The appellant was indicted in the Circuit Court for Baltimore County for the murder of his wife, and the case being removed for trial to the Circuit Court for Harford County, he *Page 32 was there convicted of murder in the first degree, and sentenced to death. During the course of the trial, fifteen exceptions were taken.
The first exception was taken to the overruling of a demurrer to the indictment, and the subsequent refusal to quash the indictment, because of an amendment thereto which it is alleged rendered it void.
The second, third and seventh exceptions were taken to the admission of a confession made by the defendant.
The fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, and ninth exceptions were taken to the refusal to allow non-expert witnesses to give their opinion of defendant's sanity after stating the facts upon which these opinions were based.
The tenth, twelfth, thirteenth and fifteenth exceptions relate to the allowance of certain hypothetical questions put by the State to several physicians to test their opinions of defendant's sanity.
The eleventh exception was taken to the cross-examination of Dr. Hill in reference to his testimony as an expert in the Berry Will case, and also in the case of a man named Klein, indicted for murder.
The fourteenth exception was taken to a ruling allowing the defendant's family physician to state that he had never heard any intimation that defendant was not mentally sound.
These exceptions will be considered as they have been grouped.
The presentment charged the defendant with the murder of Caroline Watts. The indictment as returned by the grand jury, and as filed by the Clerk of the Court in the first count followed the presentment, and charged the murder of Caroline Watts, though in the second count it charged the murder of Katherince C. Watts. It is admitted by the State that after the adjournment of the grand jury, the State's Attorney for Baltimore County, with the leave of the Court, but without the knowledge or assent of the grand jury, amended the first count of the indictment by striking out the name "Caroline," and inserting in its place, the name, "Katherine C." It *Page 33 appears from the record that the amendment did not appear upon the face of the indictment, and the demurrer was therefore properly overruled.
The motion to quash the indictment went to both counts, and in the first paragraph of the motion it was alleged generally that the State's Attorney changed the name "Caroline Watts" in the indictment returned, to "Katherine C. Watts" as it appeared in the record transmitted to the Circuit Court for Harford County, which rendered the indictment defective, and the written admission of the State's Attorney set out in the record, is that the alleged amendment was made "in the indictment;" from which the necessary inference would be that the change was made ineach count of the indictment. The fifth and sixth paragraphs of the motion however specifically state that this change was made in the first count of the indictment, which at once suggests that it was made only in the first count, and at the argument it was expressly stated that it was made only in the firstcount, as shown by the docket entries then filed.
It is established by all the authorities that the name of a person in an indictment is matter of substance which cannot be changed without the consent of the grand jury, and that the Christian, as well as the surname is included in this rule.Wharton's Crim. Pr. and Pl., 9th ed., sec. 109; 10 Enc. Pl. Pr. 688-690; Hawthorne v. State, 56 Md. 535. An instrument thus changed is no longer the indictment found by the grand jury. 1 Bishop's Crim. Procedure, sec. 710; Ex parte Bain,121 U.S. 1; Byers v. State, 63 Md. 207.
