The appellee recovered a judgment against the appellant for damages sustained by him by reason of the alleged negligence of the appellant in the transportation of cattle, which resulted in the cattle contracting a disease known as the "Texas" fever. There are four counts in the declaration which are before us — demurrers to two others having been sustained. The first alleges that the plaintiff on August 23, *Page 302 1906, placed in charge of the defendant seventy-five head of western steers in good health and condition and free from disease, at Kansas City, Missouri, for shipment to Harford County, Maryland, which the defendant undertook to carry safely and carefully; that said steers reached Parkersburg, West Virginia, on or about the 27th of August, when they were unloaded and fed by the defendant in its yards and pens, and were then reloaded on the cars of the defendant at Parkersburg; that when they were unloaded at Parkersburg to be fed by the defendant, as it was its duty to do, the defendant carelessly and negligently failed to take the proper care and precaution in the pens and yards aforesaid in feeding and caring for said steers, in order to protect them from disease and sickness, as it was required to do, and in consequence thereof they contracted a fever, known as the "Tick" or "Texas" fever, while in the Parkersburg yards or pens of the defendant. It is then alleged that by reason of the fever so contracted, by and through the carelessness and negligence of the defendant, a large number of the steers died after they reached their destination, in Harford County, the plaintiff was put to great expense and labor in caring for others affected with the disease, and was injured in his business as a cattle dealer; that the injury complained of was not due to any fault or want of care on the part of the plaintiff, but was due and owing to the carelessness and negligence of the defendant, by and through its wrongful and negligent acts aforesaid.
The second count alleges that it was the duty of the defendant to provide clean cars for transportation of said steers, and clean pens and yards in which to feed them en route from Kansas City to their destination in Harford County, but the defendant negligently and carelessly permitted its cars in which the steers were shipped, and its yard and pens in which they were fed, to become dirty and charged and affected with germs of disease. This count differs from the first mainly in including the cars as well as *Page 303 yards and pens, in not naming any particular yard and pens, and in not naming the disease.
The third and fourth counts were for thirty head of western steers, shipped from east St. Louis to Harford County — the third being in other respects substantially as the first, and the fourth substantially as the second. Demurrers to these counts were overruled, but we do not find any reversible error in those rulings, as in our judgment the allegations are sufficiently definite. The only ground for complaint we observe is the claim for damages to the plaintiff's business, but as that was eliminated by the thirteenth prayer, as modified, no injury was done the appellant by overruling the demurrers.
The defendant filed a general issue plea and three special pleas. The second alleges that the claims of the plaintiff set up in the declaration are based on an Act of Congress, approved February 2d 1903, and upon certain regulations adopted and promulgated by the Secretary of Agriculture on March 13, 1903, pursuant to the authority conferred upon him by said Act of Congress. It is then alleged that the Act of Congress and regulations adopted by the Secretary of Agriculture are repugnant to the constitution of the United States, and in excess of the powers of Congress and of the Secretary under the constitution. The third refers to an Act of Congress, approved March 3, 1905, and regulations made and promulgated by the secretary of agriculture under that Act and alleges that they were unconstitutional. The fourth avers that the plaintiff relies on those two Acts of Congress, and the rules and regulations made and promulgated by the Secretary of Agriculture, and alleges that the Acts of Congress do not authorize, permit or sanction a right of action for damages, but on the contrary provide that the parties violating them shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction be punished as set forth in the plea. The plaintiff demurred to the second, third and fourth pleas, and the demurrers were sustained. We think they were properly sustained, inasmuch as the declaration shows that the action *Page 304 was based on the common law rights and liabilities of the parties, and not upon the Acts of Congress, or upon the rules and regulations made by the Secretary of Agriculture.
Seven bills of exception in reference to rulings on evidence are in the record and the eighth embraces the rulings on the prayers. The plaintiff offered eleven prayers, but all were refused excepting the tenth which refers to the measure of damages. The defendant offered thirteen — the first, second, third, fourth and twelfth were rejected, and the fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth and eleventh were granted as offered, and the thirteenth was granted as modified. The defendant excepted to the granting of the plaintiff's tenth prayer and to the refusal of its first, second, third, fourth and thirteenth prayers — the twelfth not being included in the bill of exceptions.
