Appeal from the Circuit Court of Wright County. Suit to quiet title to ninety-five acres of land in said county. The petition is in the regular form to quiet title at law; it also contains a second count in ejectment.
The answer, besides a general denial, after admitting possession and claim of ownership, sets up that defendant purchased the property at a sale made by the administratrix of the estate of George Manear at the February term, 1913, of the probate court of said county, to pay the debts of the deceased, under due and regular orders and proceedings after due notice to all parties interested in said estate, including plaintiffs, who were personally served with notice of such proceedings by the sheriff as required by law. That at such sale the defendant was the highest and best bidder and purchased the property for $880, which he paid to the administratrix and received a regular administratrix's deed therefor. That said sale was duly confirmed and is binding upon the plaintiffs as res adjudicata, and the orders and judgment of said court are pleaded in bar of all claims of the plaintiffs. It is further alleged, by way of estoppel, that the said estate received the benefit of the money paid by defendant, and defendant afterwards took possession and made valuable improvements upon said land with the knowledge and consent of plaintiffs.
The reply put the allegations of the answer in issue.
There is substantially no dispute as to the salient facts. The plaintiffs, Allie Dennis and Marie Hearold, are the children, and the minor plaintiff, Leon England, is the grandchild, and they constitute the only heirs of George Manear, who died October 15, 1907. At and *Page 8 a number of years before his death, he was the owner of the land and occupied it with his family as a homestead. It did not exceed $1500 in value. His family, when he died, consisted of the plaintiffs, and his wife, Laura Manear. The widow was appointed administratrix in 1908, but failing and refusing to apply for and procure an order of sale to pay debts proved up against the estate, the creditors filed such petition, and after the order of sale was made in 1911 and renewed for several terms, the property was sold at the February term, 1913, and defendant became the purchaser. The proceedings were all regular, in the usual form for the sale of real estate of the deceased to pay his debts. The plaintiffs did not appear at any stage of the proceedings or take any notice thereof. The debts for which the land was sold were not charged against it in the lifetime of the decedent, and were not contracted before the homestead was acquired. About a year before the sale, or in 1912, the widow and two daughters and granddaughter, who up to that time continued to reside on the homestead, removed to Springfield, Missouri, where they resided at the time of the sale. The children and grandchild received none of the proceeds of the sale, so far as shown by the evidence, and had no knowledge of its occurrence. But $250 of such proceeds was paid "back on the land," by the administratrix. Just before the sale, the widow by quit-claim deed, dated April 8, 1913, sold and conveyed all her interest in the property to the defendant for $1,160. At the time of their father's death, one of his daughters was twenty-two years of age, the other sixteen, and said grandchild was an infant of tender years and was a minor when this suit was brought. The widow, in testifying, said her name was Laura Hendricks, at the time she testified.
The lower court found the issues for the defendant on both counts of the petition, and refusing a new trial, the plaintiffs brought the case here by appeal. *Page 9
The principal question on this appeal submitted by counsel on both sides, is whether, on the foregoing facts, the said administratrix's sale was absolutely void and subject to collateral attack. There are some minor questions also which will be noticed in the opinion.
I. Our homestead laws create an estate unknown to the common law. It is a special statutory estate not governed by the general laws of descent and distribution. The purpose of such legislation was to afford a safe harbor and anchorage for a manSale of and his wife and children against financial stressHomestead: and storm, and is accordingly to be liberallyAct of 1895: construed in their favor and against creditors toCollateral promote its beneficent purpose. [Balance v. Gordon,Attack. 247 Mo. l.c. 124.]
The law in this State was first enacted in 1862 (Laws 1862-3, p. 22), and changed from time to time since its first enactment. The various statutes and the history of the Homestead Act have been so repeatedly set out in the decisions of this court that it is sufficient for us to refer to the statutes on the subject directly bearing upon and governing this case. Section 2 of the Homestead Act of 1895 (Acts 1895, p. 185) being afterwards incorporated in Revised Statutes 1899, as Section 3620, was as follows:
"If any such housekeeper or head of a family shall die leaving a widow or any minor children, his homestead to the value aforesaid shall pass to and vest in such widow or children, or if there be both, to such widow and children, and shall continue for their benefit without being subject to the payment of the debts of the deceased, unless legally charged thereon in his lifetime, until the youngest child shall attain its legal majority and until the death of such widow; that is to say, the children shall have the joint right of occupation with the widow until they shall arrive at their majority, and the widow shall have the right to occupy such homestead *Page 10 during her life or widowhood, and upon her death or remarriage it shall pass to the heirs of the husband; and the probate court having jurisdiction of the estate of the deceased housekeeper, or head of a family, shall, when necessary, appoint three commissioners to set out such homestead to the person or persons entitled thereto. [R.S. 1889, sec. 5439, Amended Laws 1895, p. 185-c.]"