Neither the State's Attorney, nor the Court, nor both together, can supply the necessary authority, which can only come from the grand jury, in the absence of some statutory provision. The only provision in our Code for amendment of an indictment in case of misnomer are found in sections 283 and 284 of Art. 27. Sec. 283 provides for the misnomer of the defendant, and is applicable only where the misnomer is pleaded in abatement, when the amendment must conform to the true name disclosed in the plea of abatement. Sec. 284 *Page 34 provides for the amendment of an indictment when the name of any person other than the defendant, has been erroneously set forth therein. Such amendment is made according to the proof in the cause; but this is authorized only after a jury has been sworn on the indictment, and in the case before us, the amendment was made before the jury was sworn. It is consequently of no avail, and if the amendment had been made in both counts of the indictment, it would have vitiated the instrument. But having been made only in the first count, the second count remained a valid subsisting count, sufficient to sustain the verdict if otherwise justified, and the motion to quash being addressed to both counts, was properly overruled. That this motion was the proper mode of presenting the objection, we think must be regarded as settled in this State by the case of Byers v.State, 63 Md. 210, in which the mode of returning presentments and bills of indictment by grand juries and filing them by the clerks, and the practice regulating the correction of errors therein, was fully and carefully considered by the late JUDGE MILLER. In that case, which was an indictment for bigamy, there was a blank in the indictment as returned by the grand jury, for the name of the woman whom he has charged to have married during the life of his wife, and on the following day, while the grandjury was still in session, the foreman and the State's Attorney called the attention of the Court to the omission, and the grand jury thereupon appeared at the bar of the Court and requested the return of the indictment for the purpose of filling the blank, which was ordered, and the blank was filled by the grand jury in their room, and the indictment subsequently returned and delivered to the Court. On motion in arrest of judgment, based on affidavits, the Court held that the alleged error was not apparent on the face of the record, and that the question could not be thus raised, and that what the grand jury did was substantially the same thing as finding a new indictment. The learned Judge however said, "In this state of case, no doubt the more regular, formal, and safer course, would have been for the State's Attorney to have had this indictment *Page 35 quashed, and to have framed a new one and submitted it to the grand jury for their approval. 1 Chitty's Crim. Law, 325; 2Hale's Pleas of the Crown, 162; Bacon's Abridgment, IndictmentD."
The second, third and seventh exceptions relate to the confession admitted in evidence. This confession was made to Mr. Marley, a reporter of the "Evening News," by the defendant while in jail, in the presence of the Deputy Sheriff and the Jail Warden, and was taken down in short hand by Mr. Linzey, who stated that he knew of no inducements offered by Mr. Linzey, but that he did not recollect what Mr. Linzey said at the time. Mr. Marley was not in Court when the confesssion was offered, owing to his sickness, and defendant's counsel asked that the confession be not received until Mr. Marley could be examined in regard to it, but the Court ruled it should be read in evidence at once, and this constitutes the second exception. Before the confession was read, the defendant asked the Court to limit the confession in its effect, and to rule for what purposes it could be considered by the jury, but the Court refused the request, and admitted the confession for all purposes. This constitutes the third exception.
After the confession had been read in evidence, Mr. Marley was sworn for the defendant, and stated that he told him he need not say anything unless he desired, but that he also told him "it would be possibly better for him if he would make a clean statement, so it would not appear erroneously in the papers; that the papers would get it anyway, and as my paper was an evening paper, the correct statement would come out first."
The third exception does not make clear what limitation was sought to be imposed upon the effect of the confession, or what ruling was asked of the Court, and it is for this reason unnecessary to consider it, but we are clearly of opinion that there was error in the rulings on the second and seventh exceptions. No confession is admissible unless freely and voluntarily made. In the language of BARON PARKE, "You are bound to satisfy me that the confession which you propose *Page 36 to use in evidence against the prisoner, was not obtained from him by improper means." 2 Denn. Crown Cases, 448, note toQueen v. Warringham. The law is settled that the burden of showing affirmatively that it was not so induced in any given case is upon the prosecutor. Green v. State, 96 Md. 386;Nicholson v. State, 38 Md. 153; Bram v. U.S.,168 U.S. 581. Here there was no attempt to discharge this burden of proof, and the confession was therefore improperly admitted. After its admission, Mr. Marley was sworn and frankly admitted that he found the defendant shortly after the tragedy, on the same day, in a nervous and depressed condition, covered with blood from a wound on the side of his head behind the ear, and apparently suffering from shock; and that he told him "it would possibly be to his advantage to give the correct statement of the affair."
Upon this state of proof we cannot hesitate to hold that a confession thus obtained and admitted should have been withdrawn from the jury.
Though the conclusion we have reached requires the reversal of the judgment, it is necessary to consider the remaining exceptions, as a new trial must be awarded.