It will be well to first consider the extent of the common law liability of a carrier, if any, for such injuries as are complained of in this case. In this State it is settled that: "In the absence of an express contract, the common law duty and liability of a common carrier for the safe carriage and due delivery of live animals are the same as that for the carriage and delivery of other property; the liability in all cases beingqualified by the nature and inherent tendencies of the thingcarried. In undertaking the carriage of live stock, therefore, the carrier assumes the obligation to deliver safely, and within a reasonable time, having due respect to the circumstances of the case." P.W. B.R. Co. v. Lehman, 56 Md. 231; B. O.R.R.Co. v. Whitehill, 104 Md. 304. In M. M. Trans. Co. v.Eichberg, 109 Md. 227, it was said, in considering the validity of a contract with reference to the burden of proof of negligence, that: "In the absence of contract, the law makes the carrier an insurer, and as the goods it carries may be injured or destroyed by many causes not due to its own negligence or want of care, the carrier is as much entitled to be paid a premium for its insurance of their safe delivery at the place of destination as for the labor and expense of conveying them there." In B. O.R.R. *Page 305 Co. v. Green, 25 Md. 89, and Fruit Co. v. Trans. Co.,104 Md. 567, common carriers are also spoken of as insurers. Some of the cases the appellant cites we do not deem applicable to this case, such as W.M.R.R. Co. v. Shirk, 95 Md. 649, and Same v. Landis, 95 Md. 750, and it is not necessary to enter into a discussion of them. They involved wholly different questions, the former being for the death of a passenger and in the latter the liability depended upon whether the injury occurred upon the defendant's road or upon a connecting line.
In 6 Cyc. 381, it is said: "Where the destruction of or injury to the goods is due to their inherent nature and quality, or defects therein, the carrier is not liable if his own negligence did not occasion or contribute to the injury. And perhaps it may be stated, as a general proposition that the carrier is not liable for loss happening from the operation of natural causes. In general, as already stated, a common carrier of live stock is subject to the same rule of liability as a common carrier of other goods or property, but if there is loss or injury due to the peculiar nature and propensities of the animals, then, under the principle stated in the preceding paragraph, the carrier is excused, unless the loss or injury could have been prevented by the exercise of reasonable foresight, vigilance and care on the part of the carrier."
Is then the liability of a carrier of live stock to be carried to the extent of holding the carrier responsible, as aninsurer, from death or injury to cattle as the result of a disease such as this, or shall the shipper be required to prove negligence on the part of the carrier? We have found no such case which has gone so far as to hold the carrier liable without evidence of negligence, and it would seem to be an unwarranted application of the general common law rule to hold a carrier responsible for injuries resulting from Texas fever, merely because the cattle had been carried by it. In 5 Am. Eng. Ency.of Law, 466, we find this statement: "Independently of statutory provisions, a carrier is liable for the loss of or damage to cattle intrusted to it for transportation, where *Page 306 the loss or damage is caused by their being exposed to infection through the carrier's negligent conduct in placing them with diseased cattle, or in pens or cars where such cattle have been staying." Another rule is thus stated on page 446 of that volume: "The liability of the carrier is not confined to losses occurring during the time the stock are actually in its possession. If the cause of a loss occurring after their delivery to the owner is a cause which began to operate while they were in the carrier's possession, and is a cause for which it is responsible, it will be liable without regard to the time when the effects developed. But in such cases the burden is on the owner to show clearly that the loss was due to a cause for which the carrier is responsible." A carrier cannot be held liable merely because some cattle carried by it die or are sick fourteen or fifteen days after they are delivered, as a result of Texas fever, or any other disease, without showing that the carrier was responsible for their contracting the disease, and responsibility could not properly attach to it in a case of this kind unless it was negligent, or had failed in some duty it owed the shipper. Any other principle would make the carrier an insurer of the lives and health of the cattle, as well as having its ordinary duty to safely deliver them at the point of destination.
