Relator, by next friend, instituted this proceeding to prohibit the further prosecution of criminal charges which are pending against him in Division A of the Circuit Court of Jackson County. In the beginning the then judge of Division A and the prosecuting attorney were made respondents. After the preliminary rule issued and the returns came in, leave to amend the application was applied for and granted (December 12, 1923), and all the circuit judges of Jackson County were brought in, to the end that the system of rotation of judges in Division A might not rotate relator's chosen adversary out of the division and out of the case and relator out of court, but that the judgment might reach whatever judge was sitting in Division A when it was rendered.
Relator alleges that there are three charges of crime pending against him in Division A of the Jackson Circuit Court. In this division criminal cases are tried. The accusation in each case is of robbery in the first degree. He has been arraigned on all three charges and is at liberty on bonds aggregating $40,000. It is further alleged relator "is now a minor under the age of eighteen years; that he will become eighteen years of age on the 20th day of October, 1923;" that in February, 1919, relator "was adjudged by the Judge of the Juvenile Court of Jackson County, Missouri, a ward of said juvenile court" and that the jurisdiction of that court over relator's person continues under the statutes until *Page 603 he reaches the age of twenty-one years, and that in these circumstances the juvenile court alone has jurisdiction to proceed against him for crime. Relator then alleges particularly the existence, constitution and jurisdiction of the Juvenile Court of Jackson County, and proceeds:
"Relator further avers that by reason of the fact that he is already a ward of the Juvenile Court of Jackson County, Missouri, having been adjudged the same as aforesaid, and of the fact he was not of age and will not become so until the 20th day of October, 1923, the above named judges of the Circuit Court of Jackson County, Missouri, Criminal Division A, which are now presiding or which will hereafter preside over said court, have not now or have they ever had jurisdiction to hear the above entitled and numbered causes, but that said jurisdiction is exclusively vested by the statutes of the State of Missouri in the juvenile court, which is a branch of the Circuit Court of Jackson County, Missouri.
"Relator further avers that he has no other plain, adequate and complete remedy at law except the application of this writ, and your relator therefore prays for a preliminary rule in prohibition commanding the above named judges to desist from further action on any of said cases so docketed in said Criminal Division A of said Circuit Court of Jackson County, Missouri, and the said Clarence A. Burney to desist from further prosecutions relative thereto, until such time when the defendants herein can show cause why they should retain jurisdiction in the premises; and that the court herein upon said hearing make said writ of prohibition permanent, and if necessary that the court appoint a special commissioner to take testimony to ascertain the issues herein presented, and for such other and further relief as the court may deem just and proper in the premises."
Attached to the original petition are copies of an information and two indictments, each of which charges relator with robbery in the first degree. There is also attached what purports to be a transcript of testimony of relator's mother and brother taken on a motion to *Page 604 transfer one of the cases to the juvenile court. Their testimony accords with the age alleged in the petition. There is no reference to this testimony in the petition, original or amended, and no reference to the motion to transfer. A copy of a motion to transfer in one case (C-299) has been filed with the papers and is printed in the abstract. There is in the abstract a statement that a motion to transfer was filed and overruled. The returns are not attached and the case has proceeded on the theory that they raise the questions discussed by respondents' counsel.
Relator contends (1) that the overruling of the motion to transfer constituted a collateral attack on the judgment of the juvenile court of February, 1919, "since said court had in an original proceeding adjudged relator's age at a time when the issues were the same as well as the parties thereto; the finding of said juvenile court is so adjudicated;" (2) the criminal court has no jurisdiction; "the proceedings should have been filed and a trial had in the juvenile court charging your relator as a delinquent child;" (3), "When once the jurisdiction of the juvenile court attaches, it continues and . . . is exclusive until the minor reaches his majority;" (4), "The jurisdiction of the juvenile court has always been liberally construed."
I. The statute (Secs. 2591 et seq., R.S. 1919; Laws 1923, p. 153 et seq.) expressly provides that "when jurisdiction has been acquired under the provisions" of the Juvenile Court Law for counties of 50,000 or more "over theApplication of person of a child, such jurisdiction shallStatute in continue, for the purpose of this article,Different Proceeding. until the child shall have attained its majority." Respondents contend this cannot be applied literally without rendering the act in that respect unconstitutional, since, it is insisted, it would place some minors between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one under the jurisdiction of the juvenile court and others of that age under that of the *Page 605 criminal court. Ex parte Loving, 178 Mo. 194, is cited. That case announces the familiar rule that a classification of subjects for legislative purposes must not be arbitrary, but must be based upon distinctions and reasons which mark out a class and justify the application to it of the legislation in question. The application of the quoted provision to minors between eighteen and twenty-one who have been previously found to be proper subjects of the jurisdiction of the juvenile court does not violate this principle. On the contrary, the classification is founded upon the pertinent distinction that the children affected have been found, previous to their attainment of the age of eighteen, to be delinquent children and are by that fact drawn into a class with respect to which appropriate legislation may be enacted without violation of the prohibition against special laws. However, a majority of the court is of opinion that the quoted statutory language is to be construed to mean that when the juvenile court obtains jurisdiction of a delinquent its retention of that jurisdiction until such delinquent attains the age of twenty-one is a retention for the purposes of the proceeding in which jurisdiction was obtained, and is not to be construed as excluding the jurisdiction of the criminal courts to proceed against the youth, after he attains the age of eighteen, on charges of crime committed between that time and his attainment of the age of twenty-one.