Ever since the case of Townshend v. Townshend, 7 Gill, 10, it has been settled law in this State, in cases where mental sanity is in issue, that a non-expert witness may give his opinion in evidence, in connection with his personal observation of the facts upon which it is founded, and as derived from them. It must appear that the witness had adequate opportunity for forming a rational conclusion, since the mere opinions of witnesses are entitled to little or no regard unless they are founded on facts which warrant them in the opinion of the jury. "If the reasons are frivolous or inconclusive, the opinions of the witness are worth nothing." The weight to be given to such an opinion is for the jury, subject of course to the qualification that where the facts stated are such as would not, in the judgment of the Court, enable any rational mind to draw any conclusion therefrom, the opinion proposed to be given may be properly excluded. In Conn. Ins. Co. v. Lathrop, *Page 37 111 U.S. 620, MR. JUSTICE HARLAN said, "Where a cause fairly depends upon the effect or weight of testimony, it is one for the consideration and determination of the jury. * * * It should never be withdrawn from them unless the testimony be of such a conclusive character as to compel the Court, in the exercise of a sound legal discretion, to set aside a verdict returned in opposition to it * * *. The natural and ordinary operations of the human intellect, and the appearance and conduct of insane persons as contrasted with the appearance and conduct of persons of sound mind, are more or less understood and recognized by every one of ordinary intelligence who comes in contact with his species. The extent to with such opinions should control or influence the Court or jury, must depend upon the intelligence of the witness as manifested by his examination, and upon his opportunities to ascertain all the circumstances that should properly affect any conclusion reached."
Bearing these principles in mind we are of opinion that the facts testified to by Officer Hamilton are not such as that any rational conclusion as to the mental soundness of the accused can be deduced from them. He testified that he had known the accused for fifteen years and during that period was in frequent communication with him; that he was "a man of eccentric ways," and would tell "if he had money how he would turn it and make millions;" that he had a great many "imaginary ideas," though witness knew "he could not accomplish anything he undertook in that way;" that he would "fuss with his wife;" that sometimes when he met witness he would say, "hello, Andy," and sometimes, "How are you, Mr. Hamilton?"
This is the whole substance of his statement of facts, and we think there was no error in the ruling on the the 4th exception to the exclusion of Officer Hamilton's opinion.
Officer Mooney testified that he had known the defendant since November, 1900, and had seen him every day for seven or eight months; that on one occasion he discovered him alone in the cellar of the Park Conservatory, dancing and *Page 38 calling himself Doctor Watts; that on other occasions he had seen him while in uniform, and on duty as a park officer, turning somersaults for the children on the play ground, and doing other things against the park rules; that he would discuss his family affairs, as he never heard any one else do; that he would abruptly change the subject of conversation, and walk away, and then suddenly return and talk of something else, and that it was not possible to carry on a continuous intelligible conversation with him.
Officer May testified that he had seen much of the defendant since August, 1900, and met him four or five times a day till he was dismissed from the force, and had frequently noticed his strange and peculiar conversation; that whenever they would meet, and would enter into any conversation, Watts would leave him and start up the road, and then call to him that he would be back in ten minutes; that when he returned witness would ask him what took him off, and he would reply he just wanted to go up the road; that he could not talk continuously upon any subject; that he held his head down while talking, and sometimes you could see his eyes rolling; and that he had seen him while on duty playing with the children, crawling on his hands and knees, "bending the crab," and sometimes "sitting down in the sand pile, patting sand and water, the same as the children." The Court refused to allow either of these witnesses to give his opinion derived from these facts, as to the defendant's sanity. In these rulings on the fifth and sixth exceptions we think there was error, as we cannot say that no rational mind observing the conduct detailed could draw any conclusion therefrom.
