ON THE MERITS December 3, 1936. 62 P.2d 703.
1. MALICIOUS PROSECUTION. Advice of counsel after full disclosure of all facts, acted on in good faith, is defense to action for malicious prosecution. 2. MALICIOUS PROSECUTION. Whether defendant disclosed all material facts to counsel, and acted in good faith on counsel's advice so as to preclude recovery for malicious prosecution, held for jury. 3. WITNESSES. In action for malicious prosecution and assault and battery, cross-examination testimony as to whether plaintiff had not been charged in suit instituted by plaintiff's sister with conversion of money from father's estate, and evidence consisting of exemplified copy of complaint filed in such suit, held inadmissible for purpose of affecting plaintiff's credibility. 4. MALICIOUS PROSECUTION. $2,500 compensatory damages in action for malicious prosecution based on fact that defendant had instituted action charging plaintiff with embezzlement, and caused plaintiff to be arrested and imprisoned held not excessive. 5. ASSAULT AND BATTERY. $1,000 actual damages and $5,000 exemplary damages for assault and battery, under evidence showing unprovoked attack and injury with attending circumstances of aggravation held not excessive. 6. SET-OFF AND COUNTERCLAIM. Cross-complaint can be maintained only when defendant seeks affirmative relief against party to action relating to or depending on contract or transaction upon which action is brought, or affecting property to which action relates (Comp. Laws, sec. 8608). 7. SET-OFF AND COUNTERCLAIM. In action for assault and battery, and for malicious prosecution based on fact that defendant had instituted action charging plaintiff with embezzlement and had plaintiff arrested and imprisoned, defendant could not file cross-complaint for conversion of money belonging to defendant, notwithstanding facts of cross-complaint may have furnished motive for act charged against defendant in cause of action for malicious prosecution (Comp. Laws, sec. 8608). From the testimony of plaintiff there can be no other conclusion than that if Snell suffered any damage, such damage was suffered as a result of his leaving voluntarily the employ of the Troy Laundry, and was not due to anything over which the defendant had any control. We therefore contend that the evidence is insufficient to support the verdict, and a new trial should be granted upon this ground alone.
It has been held in the State of Nevada, in Ricord v. C.P.R.R., 15 Nev. 167, that "advice of counsel is a complete defense to the proposition of want or probable cause." Anderson, in support of this defense, states that he never filed any papers in this proceeding except upon the advice of counsel, who told him that a civil action would lie, with the result that Anderson filed a civil action. Most assuredly, under any theory, no malice can be shown in the transaction.
If the decision of the lower court, as based upon the testimony in the case, that there is no competent evidence to justify or sustain the jury's verdict upon the first cause of action, is correct, we contend that a reduction of damages in the case from the sum of $3,600, actual damages, to $2,500, was thoroughly and completely unjustified. We believe that where there is no evidence to justify a verdict or decision, then the only alternative of the trial court is to strike all of the damages on plaintiff's first cause of action, or to grant a new trial.
We charge that the trial court erred in refusing to permit cross-examination of the defendant upon the filing of the law suit in Salt Lake City by Margaret S. Thatcher. We urge upon the court that when a plaintiff in a suit for malicious prosecution founds his action, in part, on an injury done to his character by such prosecution, the legal rule is quite settled that he *Page 85 thereby puts his general character in issue. It would seem to follow, therefore, that the plaintiff in such procedure must stand in precisely the same attitude that the plaintiff in an action for libel or slander assumes, and in the latter class of cases the general bad character of the plaintiff at the time of an alleged grievance is admissible on the part of the defense, in mitigation of damages. 18 R.C.L. 74-75; People v. Burk,122 P. 435.
In conjunction with the first specification of error and the transcript of testimony, it becomes very difficult to determine how the plaintiff was entitled to any damages at all, and that being so, then it must be presumptively correct that the jury in this case arrived at their verdict through passion and prejudice.
