1 Reported in 16 N.W.2d 459. This is a suit under L. 1929, c. 176, § 2, Minn. St. 1941, § 462.02 (Mason St. 1940 Supp. § 1933-43), to enjoin defendant from maintaining in a residential district certain poles and wires for radio purposes in alleged contravention of a village zoning ordinance. The trial court granted the injunction, and the case comes here on appeal from an order denying a new trial. *Page 395
Defendant is a radio enthusiast. He conducts radio schools in various large cities in the United States and operates radio equipment under a federal amateur license at his residence on lot three in block 12 of Minikahda Vista in the plaintiff village. There being no alleys in that part of the village, lot three abuts end to end on lot 22 of the same block, which is also owned by defendant. He has fenced and improved and is now using lot 22 in connection with lot three as the back yard of his residence. He has placed a barbecue pit, permanent settees, trees, and shrubbery thereon. This gives him a residential tract the width of the lots extending through the block from street to street.
On lot three defendant has installed, in the basement of the house in which he lives, an expensive amateur receiving and sending set. Since the outbreak of war with Japan the set has not been permitted to be used for transmission. For purposes of radio reception and transmission, defendant erected a 30-foot pole in the rear of lot three in order to put up an antenna suitable for a short-wave set. This was found to be unsatisfactory for certain distances, and so he erected farther to the rear of his house and on lot 22 two similar poles with wires. The one nearest his house was equipped with revolving directional antennae. Again, the reception or transmission was found unsatisfactory for certain ranges, so, in September 1941, defendant extended the height of the pole farthest from his house 25 to 30 feet. This pole was not equipped with directional antennae but was connected to the radio set by a wire running to and through the garage. Now, defendant may, by use of his various antennae, get world-wide coverage in both reception and transmission.
In further explanation, it may be said that part of the antenna equipment so erected is effective within certain limited distances. Other parts of the equipment are effective at greater distances. In order to transmit and receive within distances greater than 15 or 20 miles from the station and less than 500 to 1,000 miles, the taller pole was required. This taller pole is constructed of wood *Page 396 and resembles a tall, slender flagpole. It is guyed against wind up to 400 miles an hour.
It is the removal of the two poles on lot 22, with their guy wires and anchor posts, that is the object of the plaintiff's suit. The claim for injunction is based solely on violation of the zoning ordinance, and no relief is sought under the nuisance allegations of the complaint.
Defendant's residence is situated within the residential district, defined by section 4 of the zoning ordinance, where "no building or premises shall be used and no building shall hereafter be erected or structurally altered except for one or more of the following uses:
"1. Private Dwellings, Country Estates.
* * * * *
"12. Uses customarily incident to any of the above uses when located on the same lot and not involving the conduct of a business; * * *."
The question presented by defendant is whether the ordinance properly construed is effective to prohibit the maintenance of the poles and wires which plaintiff seeks to have removed. Without question, the poles and wires in controversy are "structures" within the definition of that term in section 1, subd. 45, of the ordinance, which reads:
"45. Structure. Any temporary or permanent use, storage, form or arrangement of building or construction materials involving the necessity or precaution of providing proper support, bracing, tying, reinforcing, anchoring or other protection against heat, cold, loading, or the pressure of the elements, such as air, other gases, water, other liquids, earth, or other solids, in order to protect life from injury, or property from damage, as provided in this ordinance or any other ordinance, law, rule, or regulation governing same, or as followed in general construction practice, is a structure, and as such is classed as a building for the purpose of this ordinance." (Italics supplied.) *Page 397
1. The use of radios in private residences is as common as the use of refrigerators. The court takes judicial notice of the custom of householders to use outside antennae or aerials for radio reception. This custom may be waning on account of the improvement of inside aerials, especially for local reception, but it is still recognized as good practice, especially for long-range, short-wave reception, for which most good sets are equipped. While many aerials are attached to poles above the roofs of dwellings, and even to trees, the use of separate poles or masts for this purpose still prevails when a householder seeks the best reception. Such equipment is certainly customarily incident to a residential establishment.
The use of short-wave amateur sets for both reception and transmission is so common in the United States that the Federal Communications Commission licenses such sets for transmission within certain wave lengths, and there is an American Radio Relay League of the proprietors of amateur stations. That many, if not most, of these amateur stations are operated in connection with residences is too well known a fact to be ignored. The evidence in the case at bar tends to show that there are at least six amateur stations in plaintiff village, some with higher poles than defendant's.
There is no evidence in the record that the use of defendant's set for transmission requires a change in the type of structure for long-range reception, but, even if it does, it would not change the legal aspects of our problem. Neither the height of* such poles nor their appurtenances are regulated by ordinance so long as they present no hazard to person or property. Whether the pole was short or long, its use was for the same purpose. If long, it was more effective in certain ranges.
No aesthetic considerations are here involved. No relief is sought on the theory of nuisance or interference. There is no competent evidence of such. On the determination of this branch of the question before us, the sole issue is one of customary use. That defendant's indoor equipment cost him nearly $10,000 and that he uses it for the purposes hereinbefore stated does not present a *Page 398 difference in the kind of use to which he devotes his exterior equipment from that of the ordinary radio set. It is merely a difference in degree. It is still radio communication. If the proprietor of a radio set is willing to make the necessary investment in a set capable of communicating with other parts of the world, he is still, if licensed so to do, within the legitimate field of amateur radio and within the normal, and, so far as amateurs are concerned, within the customary, use of residential establishments by such amateurs. It is significant that plaintiff seeks no relief against the pole on lot three, which is devoted to identically the same type of use as those on lot 22. If that pole is not devoted to a use customarily incident to a residential tract, it is a structure erected in violation of the ordinance, even though it be on the same lot as the house.
2. We now come to the problem of whether defendant's use of his amateur set is a "business" within the terms of said subd. 12 of section 4 of the ordinance. There is no evidence whatever that defendant in any way uses the equipment for commercial or business purposes. This record indicates that he uses it solely for personal enjoyment. It is an expensive hobby, but no business. Since 1941 he has not been permitted to use it for transmission.
3. The foregoing leaves the plaintiff's case standing on the bald theory that defendant's customary enjoyment of his residential establishment is restricted to the single platted lot on which his residence happens to stand.
If all the poles had been erected upon lot three or if the plat of lot three included the area which is now platted as lot 22, this branch of plaintiff's theory of the case would wholly fail. It relies upon the wording of subd. 12, above quoted, which limits the structures therein described to those "located on the same lot."
It conclusively appears from the evidence that the two lots comprise but a single residential establishment, lot 22 having been improved for the general purposes of a back yard or formal garden and lawn, as well as for the erection of the poles and wires in controversy. The establishment comprises but one tract or parcel appropriate for a residence or residential estate. As applied to a *Page 399 residential property, which consists of two lots abutting in the manner that lots three and 22 abut and which, in fact, comprise but one tract or parcel appropriate for a residence or estate, the restriction to a single platted lot of customary use incidental to a residential establishment is arbitrary and unreasonable and consequently void.
If subd. 12 is to be sustained, it must be interpreted not according to the platted lot or lots but as applied to a single residential establishment, with the area appropriate thereto. So interpreted, the section can be sustained, but not otherwise. Therefore, on this record, we must reverse the order appealed from and remand the case with directions to enter judgment for defendant.
So ordered.