion. The bill contains a prayer for alimony pendente lite and counsel fees. Upon the filing of the bill the chancellor passed an order that the defendant pay to the plaintiff the sum of $500 per month as alimony pendente lite, and $1,000 as counsel fees, unless cause to the contrary be shown by the defendant, provided a copy of the titling of the case and the order of court be served upon him. The defendant filed an answer to the bill in the nature of a demurrer, stating that the answer is intended only as an answer to show cause why alimony pendente lite and counsel fees should not be allowed, and in no sense to be considered as an answer to the bill of complaint, and praying that it be received without prejudice to his right to answer, demur to, or file a cross-bill to, the said bill of complaint. The answer, in the nature of a demurrer, further averred that no alimony pendente lite or counsel fees ought to be allowed, because the bill of complaint did not set forth such cause or causes as are grounds for a divorce either a mensa or a vinculo.
The case was heard on bill and answer, together with testimony taken as to the financial worth of the defendant. Subsequently the chancellor passed a decree awarding the plaintiff *Page 215 the sum of $300 per month alimony pendente lite, accounting from the 26th day of July, 1926, the date of the filing of the bill, and the further sum of $1,000 as counsel fees. From that decree the appeal here was taken.
In the case of Wilson v. Wilson, 152 Md. 632, it was said: "When the allegations of the bill are sufficient to support either a divorce a mensa et thoro or a vinculo matrimonii, they are sufficient to support a bill for alimony alone. Outlawv. Outlaw, 118 Md. 502; Hood v. Hood, 138 Md. 360; Polley v.Polley, 128 Md. 63; Hoffhines v. Hoffhines, 146 Md. 350." The correctness of the rule as above stated is not questioned by the appellant; his contention being that the bill in this case is insufficient as a basis for a decree for divorce either avinculo matrimonii or a mensa et thoro. The single question, therefore, which we are asked to determine, is, Do the allegations and prayers of the bill of complaint set out facts which, if proven, would entitle the plaintiff to a divorce of either description?
The bill of complaint in substance sets forth that the plaintiff and defendant were married in 1911; that two daughters survive as the issue of said marriage, aged fourteen and eight respectively; that they lived at Hagerstown, Maryland, and at Atlanta, Georgia, after the marriage, until about May 6th, 1917, when the defendant abandoned the plaintiff and gave her no information as to where he intended to go; that about fourteen months after this desertion she learned that the defendant had enlisted in the military service and was in France; that some time in September, 1922, after the defendant's return from France, at his solicitation, she came to Hagerstown and took up her residence with the defendant, but that he showed no affection towards her, persistently and contemptuously slighted, ignored, and insulted her, and refused to cohabit with her; which conduct and demeanor of the defendant continued until some time in November, 1925, when he finally left the house where the plaintiff and her children were then domiciled, and took up his abode elsewhere in Hagerstown, and has continuously since said time lived separate and apart from the plaintiff and their children, *Page 216 and has persistently refused to permit the plaintiff to live with him as his wife. The bill further alleges that the plaintiff was a good, kind, faithful, and affectionate wife to her said husband, and has never given him cause to desert and abandon her or refuse to live with her as his wife; that she is in nowise responsible for said separation; that she has at all times been willing and anxious to live with the defendant and do and perform in all respects her wifely duties, but that the defendant has prevented the same, and has shown a steady indifference and growing dislike and lack of affection for the plaintiff and their children, which is manifested by showing no concern in the welfare of his family, his failure to visit his children, and his amours and repeated indiscretions at Hagerstown and elsewhere since marriage with sundry loose and profligate female persons. The prayers of the bill are, for divorce a mensa et thoro, for the custody of the infant children, and that the defendant be charged with their maintenance and support, and for alimonypendente lite and counsel fees. There is also a prayer for general relief.