In this case the plaintiff relied in his narr. on the negligence and carelessness of the defendant, and the Court below adopted the view we have indicated as the proper one on that subject. As it rejected the prayers of the defendant which sought to take the case from the jury on the ground that there was no legally sufficient evidence of negligence, we must inquire into that question. In the testimony there is much very interesting information about the life of the "Tick" which produces the Texas fever, but we can only refer to such as may reflect on this case. As we understand the testimony, the infection is generally introduced into a section of the country north of the quarantine line established by the general government by the ticks being on southern cattle, when they are brought into a non-infected region. *Page 307 The "seed ticks," as they are called, are minute six-legged parasites, about one-thirty-second part of an inch in size. At that stage they crawl quite actively on the ground and among the leaves, bunching in large numbers on grass blades, shrubs, weeds and fence posts to await an opportunity to attach themselves to their passing "host," as the animal to which they attach themselves is called. Dr. John R. Mohler, Chief of Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, in the United States Department of Agriculture, is said by the witnesses to be recognized as good authority. In a bulletin prepared by him, and agreed by counsel to be used, he says, "The great length of time required for the appearance of the disease in northern cattle after the passage of tick-bearing cattle through the country (thirty to ninety days) can easily be accounted for by the life history of the tick. It is necessary, before the disease appears, for the fully developed fertilized female to drop off the southern cattle and deposit the eggs, and for them to hatch into the six-legged larvae. These must then crawl upon the northern cattle and insert the micro-parasites they carry through the bites made in the skin in procuring their nourishment. Texas fever follows. It will thus be seen that these females transmit the infection through their eggs to their progeny, and the latter have the power to infect any susceptible animal to which they attach. The disease therefore is not conveyed by the same ticks which take up the infected blood, but only through the generation descending from them."
He said that the time elapsing between the exposure of susceptible cattle to the tick and the appearance of Texas fever depends upon the climate and the development of the ticks to which they are exposed. "Thus, if any Northern animals are placed upon pastures, highways, or in pens, cars, etc., in summer immediately after the premises have been infested with the ticks from southern cattle, Texas fever may occur in from thirty to sixty days. * * * Where northern animals are not exposed in an infested pasture until the ticks which fell from the southern cattle have laid eggs and the *Page 308 larvae, or seed ticks, are already present, the former cattle will develop symptoms in thirteen to fifteen days in hot weather. Thus under natural conditions the disease appears in thirteen to ninety days after exposure. After the seed ticks become attached to the animal the disease will appear in about ten days in summer, and after a somewhat longer period in cooler weather."
The thirty head of cattle were shipped from the east St. Louis stock yards on August 24, 1906. They were inspected there by a Government inspector, and a certificate given that they were "found free from any symptoms of scabies (mange) or Texas fever, and may be shipped for stockers." That certificate was delivered by the appellant to the appellee with the freight bill. They were unloaded at the Parkersburg or Belpre yards which belong to the appellant on August 26th — the yards are at Belpre, across the Ohio river from Parkersburg. After being fed and rested they were reloaded and shipped in the same car — arriving at Stepney, Harford County, on August 27th.
The seventy-five head were shipped in three cars from Kansas City Stock Yards on August 23, and arrived at East St. Louis Stock Yards, August 24th, where they were un loaded. On August 25th, they were reloaded in the same cars and shipped over the appellant's road. On August 27th they were unloaded at the Belpre yards, fed and rested, and reshipped in the same cars arriving at Stepney on August 28th. A similar certificate to that above mentioned was given at East St. Louis, by the Government inspector, and was delivered to the appellee by the appellant.
At the Belpre yards, in both instances, the cattle were unloaded and placed in what are called the "native pens," which are those used for animals not from infected territory. The native pens are on the east side of the yards, and are separated from the quarantine pens, which are on the westerly side of the yards, and in which infected cattle are placed, by an alley twenty feet wide and a dead alley ten feet wide. In August, 1906, there was a board fence on the west side *Page 309 of the twenty-feet alley (between it and the dead alley), with an inch space between the planks. That on the west side of the dead alley was a wire fence, but in October of that year both of those fences were made tight board fences, and are about six feet high.