II. Under the Juvenile Court Act in question (Sec. 2594, R.S. 1919; Laws 1923, pp. 155, 156) it is provided that:
"When in any such county a child under the age of eighteen years is arrested with or without warrant, such child shall, instead of being taken for trial before a justice of the peace or police magistrate, or judge of any other courtJurisdiction: now or hereafter having jurisdiction of theTo Ascertain offense charged, be taken directly before suchDelinquent's Age. juvenile court; or if the child shall have been taken before a *Page 606 justice of the peace or a police magistrate or judge of such other court, it shall be the duty of said justice or police magistrate or judge to transfer the case to such juvenile court, and of the officer having the child in charge to take such child before said court, and the said court shall proceed to hear the case in accordance with the law for the trial of such offenses."
In view of the fact that the statute imposes upon the court before whom a child under eighteen is taken after arrest, to "transfer the case to such juvenile court," it necessarily places upon some one the duty to ascertain whether the arrested person is under eighteen. In this case, which attacks the jurisdiction of the circuit court to proceed with the trial of relator as for crime under the general law, it is not denied that the duty, so far as concerns this proceeding, was one which would have rested upon the circuit court itself under ordinary circumstances. Relator filed in Division A of the Circuit Court a motion to transfer one of the cases against him. The petition does not allege that any evidence in support of the motion was offered. Attached to the application for the rule is the testimony of relator's mother and his brother, both of whom say relator became seventeen October 20, 1923. At the close of their testimony the assistant prosecuting attorney asked "a day's time to investigate." "THE COURT: `Time is granted the State to investigate.' MR. COMBS: `And the motion is denied at this time." THE COURT: `Why, certainly.'" In his record relator has printed the following:
"State of Missouri v. #6801 Pete Carello
"Now comes Pete Carello, aged twelve (12) years, in person and by the probation officer, and it appearing to the court from the evidence that said child is delinquent, it is ordered and adjudged by the court that said Pete Carello become a ward of this court and that he be committed to the McCune Home for two years." *Page 607
This order made by the juvenile court on March 21, 1919.
1. The suggestion that the jurisdiction of the court ended with the period of detention in the McCune Home conflicts with express provisions of the statute, already quoted.
2. Respondents make no complaint that the judgment of the juvenile court was not properly brought into the case, but discuss its effect on the assumption that it is to be considered. We shall pursue the same course. In this case there is no question of res adjudicata in the broader sense. NorEstoppel by does the rule as to "estoppel by verdict" orJudgment. judgment apply. To make that rule applicable "the point or question" must "have been actually litigated and determined in the original action." [Murphy v. Barron, 286 Mo. l.c. 410, and cases cited.] While "it is the general duty of the court trying a case to find upon all the issuable facts, yet findings which are not necessarily included in and become a part of the judgment, are not conclusive in other actions. Even where such findings are confirmed by finaljudgment, they are adjudications only so far as they are necessarily included in and become a part of the judgment." [2 Black on Judgments (2 Ed.) sec. 687, p. 1038; Nevins v. Coleman, 198 Mo. App. l.c. 259, and cases cited.] The order of March 21, 1919, contains no finding that relator was only twelve years of age at that time. It is a mere recital. The court did make a finding that the "child was delinquent" and founded on this a judgment that he be committed to the McCune Home for two years. The sole finding of fact as to his age necessarily implicated in either the finding expressly made or the judgment rendered was that relator was then under seventeen years of age. No other findings was essential to the order made, so that the record does not show "that the verdict could not have been rendered without deciding the particular matter" now asserted to have been found by the court. [15 R.C.L. p. 977.] In view of this conclusion it is unnecessary to discuss *Page 608 the effect of a finding in the juvenile court in a proceeding not criminal (State ex rel. Matacia v. Buckner, 300 Mo. 359,254 S.W. 179) when that finding is offered as a basis of estoppel excluding jurisdiction of a criminal court to try one for crime. [15 R.C.L. p. 1000, et seq.]
III. The trial court was not, as a matter of law, compelled to believe the testimony on the motion to transfer. In fact, when the ruling it made is properly understood, it did not pass on it. It deferred a finding. What was said in connectionProhibition. with the ruling clearly was designed to permit the State to offer countervailing evidence. No such evidence is shown to have been offered, and there is neither allegation nor showing that it was not offered, nor does it appear any subsequent ruling was made. In any event, it cannot be held that as a matter of law the testimony in question was true and by that fact deprived the trial court of jurisdiction. It was the duty of that court, so far as any contention now made by relator is concerned, to pass on the question whether relator was under eighteen. There was no conclusive showing, on the motion to transfer, that he was, and there has been no new evidence, which tends to prove it, offered here. If relator is under eighteen, the juvenile court has jurisdiction. No showing of this fact is so made that it will support the absolute writ.
The preliminary rule is discharged. Woodson, C.J., White andRagland, JJ., concur; David E. Blair, J., concurs in the result in an opinion to be filed.