We claim error of the trial court in striking from the answer the cross-complaint of the defendant, for the reason that the very foundation of the plaintiff's suit was the filing of the affidavit in the justice's court; and we respectfully contend that the subject matter set forth in the complaint, affidavit, and order of arrest is the very thing that gave rise to the cause of action stated by plaintiff against defendant in this case. Counsel overlooks the fact that Snell testified that his employer complained that the notoriety of this suit was not helping either one of them, and he as much as told Snell to quit, that his reputation was too great a burden upon his business. However, admitting, for the sake of argument, that Snell continued to work and that the matter did not influence his employment whatsoever, the fact remains that Anderson attempted to deprive and did deprive the respondent of the last asset he possessed, and that was his reputation. Everyone must concede that embezzlement is one of the most odious of crimes, especially so when charged to one who has to live upon his reputation for integrity and honesty. And to say that a man such as Snell, being so besmeared by Anderson and yet not having been damaged is nonsense. *Page 86
We concede it to be true that the advice of counsel is a complete defense under the proper circumstances, but not where the advice might be procured as a shield against the suit, without revealing all of the facts. There was no true or correct, full or fair disclosure to his counsel by Anderson. Secondly, it does not appear that he took his counsel's advice. His counsel testified: "I advised him to consult the district attorney in regard to the matter, because I believed embezzlement had been consummated." He did not tell Anderson to have Snell arrested. It is true that Anderson testified as a general proposition, that he stated the situation fully to Henderson, but that is but a mere conclusion and is not competent, nor has it any probative value. 38 C.J. 432; Kitchen v. Rosenfeld (R.I.), 117 A. 537; State v. Covert (Wash.), 45 P. 304.
Snell in his direct examination made no mention of any suit against him in Salt Lake City. And there is no theory upon which he could be examined upon that subject, on direct, cross-examination, or otherwise. 70 C.J. 622, 638, 653, 668, 673. One's reputation cannot be proved or disproved by specific instances. 22 C.J. 471, 481.
This court could not undertake to say, as a matter of law, that these prosecutions and arrests had not caused Snell any humiliation, anxiety and embarrassment, without encroaching upon the province of the jury, and that, we believe, this court would hesitate to do. 38 C.J. 445, 450; Leete v. Southern Pacific Co.,37 Nev. 49.
The same identical account for which action was brought in the justice's court and which was finally determined adverse to Anderson, was the basis of the cross-complaint. It is very evident that the only purpose of pleading that action was to again try it and parade it before the jury, but no authority is found for such a pleading. Section 8602 N.C.L.; sec. 8603 N.C.L., as amended by chap. 148, Stats. 1931; Clark v. Taylor (Cal.),27 P. 860; Lowe v. Superior Court (Cal.), 134 P. 190; 1 Bancroft Code Pleading, 649. *Page 87 OPINION This is an action to recover damages for malicious prosecution and for an assault and battery.
The complaint alleges, in substance, as the first cause of action that on the 14th day of August 1933, at the city of Las Vegas, Clark County, Nevada, the defendant made an affidavit to the effect that the plaintiff had embezzled from him and converted to his own use the sum of $146.96, with the intention then and there to defraud defendant of said sum; that thereafter the defendant caused said affidavit to be filed with the justice of the peace of Las Vegas township, and filed therewith a complaint against plaintiff; that the allegations in the complaint and affidavit are untrue, and the defendant knew at the time the same were untrue; that they were maliciously and wantonly made for the purpose of procuring an order for the arrest of plaintiff; that in making the affidavit the defendant acted without probable or any cause of justification; and that, pursuant to the complaint, affidavit, and demand made in that behalf, said justice of the peace made an order for the arrest, upon which plaintiff was arrested and imprisoned and thereafter was required to give bail to obtain his release. Thereafter the said action was dismissed and plaintiff fully acquitted of said crime; that since that time defendant herein has not further prosecuted said complaint, but has abandoned the same; that by reason of such false accusations, arrest, and imprisonment the plaintiff was injured in character, his person, and greatly humiliated thereby; and that his good name and reputation have been injured, and as a result thereof he has suffered great mental anguish, grief, worry, and humiliation to his actual damage in the sum of $20,000.