Dr. Mohler says in his bulletin referred to, "Although young ticks are very active, neither they nor the adult ticks are capable of crawling very far, but they may be transported long distances by animals, by rains, by winds, cattle cars, hides, and on the clothing of man. Hence the constant danger that tick-free pastures below the quarantine line may become infested with ticks at any time." Dr. Drake, an expert called by the plaintiff, said that at stock yards where they feed cattle which are not infected and also those which are infected with Teras fever ticks, the main precaution should be quarantine or separation, and "to make it effectual it is necessary to have a tight board fence or a stone wall, estimated by the average person, as I think, about six feet;" that the fences should be "absolutely tight with the base boards or the stones underneath the ground and with no intervening spaces left, that is no knot hole, or the allowance of any other animals to communicate over the ground on which these animals pass; no attendants should be allowed unless they take the precaution to change their clothing or wearing apparel." He said: "This small parasite will pass through any of those crevices the same as if there was no fence there" — referring to open spaces and holes in the fences. In answer to a hypothetical question as to when he thought the ticks got on these cattle in controversy, he said it would be safe to deduct a period somewhere about fourteen days before the eleventh of September, 1906, — that being the day the fever was discovered, and when one of the cattle died. Then in answer to another bypothetical question he said there were only two points where the cattle could have become infected, either in transit or at the Belpre yards, and he thought it was at the Belpre yards. *Page 310
As the Court granted the ninth prayer, instructing the jury that there was no legally sufficient evidence that the steers were infected by reason of negligence of the defendant in respect to the cars in which they were transported, and that they must exclude that from consideration, we are not concerned about that question. Without referring to further evidence, we do not feel justified in saying there was no evidence legally sufficient to be submitted to the jury on the question of negligence at the Belpre yards. Although it may seem singular that the disease can be communicated by such small parasites, moving the distance that these were required to go, there was some evidence tending to show that it could be done. It is not for the Court to determine which of the witnesses were correct, or which the jury should have accepted as the best informed on the subject. We think there was no error in rejecting the defendant's first, second and third prayers, especially with the answers to the hypothetical questions, which we have already referred to in evidence. We will consider those questions later, but as they were allowed to be answered, the answers must be considered in passing on these prayers. The fifth prayer, which was granted, was the same as the fourth, which was rejected, excepting the addition at the end, of which the defendant has no reason to complain. As the Court granted the ninth, there was certainly no injury done the defendant by rejecting its fourth and granting its fifth, as the addition was made to the part of the prayer that referred to ticks on the cars. The twelfth is not included in the bill of exceptions, as we have seen. Nor do we see any error in modifying the thirteenth prayer, as was done, as we understand the plaintiff admits his liability for the Baker cattle. Of course unless he is so liable he cannot recover for them, if Baker has paid him. We do not understand the objection to the plaintiff's tenth prayer to be pressed. It is perhaps rather broad in the concluding part. It might be made more definite so as not to mislead the jury.
The first exception was abandoned. The second and third may be considered together. It is true that it was held in *Page 311 Little v. Edwards, 69 Md. 499, that one party can use the testimony taken by the other party under a foreign commission, but we know of no case in which testimony in chief on a particular subject was rejected, and then the cross-examination on that subject admitted at the instance of either party. It would put counsel in a peculiar position in taking depositions. Counsel on one side may ask questions which the opposite counsel think improper, and if the latter is to be bound by the rule contended for by the appellee, he could not safely cross-examine a witness, because if he succeeded at the trial, in excluding the testimony in chief, his cross-examination might supply what his opponent was unable to prove in chief. On the other hand, if he does not cross-examine, the Court may not adopt his view as to the admissibility of the evidence, and he would not have the benefit of cross-examination. "Where a party uses a deposition taken by his opponent, he makes it his own, and the adverse party has the same right of objection to the questions and answers which he would have had if the deposition had been taken by the party offering it, and is not estopped by the fact that the interrogatories he objects to were propounded by himself." Note in 6 Ency. of Pl. and Pr., 603 citing Hatch v. Brown,63 Me. 410. "If a deposition is offered but the answers to the direct interrogatories are for some reason held inadmissible for the offering party, the answers to the cross-interrogatories are equally inadmissible, because otherwise a cross-examination would be allowed with no direct examination preceding." 3 Wig. onEv., sec. 1893. Of course, we understand that to refer to cross-interrogatories on the subject concerning which those in chief were excluded.
