Defendant was convicted on May 29, 1926, after a three days' trial of an attempt to commit murder in the first degree. *Page 1226 The jury returned a verdict fixing his punishment at imprisonment in the penitentiary for a term of eight years, which the trial court reduced to five years, sentencing him to that term. Defendant duly appealed from the judgment entered accordingly.
On the hearing before us defendant accepted the facts as outlined by the Attorney-General in his brief as a true recital of the evidence adduced. The evidence submitted on the part of the State warrants the finding that defendant and Alberdina Lourie resided in Kansas City. They were seemingly infatuated with each other, planning and arranging to have Edmon Lourie, the husband of Alberdina, killed, so that they could obtain the insurance on his life, aggregating sixty thousand dollars, as well as cohabit. Edmon Lourie was absent from home the greater part of the time, returning at intervals of two or three weeks. In furtherance of their plan defendant, acting for himself and Alberdina, arranged to have one Earl Leverton obtain for them the services of an ex-convict to murder Edmon Lourie for hire. Leverton, instead of procuring the services of an ex-convict for that purpose, disclosed the plot to Joel L. Dill, a member of the Kansas City police force, who agreed to pose as an ex-convict to that end. Several meetings were had between defendant, Leverton and Dill, defendant stating that he and Alberdina were in love and desired Edmon Lourie killed. He agreed to pay for the execution of the plot. Defendant outlined his plan, offering Dill the sum of six hundred dollars, with the further agreement that Alberdina, who was to be with her husband at the time of the contemplated assault, would wear diamonds of the value of three thousand dollars. He further arranged for Alberdina and Dill to see each other, that each might recognize the other on sight. Defendant, Dill and Leverton during January and the early part of February, 1926, held prearranged conferences on the subject. Prior to February 11, 1926, defendant arranged for Dill to go to Chicago to kill Edmon Lourie there, defendant making and giving Dill a map or drawing showing where Lourie could be found, as well as two photographs of him. The arrangements contemplated that if Dill was unable to locate Lourie, Alberdina would go to Chicago to aid him. The trip to Chicago was to be made about February twelfth. However, Edmon Lourie telegraphed Alberdina that he would return to Kansas City on February 13, 1926, defendant thereupon notifying Leverton, who in turn communicated the fact to Dill. Defendant paid Dill six hundred dollars, advising him that Alberdina would persuade Edmon to accompany her to a place of amusement and that she planned to leave their home at eight o'clock P.M. on February 13, 1926. It was further planned that Alberdina was to carry the diamonds on her person, and that Dill was to shoot Lourie either as they left their home or as they returned, and that Alberdina *Page 1227 was to be mussed up and the diamonds taken from her, so that it might appear the result of a robbery. Alberdina was to appear to faint, giving Dill time to make his escape. However, on the night of February 13, 1926, Dill, accompanied by three other police officers, proceeded about eight o'clock P.M. to the home of Edmon Lourie as arranged. Edmon and Alberdina Lourie were there found dressed and ready to leave, with the diamonds on her person. As Dill and the officers entered the room, she turned her face to the wall as planned. Two officers took charge of Edmon and Alberdina, Dill and the other officer going to the home of defendant, where they arrested him. The defendant had previously informed Dill that he would remain at home in order to have an alibi.
Upon his arrest defendant made and signed a confession in which he stated that he and Alberdina planned to have Edmon Lourie killed. In pursuance to the plan he met Dill, whom he assumed to be an ex-convict and the subject of hire for the purpose intended. The day before the contemplated murder he gave Dill two hundred dollars, and four hundred dollars the day the murder was to be consummated, together with a picture of Edmon Lourie. It was arranged that Dill was to go to Chicago to kill Lourie. Lourie, however, unexepectedly arranged to go home, notifying Alberdina of his intention by telegram. Thereupon Alberdina informed defendant of the fact, whereupon he notified Dill, resulting that the scene of the contemplated murder was changed to Lourie's home in Kansas City. The arrangements contemplated that Alberdina was to accompany Lourie that night to a picture show, and Dill was to stage a hold-up and kill Lourie. Alberdina agreed to remove the diamond rings from her fingers, giving them to Dill, and he was to retain them as part payment for the murder of Lourie. Lourie masqueraded under different names, among them Lourie, Frank, Payne and Edmonds, Alberdina telling defendant that she thought he was a master mind among criminals. The confession was made on the night of February 13, 1926. The evidence establishes that all of the acts complained of occurred in Kansas City, Jackson County, Missouri, during January and February, 1926.