The complaint in the justice's court, a copy of which is made a part of the complaint in this action, charges plaintiff with having embezzled the sum of $146.96, and prays for the recovery thereof. The said affidavit, a *Page 88 copy of which is also made a part of the complaint herein, likewise charges the plaintiff herein with such embezzlement.
As a second cause of action the complaint herein alleges in substance that, on the 1st day of July 1933, at Boulder City, in said Clark County, the defendant herein, in the presence of many people, caused certain of his employees to hold the hands and arms of the plaintiff herein, and restrain him; that while being so held and restrained the defendant maliciously, violently, wantonly, and without cause climbed upon the plaintiff's back and kicked him in and upon and about his back, struck him with his fists about the head, face, eyes, and neck, tore plaintiff's clothing from his person, pulled his hair, scratched his face, swore at plaintiff, called him vile and indecent names, and otherwise abused plaintiff; and that as a result thereof the plaintiff became ill, bruised, and sore about the head, face, eyes, and body, and suffered great physical pain therefrom and suffered great humiliation, to his damage in the sum of $10,000. Exemplary damages are claimed on both causes of action.
The defendant herein answered the complaint, in which answer the making of the affidavit and the filing of the complaint in the justice's court, the arrest of plaintiff, and the dismissal of the action are admitted. The other allegations of the first cause of action, the assault and battery, misconduct and effect thereof alleged in the second cause of action, are denied. A cross-complaint filed with the answer was struck out by order of the court. The jury returned a verdict in favor of the plaintiff, fixing the amount as $3,600, for actual damages, and $5,000 exemplary damages on the first cause of action, and $100 for actual damages and $500 exemplary damages on the second cause of action. Defendant made a motion to vacate and set aside the verdict of the jury and to grant a new trial. In its decision on the motion the court ordered that, if plaintiff *Page 89 shall remit the amount of $6,100 on or before October 15, 1935, a new trial is denied, and the verdict of the jury for the residue, to wit, $3,100, shall stand as the verdict on which a judgment is to be entered herein. And ordered further that, in the event plaintiff did not so remit, then the verdict of the jury on the first cause of action is set aside and defendant granted a new trial on the issue raised by the allegations contained in the first cause of action and the answer thereto.
The motion to set aside the verdict upon the second cause of action and grant a new trial was denied.
Within the time designated by the court plaintiff filed a relinquishment of $6,100 of the verdict.
Appellant makes the following assignment of errors: (1) Insufficiency of the evidence to justify a verdict, and that it is against law; (2) errors in law accruing in the trial and excepted to by defendant; (3) excessive damages appearing to have been given under the influence of passion and prejudice; (4) irregularity in the proceedings of the court by which defendant was prevented from having a fair trial.
1, 2. Most of the contentions made under these assignments were considered by the trial court in passing on the motion for a new trial, as we perceive from the written opinion appearing in the record, and determined correctly. We find evidence in the record sufficient to justify a verdict for the respondent on both causes of action. We need not state it in detail. Generally, it consisted of the testimony of respondent and his wife. In addition, as to the first cause of action, the affidavit, complaint, and order of arrest of respondent in the justice's court were introduced in evidence. His arrest, imprisonment, and the dismissal of the action were also proved. The court correctly instructed the jury as to the essential elements of a cause of action for malicious prosecution. Respondent's evidence, tended in a substantial way to prove all of these elements. Appellant relies on the advice of counsel as a defense to the cause of action for *Page 90 malicious prosecution. In support of this defense, he testified as to what facts he laid before his private counsel in regard to the action in the justice's court, and that he acted on his advice in signing the affidavit and complaint. One of his counsel testified as to what facts appellant disclosed to him and that he advised appellant to consult the district attorney, for he believed embezzlement had been committed; that appellant said that he did not want to do that because he did not want to put respondent in jail, but all he wanted was his money; and that witness then told him, if he did not wish to institute a criminal action, a civil action might obtain his money for him. Advice of counsel after a full disclosure of all the facts, acted upon in good faith, would have been a defense to the first cause of action. Ricord v. Central Pac. R.R. Co., 15 Nev. 167; McNamee v. Nesbitt, 24 Nev. 400, 56 P. 37; Dunlap v. New Zealand F. M. Ins. Co., 109 Cal. 365, 42 P. 29; 38 C.J. 508. But there is evidence on the part of respondent as to what the facts were out of which the controversy grew. This evidence, if believed by the jury, warranted it in concluding that appellant's recital of the case to his counsel did not include all of the material facts, and from which it could also have reasonably concluded that he did not in good faith act upon his counsels' advice. It was the province of the jury to determine what the real facts were as to this defense. This being so, we may not disturb its verdict on this account. McNamee v. Nesbitt, supra.