George C. Miller, a cousin of defendant, testified that he was acquainted with Watts' grandmother who died when about eighty years of age, and that several years before her death "her mind left her entirely, and she was crazy;" that when Watts' mother died at the age of seventy "her mind was gone;" and that Watts' brother Richard, "had fits, and had a very weak mind." *Page 39
Some direct proof of the insanity of the accused having been offered, it was competent to prove that insanity existed in the family. Berry v. Safe Deposit Co., 96 Md. 63. But the defendant then asked the witness if he was able to say from his association with Mr. Watts whether he was of sound mind, to which the State objected, and the Court sustained the objection. He then asked the witness to state what his opinion upon that subject was, to which the State also objected, aud the Court sustained the objection. These constitute the eighth and ninth exceptions. The testimony as to Watts' relatives afforded no foundation for this question, and the vague and meagre reference by Miller to his appearance on the single occasion when he spoke of seeing him, gave no better basis for the question.
The tenth exception was taken to the allowance by the Court of a long hypothetical question put by the State to Doctor Hill, an expert on insanity, to which he replied that upon the facts given he could not say either that the person described was sane or insane.
In appellant's brief the ground of the exception was stated to be that there was no evidence in the cause upon which to base the question. The defense had put to Dr. Hill upon his examination in chief, without objection, a much longer hypothetical question, to which he had replied that upon the facts stated he would say a man with those characteristics was of unsound mind. An examatioinn of the record shows that it embraces only a very small part of the facts assumed in either of these hypothetical questions, but we do not discover that there is any material difference in the facts upon which the two questions are based, or that the question objected to, omits or withholds any facts stated in the question for the defence, or which were material to elicit a definite and intelligent reply, the difference between the two being chiefly in the collocation and condensation of the facts stated in each.
Why the expert was able to answer one definitely and positively, but could not answer the other either way, we are not required to decide, and do not do so. *Page 40
Moreover, the question not being really answered at all, no injury could result from its allowance, even if otherwise open to objection. Devoe v. Singleton, 80 Md. 68.
The eleventh exception was taken to each of a series of questions put by the State on cross-examination to Doctor Hill, and apparently designed to discredit him as an alienist by showing that he was the same Doctor Hill who testified as an expert for the caveators in the Berry Will case, where the finding was against the will on the ground of the testator's insanity, but where many of the rulings on the hypothetical questions put to him were reversed on appeal; and also by showing that he was an expert witness to prove the insanity of one Klein indicted for murder, who was found by the jury to be insane, but who within a few months thereafter made application to be discharged from the asylum as sane, and not being discharged, subsequently escaped to Virginia whose Courts declined to surrender him to the authorities of the asylum. An expert witness is not to be discredited as such because of the reversal of rulings on questions put to him at the trial below in another case, and it was wholly immaterial to any issue in this case whether Doctor Hill was a witness in the cases referred to, or whether Klein was subsequently declared to have recovered his reason, and the ruling on this exception was erroneous.
The twelfth and thirteenth exceptions were taken to the allowance of questions put to Doctor Hollingsworth, an expert on mental diseases, on cross-examination by the State, but as neither of these questions appear to have been answered at all by the witness, they are not the subject of review here. Devoe v.Singleton, supra. The State, in rebuttal of defendant's testimony upon the question of insanity, asked Dr. Blades, who attended the family of Watts whether he had ever heard any intimation before the day of the tragedy that anything was mentally wrong with Watts, to which he replied he had not, and the admission of this question and answer is the subject of the fourteenth exception.
There was no evidence that the Doctor had ever attended *Page 41 Watts himself, or had occasion to question his insanity. Suspicions of this nature, if entertained by relatives, are often sedulously concealed from friends and from the physician of the family, and we do not think that the mere fact that an attending family physician had never heard of any such infirmity should be admitted to the possible prejudice of the defendant.
The fifteenth exception was to the same question put to Dr. Van Bibber, as was previously put to Dr. Hill by the State, and comes within our ruling on the tenth exception.
For the errors we have indicated the judgment must be reversed.
Judgment reversed, and new trial awarded.
(Decided February 19th, 1904.)