Said Section 3620, Revised Statutes 1899, was subsequently changed by the Act of 1907 (Laws 1907, p. 301), afterwards Section 6708. Revised Statutes 1909, by making the joint right of occupancy of the widow and children continue until all the children were twenty-one years of age, and expressly authorizing sale of the homestead for the general debts of the decedent, in cases where his heirs "be persons other than his children," by adding to the Law of 1895 the following: "Provided, that if the heirs of the husband be persons other than his children, then such homestead may be sold for the payment of any debt or debts legally established against his estate, subject to the rights of the widow. Such sale in either case may be made at any time during the course of administration of the husband's estate, and to be conducted in like manner and the same proceedings had as is or may be provided by law for sales of other real estate for the payment of the debts of deceased persons."
It is firmly established that the rights of the widow and children and the creditors are fixed and determined by the law in force when the husband dies. [Bushnell v. Loomis, 234 Mo. 384-5; Balance v. Gordon, 247 Mo. 131.]
So that George Manear, having died October 15, 1907, the Act of 1907 was then in force and the rights of the parties hereto must be determined by that act or said Section 6708, Revised Statutes 1909. Under the said Section 3620, Revised Statutes 1899, it has been uniformly held that the probate court has no power to sell *Page 11 the homestead for the debts of the deceased, because the statute prohibited such sale and vested the title in the widow and children and heirs free from the claims of creditors of the deceased, and, in effect, holding that the homestead is no part of the decedent's estate and is not subject to the jurisdiction of the probate court in administering his estate. [Broyles v. Cox, 153 Mo. 242; In re Powell's Estate, 157 Mo. 156; Balance v. Gordon, 247 Mo. 127; Armor v. Lewis, 252 Mo. 574; Ehlers v. Potter, 219 S.W. 916; In re Boward v. Boward, 288 Mo. 148,231 S.W. 600.]
It is true, that the question did not arise collaterally in all the above cases, but it did arise collaterally in Balance v. Gordon, 247 Mo. 119, and Armor v. Lewis, 252 Mo. 568, and the point was urged by counsel, as shown by their briefs in the Armor Case, that if the probate court had jurisdiction over the subject-matter and the parties, its judgment ordering the sale could not be absolutely void and subject to collateral attack. But the court necessarily ruled that the said court had no such jurisdiction to sell the homestead, which was the subject-matter of its action.
In the Armor Case, supra, l.c. 582, the court, per LAMM, J., said: "It must be taken as assumed that it could not be contended for a moment that the probate court had any jurisdiction to order the sale of the homestead in contravention of the Homestead Statute." And on page 576, the learned Judge observed: "We shall not overrule the Broyles-Cox, the Powell and the Balance-Gordon cases. Stare decisis." All of which cases held, that the probate court had no power to sell the homestead for debts of decedent.
This court very recently had occasion to review its prior decisions, and especially the Armor Case, supra, and the cases therein relied upon, and has construed them as holding that a sale of the homestead by the probate court under the Act of 1895, was without jurisdiction and subject to collateral attack as absolutely null *Page 12 and void. [In re Ehlers v. Potter, 219 S.W. 916; In re Boward v. Boward, 288 Mo. 148, 231 S.W. 600, decided this term of court, in which it is said, such sale is "coram non judice."]
So, under the law as it stood in Wag. Stat., sec. 5, chap. 58, when the homestead was vested in fee in the widow with a joint right of occupancy in the children until majority, this court held that the orders and judgment of the probate court authorizing the administrator to sell and confirming the sale of the homestead for debts of the husband were absolutely void in collateral proceedings. [Lewis v. Barnes, 272 Mo. 377; Rogers v. Marsh, 73 Mo. 64; Anthony v. Rice, 110 Mo. 223.] In the case last cited, the widow appeared and contested in the probate court the application of the administrator for such order of sale, but took no appeal from the adverse judgment of the probate court, notwithstanding which, this court held the proceedings void for want of jurisdiction in the probate court. The Rogers Case and the Anthony Case are also referred to with approval in Balance v. Gordon, 247 Mo. supra, at page 127.
So that, without reference to the authorities from other jurisdictions cited by learned counsel for respondent, we hold that it is the settled law in this State that under the said Act of 1895, and afterwards up to the taking effect of the Act of 1907, the probate court had no jurisdiction over the subject-matter when it attempted to sell the homestead of the decedent for his debts, and any such sale was an absolute nullity and void upon collateral attack.
II. Did the Act of 1907 (Sec. 6708, R.S. 1909), in case the decedent left children him surviving, give the probate court any more or other jurisdiction than the Act of 1895? Obviously, not. It is only in case the heirs of the husband "beAct of 1907; persons other than his children," that theHeirs Other probate court has power or jurisdiction toThan Children. *Page 13 make such sale under the Act of 1907. In this case, the husband's heirs were his children and his grandchild. So that it cannot be said that his heirs were "persons other than his children." The statute of 1907 means that only in case all the husband's heirs are "persons other than his children" can the homestead be sold for his debts not expressly charged thereon in his lifetime, which is not claimed was the case here. If he left any children as his heirs, it cannot be said that his heirs were "persons other than his children." Any other construction would be a "sour" construction of the statute, which this court, per LAMM, J., said, in the Armor Case, supra, was not admissible.
