This is an original proceeding for a writ of supervisory control. Relator brought an action in the district court of Phillips county for a divorce on the ground of desertion. At the time of the commencement of the action his wife was residing in Canada. Upon affidavit for publication, an order for publication of summons was issued, and thereafter the defendant was personally served with summons and copy of the complaint in Canada. No appearance was made on the part of defendant. Proof was submitted on behalf of the relator, which disclosed that he was a citizen of Canada and in the Dominion Customs Service located at the boundary line between the United States and Canada. At this port of entry where relator was employed there were no living quarters; this port of entry is six miles from the town of Opheim, Montana, where the relator testified he resided. He returned to Opheim each night and after there spending the night resumed his duties the next day.
The trial court at the time proof was received took the matter under advisement. Later it made the following entry in its minutes: "Divorce denied the plaintiff without prejudice because he failed to prove his residence in the state for the period *Page 100 of one year." The court on the hearing expressed doubt as to the ability of one in the employ of a foreign country to say he was a resident here "because he is domiciled here." By this proceeding it is sought to have the order denying the divorce annulled and the trial court directed to enter a decree of divorce.
The respondents have appeared by motion to quash and, without waiver of any rights under the motion, have answered. By the answer it is alleged that this court may not exercise its supervisory power, as the minute entry amounted to a judgment from which an appeal could be effected, and that the trial court was without jurisdiction to hear the cause, since no proof of service of summons and complaint was made in the record at the time the proof was heard, or at the time of hearing in this court.
A judgment is a final determination of the rights of the[1] parties. (Sec. 9313, Rev. Codes.) An order dismissing an action is a final judgment from which an appeal can be perfected. (State ex rel. Meyer v. District Court, 102 Mont. 222,57 P.2d 778.) Here the trial court neither dismissed the action nor ordered it dismissed. The fact that a divorce was denied might have been sufficient ground to invoke the discretion of the trial court to dismiss the action, but until the action was dismissed it remained pending. The rights between the parties had not been finally determined; there was no final judgment, and hence no right of appeal. (Sec. 9732.)
Since the cause was heard the proof of service of the summons[2, 3] and complaint was supplemented by an affidavit of service in due form, showing that service thereof was made upon the defendant at the time and place theretofore alleged. This affidavit of service was filed in the office of the clerk of the district court, and duly certified to this court. Whatever might be our views as to the sufficiency of the former proof of service, this affidavit clearly is sufficient.
The question of jurisdiction over a defendant is dependent upon the fact of service, and not on the proof thereof. A return failing to show the necessary jurisdictional facts, although such facts existed, may be amended so as to conform to the *Page 101 truth and not for the purpose of validating a void judgment, but to show that a judgment never was void. (21 R.C.L. 1331; Freeman on Judgments, 5th ed., 37.) Hence the fact that a proper proof of service was not made, if such was the state of the record, at the time the court heard this cause did not deprive it of jurisdiction.
A divorce must not be granted unless the plaintiff has been a[4] resident of the state for one year next preceding the commencement of the action. (Sec. 5766, Rev. Codes.) Where the statute refers only to residence and not to domicile, the courts have held with substantial uniformity that, for purposes of divorce jurisdiction, the word "residence" will be construed to mean practically the same as "domicile." (Kennan on Residence and Domicile, 456; Sneed v. Sneed, 14 Ariz. 17, 123 P. 312, 40 L.R.A. (n.s.) 99; Bechtel v. Bechtel, 101 Minn. 511,112 N.W. 883, 12 L.R.A. (n.s.) 1100; Stewart v. Stewart,32 Idaho, 180, 180 P. 165.)
Section 33 of our Codes provides in part: "Every person has, in law, a residence. In determining the place of residence the following rules are to be observed: 1. It is the place where one remains when not called elsewhere for labor or other special or temporary purpose, and to which he returns in seasons of repose. 2. There can only be one residence. 3. A residence cannot be lost until another is gained." Our legislature in declaring these rules for determining residence has adopted the rules which courts generally prescribe with reference to determining domicile; hence the decisions with reference to the rules for determining domicile are clearly in point.
Citizenship and residence are not convertible terms. (Kennan[5, 6] on Residence and Domicile, p. 133.) Judge Sanborn in the case of Harding v. Standard Oil Co., (C.C.) 182 Fed. 421, 424, said: "`Citizenship' implies much more than `residence.' It carries the idea of connection or identification with the state, and a participation in its functions. * * * It applies to a person possessing social and political rights, and sustaining social, political, and moral obligations. * * * In the Constitution and laws of the United States the term is generally if not *Page 102 always used in a political sense to designate one who has the rights and privileges of a citizen of a state or of the United States. * * * A person may be a citizen of a state but not of the United States; as, an alien who has declared his intention to become a citizen, and who is by local law entitled to vote in the state of his residence, and there exercise all other local functions of local citizenship, such as holding office, right to poor relief, etc., but who is not a citizen of the United States. * * * An allegation of residence in a state does not show citizenship therein."
In the case of Picquet v. Swan, 5 Mason, 35, Fed. Cas. No. 11134, Judge Story held a citizen of Massachusetts, residing in France, was not an inhabitant of the United States. In the course of that opinion he said: "A person might be an inhabitant, without being a citizen; and a citizen might not be an inhabitant, though he retain his citizenship. Alienage or citizenship is one thing; and inhabitancy, by which I understand local residence, animo manendi, quite another."
One not a citizen of the United States may become a resident within the statutes, such as here under consideration for the purpose of invoking the jurisdiction of the court in a divorce proceeding. (Cairns v. Cairns, 29 Colo. 260, 68 P. 233, 93 Am. St. Rep. 55; Cohen v. Cohen, 3 Boyce, 361, 26 Del. 361,84 A. 122.)
That place is the domicile of a person in which he has[7, 8] voluntarily fixed his habitation, not for a mere temporary or special purpose, but with a present intention of making it his home unless and until something, which is uncertain and unexpected, shall happen to induce him to adopt some other permanent home. (Harral v. Harral, 39 N.J. Eq. 279, 51 Am.Rep. 17.)
The decisions in the United States are fairly unanimous to the effect that the place of lodging is a weightier criterion of domicile than the place of business. (Kennan on Residence and Domicile, 123.) The following election cases illustrate the force of the foregoing statement: State v. Savre, 129 Iowa, 122,105 N.W. 387, 3 L.R.A. (n.s.) 455, 113 Am. St. Rep. 452; *Page 103 Behrensmeyer v. Kreitz, 135 Ill. 591, 26 N.E. 704;Commonwealth v. Kelleher, 115 Mass. 103.
The evidence before the trial court under the foregoing rules all tended to establish that the residence of the plaintiff was at Opheim, Montana, and that he had resided there in excess of the statutory period.
Let the writ issue as prayed.
ASSOCIATE JUSTICES STEWART, ANGSTMAN and MORRIS concur.