It will be seen from the above allegations, that the defendant has continuously refused to cohabit with the plaintiff since September, 1922, for a period of more than three years before the filing of the bill of complaint, although he did not actually leave the domicile of the plaintiff until about November, 1925. The law in this state is settled that the refusal of one spouse, without just cause, to cohabit with the other, is an act amounting to desertion on the part of the one so refusing. In the case of Klein v. Klein, 146 Md. 27, the rule is thus stated: "Abandonment or desertion, as a marital offense, consists in the voluntary separation of one of the married parties from the other, or the refusal to renew suspended cohabitation, without justification either in the consent or the wrongful conduct of the other party. Bishop on Marriage, Divorce, and Separation, vol. 1, secs. 1662-1663; Gill v. Gill, 93 Md. 650; Taylor v.Taylor, 112 Md. 666; Buckner v. Buckner, 118 Md. 101." See also Roth v. Roth, 145 Md. 83; Ruckle v. Ruckle, 141 Md. 213;Martin *Page 217 v. Martin, 141 Md. 185; Fleegle v. Fleegle, 136 Md. 631;Owings v. Owings, 148 Md. 124.
In this case the desertion on the part of the defendant had continued for more than three years before the filing of the bill, a sufficient length of time to have entitled the plaintiff to a divorce a vinculo. The contention of the appellant is that, the prayer of the plaintiff being for a divorce a mensa, while the allegations show her entitled to a divorce a vinculo, the court is powerless to pass any decree of divorce, and therefore, not being able to decree a divorce of either description, the decree providing for alimony pendente lite and counsel fees is erroneous. He relies on the case of Stewart v.Stewart, 105 Md. 297, in support of that proposition. In that case the bill was for a divorce a mensa, and the ground alleged was adultery, which is a cause for divorce a vinculo alone, thus presenting an entirely different case from the one now under consideration.
The causes entitling a party to a divorce in this state are fixed by statute, certain causes entitling a party to a divorcea vinculo, and certain causes to a divorce a mensa. These are contained in sections 38 and 39 of article 16 of the Code of 1924; section 38 being: "Upon a hearing of any bill for divorce, the court may decree a divorce a vinculo matrimonii for the following causes, to wit: First, the impotence of either party at the time of the marriage; secondly, for any cause which, by the laws of the state, render a marriage null and void ab initio; thirdly, for adultery; fourthly, when the court shall be satisfied by competent testimony that the party complained against has abandoned the party complaining, and that such abandonment has continued uninterruptedly for at least three years, and is deliberate and final, and the separation of the parties beyond any reasonable expectation of reconciliation; fifthly, when the woman before marriage has been guilty of illicit carnal intercourse with another man, the same being unknown to the husband at the time of the marriage, and when such carnal connection shall be proved to the satisfaction of the *Page 218 court." Section 39 provides: "Divorces a mensa et thoro may be decreed for the following causes, to wit: First, cruelty of treatment; secondly, excessively vicious conduct; thirdly, abandonment and desertion."
In Schwab v. Schwab, 93 Md. 385, it was said: "An action for a divorce a vinculo is in every respect different from that for a divorce a mensa et thoro. They are both statutory proceedings and they proceed upon different sections of the statute, are founded upon a different state of facts and aim at entirely different results." In Stewart v. Stewart, supra, Judge Pearce, speaking for this Court, after quoting from Schwab v. Schwab,supra, said: "The question here is not, as stated by the appellee, whether the party complaining can be required to take more than is desired or asked for but whether the court has power to grant any other relief upon the single ground stated, than the one provided by the statute. Whatever views we might entertain of the wisdom of the law in discriminating and fixing the different grounds upon which alone these respective forms of divorce may be granted, our only power is to construe the law as it stands upon the statute book, and we are not able to construe this law otherwise than we have done." The Court there reached the conclusion that, upon the allegation of adultery, the form of the decree could only be that pointed out by the statute for such cause, namely, a vinculo. It will thus be seen that when a certain cause is alleged upon which a decree for divorce is asked, to enable the court to grant the relief prayed, the cause alleged in the bill must be that contained in the statute providing for that form of divorce. To illustrate, if the ground alleged is adultery, no divorce a mensa can be granted, for the reason that the statute, designating the causes upon which a decree a mensa can be based, does not include adultery.