We rule, therefore, that the administratrix's sale in question here was an absolute nullity for want of jurisdiction in the probate court over the subject-matter of such sale, and as such is subject to collateral attack.
III. Nor is it material that the widow and two daughters and grandchild of George Manear left the homestead after his death and changed their domicile to Springfield,Abandonment. Missouri, where they resided when such sale was made. The rights of his children and heirs as remaindermen in fee became vested in them upon the death of the householder, and there is nothing in the statute requiring them to continue to reside on the property or forfeit their title. The case of Wilson v. Wilson, 255 Mo. 528, is beside the point, because under the statute passed on in that case, a statute prior to the Act of 1895, the heirs had no fee in remainder.
IV. Under the statute of 1895, as amended in 1907, the remainder in fee passed to the heirs, all the heirs of the deceased husband. This would vest an undividedRight of one-third in the grandchild in this case. SaidGrandchild. one-third was not subject to the sale made by the administratrix, although said minor was not the child of the decedent, because, as we have just ruled, the homestead could not be sold by the *Page 14 probate court for the decendent's debts unless all his heirs were "persons other than his children," which was not the case here.
V. The estoppel pleaded in the answer is not urged in this court by learned counsel for respondent, no doubt, because the facts in the record show the children knew nothing ofEstoppel. the administratrix's sale and received none of the proceeds, and the widow refused, as administratrix, to file petition for the making of such sale, which was made upon petition filed by the creditors because she did so refuse. Obviously, there was no estoppel against the plaintiffs in this case.
VI. We rule, therefore, that the plaintiffs, as heirs of said George Manear, deceased, own the fee in the land in dispute, subject to the rights that were conveyed to theDeed of defendant by the quit-claim deed of the widow. This deedWidow. conveyed all her rights, whether of homestead, dower or quarantine, in the property to the defendant. [Phillips v. Presson, 172 Mo. 24.]
VII. Did the minor child, Leon England, have right of joint occupancy with the widow and daughters of the deceased until she was twenty-one years of age? We think not. While the statute is entitled to a most liberal construction, it cannotRight of be construed beyond the intent of the Legislature.Occupancy: [Regan v. Ensley, 283 Mo. 297, 222 S.W. 773.] We doGrandchild. not think that grandchildren come within the intent of the Legislature as the children who would have a joint right of occupancy of the homestead with the widow until they are twenty-one years of age — even although they had been residing with the decedent as members of his family, their parents being dead, as in this case. It was only the minor children of the householder who were to have any such right of occupancy, and this was to cease when they reached the age of twenty-one years. This shows, that even all of the householder's own children were not to be beneficiaries *Page 15 in such joint tenancy, and it was to be limited to his "minor children," and that such words were used in their ordinary and primary meaning. The words "minor children" have been construed in the following cases in other jurisdictions, and we concur in the construction, not to include "minor grandchildren," in similar provisions in homestead acts, although they were dependent members of the householder's family, at the time of his death: Peeler v. Peeler, 68 Miss. 141; Wilkins v. Briggs,48 Tex. Civ. App. 598; Clements v. Maury, 110 S.W. 185; Brown v. Brown,104 Ark. 313. Consequently, the minor plaintiff, Leon England, had and has no joint right of occupancy as a minor child of the decedent until she is twenty-one years of age, but her right is limited to her remainder in fee as an heir of the decedent.
VIII. It appears that both of the plaintiffs, Allie Dennis and Marie Heareld, were more than twenty-one years of ageRight of when the administratrix's deed was made, which wasOccupancy: the 5th day of May, 1913. Their right of jointChildren. occupancy, therefore, as minor children of the deceased, had expired long before this suit was brought, which was July 5, 1919.
IX. The widow having remarried since her husband's death, as we assume from her testimony that her name was Laura Hendricks at the time of the trial, the defendant has no right toDower Until possession of said property, as the grantee of theAssignment. widow's homestead right, because that expired with her remarriage, under the statute.
But defendant also acquired the widow's right of dower and quarantine by his deed from her, which gave him a right of possession to said property until said dower is assigned. [Phillips v. Presson, 172 Mo. supra.] Such dower and the assignment thereof are expressly provided for by the Homestead Act in force on October 15, 1907, when George Manear died. [Sec. 6708 and 6710, R.S. 1909.] *Page 16
The result is, the judgment of the circuit court on the second count of the petition, is affirmed, but is reversed as to the first count, the count to quiet title, and remanded with directions to the circuit court to enter judgment on said first count, declaring that plaintiffs are the owners in fee simple of the property described in the petition, subject to the dower and quarantine rights of said former widow of George Manear, deceased, which are owned by the defendant, all in accordance with the views expressed in this opinion. Ragland, C., concurs;Brown, C., not sitting.