It seems clear, therefore, that a cross-examination in depositions on subjects excluded in chief ought not to be admitted if objected to. It is stated in the exception, that: "Plaintiff's counsel stated he did not intend to read any portion of the testimony ruled out by the Court," but the next question which was read inquired about Mr. Titus, and the third exception was to the question, "at what time did you *Page 312 investigate to find out when the first symptoms appeared among the Titus cattle?" The witness then goes on to speak of the Titus cattle which had the disease, that the witness saw some of them which had died, that he discovered the tick, etc. That cross-examination was not only improper, as the testimony in chief on that subject had been excluded, but it is manifest that it was well calculated to injure the defendant and, therefore, was not harmless error. The evidence of the plaintiff was by no means conclusive, to show that the disease which resulted in injury to the plaintiff was contracted at Belpre, but when testimony in reference to the Titus cattle was admitted, it in all probability had a decidedly improper effect on the jury, although those cattle were at Belpre after the plaintiff's were shipped. We think, therefore, there was error in admitting the cross-examination on that subject.
The fourth and fifth bills of exception embrace the hypothetical questions asked Dr. Drake. The one in the fourth is not so objectionable, although it is defective because it erroneously assumes that the seventy-five cattle were reloaded at East St. Louis in other cars, but the fifth is decidedly and materially defective. Dr. Drake answered that question by saying that the cattle became infected at the Belpre yards. There are several material omissions in the question which we will mention. In the first place, it assumes that the cattle were "reloaded in other cars," while the proof is that they were reloaded on the cars in which they were brought from Kansas City. They were Chicago and Alton cars, No. 29290, 28117 and 28238, and the papers offered in evidence by the plaintiff show that the cattle went through on the same cars. The freight bills given to the plaintiff, and offered by him, also show that they were so shipped. Dr. Drake on cross-examination showed that he understood that the cars were changed. He, as well as other witnesses admitted, that cattle may become infected on cars, as well as in the yards, and hence it was a question of some considerable importance, as these cars had come from Kansas *Page 313 City, belonged to and were brought to East St. Louis by another company.
But there is a still more serious objection to the question. Part of it assumes "that the fences which divided the alleys that southern cattle passed up and down from the alleys that native cattle passed up and down at the yards at Belpre, O., were open, were not tight, from the ground to their height five or six feet from the ground." There is not one word in the question suggesting that there was a dead alley ten feet wide between the two alleys — on the contrary, the inference which might be drawn is that the alleys were contiguous. It is a very important fact, as the ticks could get through the fences more readily than they could get over the alley, and through the two fences. The fences are described in the question as just what Dr. Drake said they ought not to be, and although that was a most material part of the hypothetical question, no allusion is made to the dead alley ten feet wide. Some other objections to the question were made by the appellant, but we do not deem it necessary to discuss them. The evidence is very indefinite as to which alley in the stock yards these cattle were taken in, when they were unloaded at Belpre. If they were not driven through Alley No. 5, they were, so far as the evidence shows, not closer to the quarantine pens than thirty feet, as that alley is twenty feet wide, but we have assumed in passing on the exception that they were driven through Alley No. 5.
We do not see the relevancy of the testimony in the sixth and seventh bills of exception. If it be true that a Government inspector made a mistake in June, 1907, it cannot reflect on this question. It is altogether probable that inspectors may make mistakes at times, — indeed it would be remarkable if they did not, when dealing with such small parasites as these, and if the cattle show no signs of being infected by the disease, or are not known to have been in infected territory, the inspectors would not probably be as rigid in some cases, as might be necessary in order to detect unsuspected ticks. But specific instances occurring nearly a *Page 314 year after the time the jury was considering could furnish no reliable evidence to guide them.
For errors in the rulings presented by the second, third, fourth and fifth bills of exception, and referred to above, the judgment will be reversed and a new trial awarded.
Judgment reversed and a new trial awarded, the appellee to paythe costs.