The allegation in the bill now under consideration is abandonment and desertion. Section 39 of article 16, above quoted, makes abandonment and desertion a cause for divorce amensa, and is silent as to its duration. In Brown v. Brown, *Page 219 2 Md. Ch. 317, affirmed in 5 Gill, 249, this Court said: "A divorce a mensa et thoro may be granted for abandonment and desertion without regard to its duration." In Harding v.Harding, 22 Md. 337, Judge Bartol, speaking for the Court, said: "It has been decided that `by the third section of the Act of 1841, ch. 264, a divorce a mensa et thoro may be granted for abandonment and desertion without regard to its duration.'" And again, in Young v. Young, 136 Md. 84, it was said by Judge Burke, delivering the opinion of the court, that: "By section 38 (now 39), article 16, of the Code, a divorce a mensa may be granted for abandonment and desertion without regard to duration."
From these authorities it is well settled that a divorce amensa may be decreed on the ground of abandonment and desertion, whether the abandonment has continued for the period of less or more than three years, provided the abandonment and desertion be the deliberate act of the party complained of, done with the intent that the marriage relation shall no longer exist. Abandonment and desertion, as a ground for divorce a mensa, contain two inherent affirmative elements: First, cohabitation ended; and second, the offending party's intention to desert. To entitle a party to a divorce a vinculo on this ground, in addition to the two above named elements, the court must be satisfied by competent testimony that such abandonment has continued uninterruptedly for at least three years and is deliberate and final, and the separation of the parties beyond any reasonable expectation of reconciliation.
It is also to be noted that section 41 of article 16, Code of 1924, provides: "When a bill prays for a divorce a vinculomatrimonii, the fact that the parties have been divorced amensa et thoro shall not be taken to interfere with the jurisdiction of the court over the subject, and a party who has obtained a divorce a mensa et thoro on the ground of abandonment, which at the time of obtaining said divorce was not of the character and duration specified in section 38 of this article, shall not be estopped thereby from subsequently obtaining a divorce a vinculo matrimonii on the ground of *Page 220 abandonment proved to be of the character and duration specified in said section 38." The language of this section plainly negatives the right of a party who has obtained a divorce amensa et thoro on the ground of abandonment, which at the time of obtaining said divorce was of the character and duration specified in section 38, from thereafter on the ground of abandonment obtaining a divorce a vinculo matrimonii. This section, by necessary implication, is a recognition by the Legislature of the right of a party to obtain a divorce a mensaet thoro on the ground of abandonment, when such abandonment has continued for a period of more than three years; otherwise there would have been no purpose in providing that the party, after having obtained a divorce a mensa et thoro, could subsequently on the ground of abandonment obtain a divorce a vinculomatrimonii, provided at the time of obtaining the first divorce the abandonment was not of the character and duration specified in section 38, in respect to divorce a vinculo. We mention this, not as controlling our decision, but simply as indicating the legislative construction put upon section 39.
We are of the opinion that, if the allegations of the bill are sustained by the proof, the appellee would be entitled to a divorce a mensa et thoro, and consequently is entitled to alimony pendente lite and counsel fees. The record discloses that the appellant is not complaining as to the amount of alimony and counsel fees, this being shown by the instructions given by the appellant to the clerk in making up the original record, although a supplemental record was filed before the case was reached for argument; and it is only necessary for us to add that we have examined the testimony contained in the supplemental record, in respect to the financial worth and income of the defendant, and are of the opinion that the amounts allowed by the chancellor as alimony pendente lite and counsel fees are just and proper under the circumstances. Finding no error in the decree appealed from, it must be affirmed.
Decree affirmed, with costs to the appellee. *Page 221