The use of nonpar stock by corporations is of such recent origin, and the issuance of such stock is regulated in other states to such an extent by special statutory provisions, that there is a scarcity if not an entire absence of authority upon the proposition involved in this case. It is simply a question as to whether the statutes of Montana permit the issuance of such stock.
There is nothing whatever in the statutes of Montana defining the character of the stock which may be issued by a corporation. Section 5905, Revised Codes 1921, specifies the matter which must be embodied in the articles of incorporation. Among other things it requires that the articles contain a statement of "the amount of its capital stock, and the number of shares into which it is divided." Section 5918 provides a method by which the corporation may change "the number, par value, etc.," of its stock. Section 5925 provides for new certificates when the stock is changed.
Section 5994, which defines the powers of corporations, permits a corporation "to create two or more kinds of stock of such classes, with such designations, preferences and voting powers, or restrictions, or qualifications thereof, as shall be stated or expressed in the Articles of Incorporation, and the power to increase or decrease the stock, as in this Code elsewhere provided, shall apply to all or any of the classes of stock." This power is sufficiently broad to cover the creation of stock without par value. *Page 40
These are all the sections which have any bearing, and they are the very sections to which we must look for such limitations. It is certain that the stock could be given a par value of one mill or one one-hundredth of a mill, or of any infinitesimal amount. The form of the capital stock of a corporation is of no interest to the state government so long as it is not illegal in the sense of being fraudulent. (1 Thompson on Corporations, 2d ed., par. 3407.) "A capital stock, and much less one distributed into shares of a nominal value, is not an essential feature of a business corporation." (State v. Sullivan, 282 Mo. 261,221 S.W. 728.)
In view of the fact that the legislature has not undertaken to define the kind of stock that may be issued by a domestic corporation, but has given the corporation unlimited power in that respect by the terms of section 5994, the power to issue stock without par value exists unless expressly prohibited by statute. We have no such prohibitory provision, and we submit that the appellant has the right to change its stock without par value, and that the respondent should be required to file the certificate of the proceedings by which the stockholders of appellant sought to do so.
Mr. L.A. Foot, Attorney General, and Mr. T.H. MacDonald, Assistant Attorney General, for Respondent.
There seems to be no case directly in point. We have in Corpus Juris: "Powers to issue stock are strictly construed in favor of the state and must be of the kind authorized by statute and charter." A corporation "has no natural rights or capacity such as an individual * * * and it has no powers except such as are expressly or impliedly conferred by its charter." (14 C.J. 517, 519, 560; 14A C.J. 246.)
It appears to be the policy of the Montana law that a corporation shall provide for a substantial capital stock and that those acquiring it shall be personally liable for the amount not paid in and that that capital stock shall not be reduced by amendment to an amount less than the debts of the corporation. This provision of the Montana law would be thwarted *Page 41 by the proposed amendment. (People v. Montecito Water Co.,97 Cal. 276, 33 Am. St. Rep. 172, 32 P. 236.)
A case very closely in point is that of State ex rel. Howe v. Shelbyville C. Turnpike Co., 41 Ind. 151. (See, also,Wall v. Mines, 130 Cal. 27, 62 P. 386, Martin v. Deetz,102 Cal. 55, 41 Am. St. Rep. 151, 36 P. 368; Film Producers v. Jordan, 171 Cal. 664, 154 P. 605; note, Kerr's Civil Code, Part I, p. 413, Articles of Incorporation — 32.) This is an action in mandamus to compel the defendant, as secretary of state, to receive for filing and to file a proposed amendment of the articles of incorporation of the Barnett Iron Works, Incorporated, changing its capital stock from $70,000, divided into 70,000 shares of the par value of $1 each, to 10,000 shares of common stock without a par value. The sum of $53 was tendered with such proposed amendment to cover filing fees. An alternative writ was issued. A general demurrer to the relator's duly verified complaint, together with a motion to quash the alternative writ, was interposed by the defendant, both of which were by the court, after hearing, sustained. Judgment was accordingly entered dismissing the proceeding, from which the relator has appealed.
The sole question for decision is whether under our laws a[1] corporation is permitted to amend its articles of incorporation so as to provide for the issuance of capital stock having no par value.
Corporations are creatures of the law (sec. 5900, Rev. Codes 1921), and come into being only upon substantial compliance with the statute. The instrument by which a private corporation is formed is called "articles of incorporation" (Id., sec. 5904), which must set forth, among other things enumerated, the amount of the capital stock of the proposed corporation, "and the number of shares into which it is divided, and if there be more than one class of stock created by the articles of incorporation, a description of the different classes, with the terms on which the respective classes are created." (Id., *Page 42 sec. 5905.) They are formed under the laws of this state by filing "articles of incorporation in the office of the county clerk of the county in which the principal business of the company is to be transacted, and a copy thereof, certified bythe county clerk, with the secretary of state, whereupon the secretary of state must issue to the corporation, over the great seal of the state, a certificate that a copy of the articlescontaining the required statement of facts has been filed in his office." (Id., sec. 5908.)
