* NOTE: Opinion filed at May Term, 1938, May 26, 1938; motion for rehearing filed; motion overruled; September 17, 1938; motion to transfer to Court en Banc filed; motion overruled at September Term, 1938, November 19, 1938. This cause was commenced to partition 225 acres of land in Mercer County, but because of the answer of Alice G. Melton, who claimed to be the sole owner, a question of title became *Page 416 involved. The trial court found against the sole ownership claim, ordered partition, and defendant, Alice G. Melton, appealed.
[1] Robert N. Melton, who died August 12, 1935, was the common source of title. He never married, had no children, and died intestate. Plaintiff and defendants are collateral kin, and Alice G. Melton is a niece of Robert N. She claimed sole ownership under two warranty deeds executed by Robert N. Melton. The first of these was executed September 19, 1933, and the second was executed October 17, 1933. The second deed was executed to correct error in description, so as to exclude certain lands, and include others, and, except for description, the deeds are the same in form. The form is that of a general warranty deed, except a clause presently to be stated. The consideration is "care and attention during life (of grantor) and one dollar to him paid" by the grantee, Alice G. Melton. Immediately following the description is this clause.
"It is the express understanding between the parties hereto that the grantor herein shall retain possession and control of all profits therefrom for and during his natural life time, also retaining to himself the right to sell and deed said land, orany part thereof during his life time, at his death the title toall, or whatever part thereof remains unsold, to pass to and vestin the grantee together with all his personal property and belongings. (Italics ours.)
It is contended on the one hand that the deeds are testamentary in character, and, therefore, void, and the trial court so found. On the other hand appellant contends that by the deeds she, at the time of their execution and delivery, became vested with the fee, but that the possession and enjoyment were postponed during the life of the grantor. Section 3112, Revised Statutes 1929 (Mo. Stat. Ann., sec. 3112, p. 1939), enacted in 1845 (R.S. 1845, sec. 9, p. 220), among other things, provides: "And hereafter an estate of freehold or of inheritance may be made to commence in future by deed, in like manner as by will." But under this statute "it is essential to the validity of a deed purporting to convey such an estate that the right to the future estate conveyed vest in the grantee immediately though possession be deferred." [Aldridge v. Aldridge, 202 Mo. 565, l.c. 572, 101 S.W. 42.] "One of the important distinctions between a deed and an instrument testamentary in character is that in a deed a present estate or interest is passed, while in an instrument testamentary in character no part of the title treated is to pass until the death of the grantor. Whenever the instrument discloses the grantor's intention to be that no estate or interest is to pass until the death of the grantor, then it is considered to be testamentary in character, and comes within the rule governing the passing of title by will; and if not executed in form and manner required of a will it is of no force or effect for any purpose." [Sims v. Brown, 252 Mo. 58, l.c. *Page 417 66, 158 S.W. 624; Thorp v. Damel, 339 Mo. 763, 99 S.W.2d 42, l.c. 44.]
"The intention of the grantor, as gathered from the four corners of the instrument, is now the pole star of construction. That intention may be expressed anywhere in the instrument, and in any words, the simpler and plainer the better, that will impart it, and the court will enforce it no matter in what part of the instrument it is found." [Utter v. Sidman, 170 Mo. 284, l.c. 294, 70 S.W. 702.]
[2] Another requirement of a deed made to convey an estate of freehold or of inheritance to commence in the future, as provided for under Section 3112, Revised Statutes 1929, the deed must vest in the grantee a present interest and an irrevocable interest. [Owen v. Trail, 302 Mo. 292, 258 S.W. 699, l.c. 702; Hohenstreet v. Segelhorst, 258 Mo. 507, 227 S.W. 80.] In the Owen case, the court said: "If the terms of the deed show that the intention of the grantor is to pass a present irrevocable interest in the property, and that a limiting condition operated only upon the present enjoyment of the premises, then it would be a valid deed."
Manifestly, the power to sell, reserved by the grantor in the present deeds, was equivalent to a power to revoke. [Sims v. Brown, 252 Mo. 58, 158 S.W. 624.] It is true that the grantor did not exercise the power to revoke, but the fact that such power was reserved lends support to the contention that the deeds are testamentary in character. The entire clause here in question, as well as all other provisions of the deeds, must be read together. Except for the reservation in the grantor of the power to sell, the deeds, under the authority of Wimpey et al. v. Ledford et al. (Mo.), 177 S.W. 302, might be construed as not testamentary in character.
The Wimpey case was to determine title. Samuel Ledford was the common source of title. He died intestate in March, 1909, leaving his widow and ten children. The widow died before the suit to determine title was commenced. The plaintiffs in the case were eight of the children of Samuel Ledford. The defendants claimed under a deed executed in 1904 by Samuel Ledford and wife. The deed was an ordinary warranty deed, and the consideration recited was one dollar. Immediately following the description was this limitation:
"This deed is made with the understanding that the aforesaid Samuel Ledford and Nancy Ledford shall have all controlling power of the above-described premises during their lifetime, and at their death then the title is to pass to parties of the second part."
The court ruled in the Wimpey case (177 S.W. l.c. 304) that the word title as used in the limitation imposed meant "the right to possession," and in this connection said: "Any other construction would render the word meaningless, because, the ownership having become vested in the grantees upon the execution and delivery of *Page 418 the instrument to them, the only purpose of the words of limitation was to fix the time when their right to the possession of the property would begin. Thus construed, the words of limitation are in harmony with the remainder of the instrument, and indicate the intention of the grantors to create a present interest or estate in the grantees, but to defer the enjoyment of same by the latter until the death of the grantors." It was further said in the Wimpey case that the construction given agreed in principle with the rulings in Sims v. Brown, supra, and O'Day v. Meadows, 194 Mo. l.c. 615, 92 S.W. 637, 112 Am. St. Rep. 542; Dozier v. Toalson, 180 Mo. 546, 79 S.W. 420, 103 Am. St. Rep. 586; Christ v. Kuehne, 172 Mo. 118, 72 S.W. 537.
It is stated in 2 Devlin on Deeds (3 Ed.), section 855a that there are few questions less clearly defined in the books "than an intelligible, uniform test by which to determine" when an instrument conveys a present interest in real estate and when it is testamentary in character. We confess our inability to lay down the desired uniform test. In the present case we are of the opinion that the deeds in question are testamentary in character, and that the judgment should be affirmed. It is so ordered.Ferguson, C., concurs; Hyde, C., not sitting.