3. Under the second assignment it is contended that the court erred in sustaining the objection to the following question asked of respondent on cross-examination: "Q. Isn't it a fact that Margaret S. Thatcher filed a suit in the Third Judicial District Court in and for Salt Lake County, State of Utah, on the 8th day of May, 1931, wherein she charged you with some $68,000 worth of conversion out of your father's estate?" We think the court exercised sound discretion in its ruling. Nothing *Page 91 concerning any such matter was brought out on direct examination. The filing of such a suit, if proved, would have no tendency to contradict or discredit respondent's testimony. It is also insisted under this assignment that the court erred in sustaining an objection to an exemplified copy of a complaint filed in the Third judicial district court in and for Salt Lake County, State of Utah, by Margaret Thatcher, offered in evidence by appellant. It appears that Margaret Thatcher is sister of respondent. The document offered relates to the same matter concerning which it was sought to question respondent, as stated above. It was offered in evidence on the ground that it would affect his credibility. We do not think so. There was no error in the ruling.
In its opinion on the motion for a new trial the court held that the evidence did not justify the imposition of exemplary damages on the first cause of action, and that the sum of $2,500 would fully compensate the defendant for the injuries he received by reason of the matter therein alleged. The remission by the respondent of $6,100 under the order of court therefore removed any question of exemplary damages on the first cause of action.
4. We have reviewed the evidence tending to support this cause of action and are not prepared to say that the sum of $2,500 for compensatory damages is excessive. The substantial reduction of the amount fixed by the jury for compensatory damages on the first cause of action cured any mistake the jury might have made as to the amount he was entitled to recover.
5. The damages fixed by the jury on the second cause of action, both actual and exemplary, are not excessive. Respondent's version of the assault and battery alleged therein must have been believed by the jury. It shows an unprovoked attack and injury with attending circumstances of aggravation which justified the jury in imposing both kinds of damage in the amounts fixed. *Page 92
Appellant's version of the affair was rejected by the jury, and it is not within our province to disturb their verdict.
6, 7. The fourth assignment of error goes to the action of the trial court in striking the cross-complaint. The amount sought to be recovered in the cross-complaint was $146.96. The assignment is without merit. A cross-complaint can be maintained only when the defendant seeks affirmative relief against a party to an action, relating to or depending upon the contract or transaction upon which the action is brought, or affecting the property to which the action relates. Section 8608 N.C.L.
The cross-complaint struck out was for damages on account of respondent converting to his own use divers sums of money totalling $146.96 belonging to appellant, collected by respondent, and which he was authorized to collect during three years immediately prior to the filing of the cross-complaint. The facts alleged therein do not depend upon, nor do they bear the faintest relation to, respondent's second cause of action, to wit, assault and battery. As to their relation to the first cause of action set out in the complaint, it is clear that the two causes of action could not be sustained by the same evidence, and are therefore more logically the subject of independent actions. Whether respondent owed the money claimed in the cross-complaint was not an issue involved in the transaction set out in the first cause of action.
The facts of the cross-complaint may have furnished the motive for the acts charged against appellant in the first cause of action. But that alone is not sufficient to bring into operation the principle governing the maintaining of a cross-complaint; that is, that it is just and equitable that the matter alleged therein should be settled in the pending action.
The judgment and order denying the motion to set aside the verdict of the jury and grant a new trial should be affirmed.
It is so ordered. *Page 93