The evidence on the part of defendant tends to establish that defendant was urged to agree to the arrangement by Dill and Leverton, but that after paying the money he abandoned the crime before an overt act was committed. There was also testimony that Alberdina, the co-conspirator, abandoned the plot, which abandonment was communicated to Dill and defendant. Defendant was addicted to drink and had been an inmate of a sanatorium. It was asserted that all these facts were known to Dill and Leverton, who purchased and gave him liquor while persuading him to continue the plot. Such other facts as we find pertinent, if any, will later be noted. *Page 1228
Section 3683, Revised Statutes 1919, upon which the indictment and prosecution are based, reads: "Every person who shall attempt to commit an offense prohibited by law, and in such attempt shall do any act toward the commission of such offense, but shall fail in the perpetration thereof, or shall be prevented or intercepted in executing the same, upon conviction thereof, shall, in cases where no provision is made by law for the punishment of such attempt, be punished as follows." The remaining portion of the section sets forth the punishment prescribed, which it is unnecessary to recite.
The sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the conviction is raised. The defining of an attempt to commit a crime and the ascertaining of its essential elements is necessary in the consideration of the question. 16 Corpus Juris, pageAttempt: 112, in defining an attempt, says: "An attempt toDefinition: commit a crime may be defined as an act done in partElements. execution of a criminal design, amounting to more than mere preparation, but falling short of actual consummation, and possessing, except for failure to consummate, all the elements of the substantive crime, so that, if not prevented, it would have resulted in the full consummation of the intended crime." The elements of an attempt are stated in 16 Corpus Juris, page 113, thus: "An attempt to commit a crime consists of three elements: (1) The intention to commit the crime; (2) performance of some act toward the commission of the crime; and (3) the failure to consummate its commission."
The proof adduced advises us that the only debatable question is the presence of sufficient facts to demonstrate the second element. The record develops the presence of the intent to commit the crime and the failure to consummate its commission. We therefore dismiss the first and third elements of an attempt from further consideration. However, as there must be coincidence as to every element of the offense, the lack of one essential element demonstrates a failure to commit the crime of attempted murder. Our sole inquiry then relates to the performance of some act upon the part of defendant toward the commission of the crime.
The physical overt act, which, with intent and failure to consummate, brings the crime of attempt into existence, is distinguishable from solicitation and preparation. An attempt to commit a crime involves an act on the part of theOvert defendant moving directly toward the commission of theAct. offense. With these concepts in mind we proceed to review the solicitations and preparations by defendant to murder Lourie as constituting an overt act.
In State v. Hayes, 78 Mo. 307, this court through PHILIPS, C., said: "It is the recognized law of this country that the solicitation of another to commit a crime is an act toward the commission." However, *Page 1229 the proof in the above case developed in addition to solicitations an act on the part of the accusedSolicitation. extending beyond solicitation or preparation, that of saturating a portion of the floor with coal oil as well as the furnishing of plans and an oil can. Conceding that the court reached the proper result in that case, concerning which it is unnecessary to express an opinion, the basic facts there shown extend far beyond the facts here developed. While a few of the courts have treated solicitation to commit a crime as an attempt, the great weight of authority warrants the assertion that mere solicitation, unaccompanied by an act moving directly toward the commission of the intended crime, is not an overt act constituting an element of the crime of attempt. Solicitation of itself is a distinct offense when declared so by law. [16 C.J. 118; 8 R.C.L. 277.] Therefore, in conformity with the weight of authority, we hold that merely soliciting one to commit a crime does not constitute an attempt.