Preferred stock is authorized to be issued as expressed in the articles of incorporation, "but at no time shall the total amount of the preferred stock exceed two-thirds of the actual capital paid in cash or property; and such preferred stock may, if desired, be made subject to redemption at not less than par. * * * Unless its original or amended articles of incorporation shall so provide, no corporation shall create preferred stock." (Id., sec. 5994.) And, "any corporation * * * may, in the manner herein provided, amend its articles of incorporation * * * by changing the number, par value, character, class, or preference of its shares of capital stock, by increasing or decreasing the capital stock * * * or by an amendment in respect to any other matter which might lawfully have been originally provided in such articles of incorporation." (Id., sec. 5918.)
So far as here pertinent, the statute makes it the duty of the secretary of state to charge and collect for the filing of articles of incorporation, or a certificate of increase of capital stock of a domestic corporation, fees based upon the amount of its authorized capital stock, as follows: "Amounts up to one hundred thousand dollars, one dollar per thousand dollars. * * * Additional from two hundred and fifty thousand dollars to five hundred thousand dollars, sixty cents per thousand dollars. Additional from five hundred thousand dollars to one million dollars, forty cents per thousand dollars. Additional over one million dollars, twenty cents per thousand dollars. Providing, that no fee for filing any articles of incorporation or increase of capital stock shall be less than fifty *Page 43 dollars." (Id., sec. 145.) The amount of money expressed as thepar value of the shares of capital stock is entirely a matter of statutory regulation, although some par value would seem to be necessary in order to define the shares, unless the statute expressly authorizes the issuance of shares without a par value, as has been done in some of the states. (Fletcher, Cyc. Corp., sec. 3456; Id., 1927 Cumulative Supp., note to section 3456; Wickersham on Stock Without Par Value, Chap. 2; notes in 19 A.L.R., p. 131, and 36 A.L.R. 791.) As indicative of our express legislative policy not to give recognition to nonpar stock in Montana, foreign corporations having capital stock of no parvalue were by an Act of 1923 prohibited from entering this state for the transaction of business. (Chapter 132, Laws of 1923.) And, by Chapter 95 of the Laws of 1925, expressly repealing Chapter 132 of the Laws of 1923, it is provided: "If a foreign corporation has capital stock of no par value, its shares, for the purpose of estimating the amount of fees to be paid hereunder, shall be considered to be of the par value of $50.00 per share." No provision is made for, nor recognition given to, capital stock of a nonpar value in a domestic corporation; in fact, it is plain to us that nonpar stock is not authorized. Thus an arbitrary par value has been fixed by the legislature as a basis for fees to be charged by the secretary of state for foreign corporations having a nonpar stock coming into Montana.
While the secretary of state, in the performance of many of[2] his official functions, is a mere ministerial officer, yet he is clothed with a quasi-judicial judgment in the organization of corporations under the laws of the state. He shall not accept or file any articles of incorporation of a domestic corporation wherein the name given to the proposed corporation is the same as an existing domestic corporation, or which, in his judgment, is so similar to the name of an existing domestic corporation as to mislead or confuse persons dealing with such corporations. And he must collect the fees prescribed by the statute for the filing of articles of incorporation *Page 44 or amendments thereof. To do so, he must look to the prescribed value of the capital stock; and of course he cannot be compelled to file articles of incorporation without the payment of the requisite fees. It is elementary that, unless the act, the performance of which is sought to be compelled, is one which the law specially enjoins on one as a duty resulting from office, the writ of mandamus will not lie.
It is manifest from a reading of our statutes that the secretary of state is vested with some judgment in the premises, and that it is not a duty incumbent upon him without question to file in his office any paper tendered, said to be intended to organize a corporation under our laws, or to effect a change in the charter of an existing corporation. He must, in the first instance, see to it before filing that the statutes are substantially followed; and, in determining the amount of fees he must charge and collect, he is required to look only to the authorized amount and value of the capital stock. Since there is no provision in our law for the organization of corporations with capital stock of a nonpar value, nor fees prescribed for the filing of such type of articles, the secretary of state was right in refusing to accept for filing the amendment proposed to be made by the relator to its articles of incorporation. Accordingly, the judgment is affirmed.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE CALLAWAY and ASSOCIATE JUSTICES MATTHEWS, FORD and ANGSTMAN concur. *Page 45