The State contends that the arrangement of a plan for the accomplishment of the murder of Lourie and the selecting and hiring of the means or instrumentality by which thePreparation. murder was to be consummated were demonstrated. We take it that the State means by the foregoing declarations that overt acts were shown. To that we do not agree. The evidence goes no further than developing a verbal arrangement with Dill, the selection of Dill as the one to kill Lourie, the delivery of a certain drawing and two photographs of Lourie to Dill and the payment of a portion of the agreed consideration. These things were mere acts of preparation failing to lead directly or proximately to the consummation of the intended crime. In this regard we have found no authority which holds that preparations constitute an overt act.
The distinguishment between the overt act and preparation is stated by FIELDS, C.J., in People v. Murray, 14 Cal. 159, reading: "Between preparation for the attempt and the attempt itself, there is a wide difference. The preparation consists in devising or arranging the means or measures necessary for the commission of the offense; the attempt is the direct movement toward the commission after the preparations are made."
In Reg. v. Taylor, 1 Fost. F. 512, the court say: "The act to constitute a criminal attempt must be one immediately and directly tending to the execution of the principal crime, and committed by the prisoner in such circumstances that he has the power of carrying his intention into execution."
The plans or arrangements amounted to nothing more than mere preparation. The contract of hiring entered into between defendant and Dill also fails to extend beyond mere preparation. In regard to the hiring the trial court instructed the jury that the payment of *Page 1230 money by defendant to Dill to commit the intended crime did not constitute such an overt act as was tantamount to an attempt. The ruling of the court we think was right, for the payment of money was not an act moving directly toward the consummation of the intended crime. The only case we have found involving the actual payment of money to another as the consideration for the proposed crime is Reg. v. Williams, 1 Car. K. 589, 1 Den. C.C. 39. In that case the facts develop the actual delivery of money to the agent who straightway went with the poison given him for that purpose to the home of the intended victims. However, on his arrival he disclosed to them the plan to kill, handing over the poison. The fifteen judges who considered the case on appeal held the conviction erroneous.
The employment of Dill as agent to murder Lourie was not tantamount to an attempt. Dill not only had no intention of carrying out the expressed purpose of defendant, but was guilty of no act directly or indirectly moving toward theHiring consummation of the intended crime. He did nothing moreAgent. than listen to the plans and solicitations of defendant without intending to act upon them. It was not shown that Dill committed an act that could be construed as an attempt. The arrest of Lourie, his wife and defendant as detailed in the evidence could not be said to be an act involving the consummation of the crime. [Ex parte Floyd, 95 P. 175; Hicks v. Commonwealth, 86 Va. 223, 9 S.E. 1024, 19 Am. St. 891; Stabler v. Commonwealth, 95 Pa. 318, 40 Am. Rep. 653; State v. Rider,90 Mo. 54; State v. Baller, 26 W. Va. 90; People v. Youngs,122 Mich. 292; McDade v. People, 29 Mich. 50; State v. Fraker,148 Mo. 143, 49 S.W. 1017; State v. Harney, 101 Mo. 470, 14 S.W. 657.]
Whether it is necessary to make an actual assault before the crime of attempt can be said to come into existence, we need not decide, for the solicitations and preparations upon the part of defendant were not equivalent to an overt act which must take place before the crime of attempt comes into existence. In addition to the case of State v. Hayes, 78 Mo. 307, we have considered the case of State v. Mitchell, 170 Mo. 633, 71 S.W. 175, but do not think it is apposite to the facts here developed, for in that case the intended victim was absent from the bed where he usually slept when defendant, with intent to harm him, fired through the window into the pillow of the bed. In that case the proof shows an overt act which develops the crime.
Our statute, Section 3683, Revised Statutes 1919, in proscribing an attempt to commit an offense prohibited by law, is to be interpreted as providing that the doing of any act toward the commission of such offense shall constitute an attempt. The statute we think follows and coincides with common law in that respect. There must be an overt act before an attempt exists and the overt act must move directly *Page 1231 in consummation of the crime, in other words, toward the commission of the offense. People v. Youngs, 122 Mich. 292, supports this ruling.
It follows from what we have said that the judgment must be reversed and the defendant discharged. It is so ordered. Higbee and Henwood, CC., concur.