Every judgment is conclusive proof, as against parties and privies, of facts directly in issue in the case, actually decided by the court, and appearing from the judgment itself to be the ground on which it was based, unless evidence was admitted in the action in which the judgment was delivered, which is excluded in the action in which the judgment is offered in evidence. Step. Dig. of Evid., art. 41; 1 Greenl. Ev., ss. 528-531; King v. Chase, 15 N.H. 9; Demeritt v. Lyford, 27 N.H. 547.
When a former judgment is thus pleaded or adduced in evidence, it is competent for the plaintiff to reply, that it did not relate to the same thing or the same transaction in controversy in the action to which the former judgment is set up as a bar; and the question of identity thus raised may be determined by extrinsic evidence.
The judgment is conclusive only upon a matter which was directly in issue in the former trial. By "the matter in issue" is to be *Page 118 understood that matter upon which the plaintiff proceeds by his action, and which the defendant controverts by his pleadings. It may, or it may not, be specifically disclosed by the declaration and pleadings. If it is not, extrinsic evidence may be adduced to show what was the matter really in issue, and upon what ground the verdict and judgment proceeded. King v. Chase, 15 N.H. 9, 15, 16; 1 Greenl. Ev., s. 532.
The applicability of the plea of a former judgment depends, therefore upon the identity, not of the form, but of the cause of action, or matter of defence in issue. It is established by proof, that a fact essential to the plaintiff's right of recovery was the same in the first as in the second cause. It depends not at all upon the identity or similarity of the points of argument, or grounds urged to support the action or the defence. All matters involved in the issue determined by the court upon the merits are as fully concluded by the judgment as other matters which may have been considered or discussed (Johnson v. Smith, 8 Johns. 383; Miller v. Manice, 6 Hill 122; Baker v. Rand, 13 Barb. 152; Birckhead v. Brown, 5 Sandf. 145; Kitchen v. Campbell, 3 Wils. 308; Rogers v. Higgins, 57 Ill. 244; Phelan v. Gardner, 43 Cal. 306; Russell v. Place, 94 U.S. 606); but a party setting up a former judgment must show that the verdict and judgment directly involved the consideration and determination of the points attempted to be litigated in the second suit. McKnight v. Dunlap, 4 Barb. 36; Bascom v. Manning, 52 N.H. 132, 134.
The New York suit being founded upon a new promise to pay the balance of the original debt when the debtor should become able to do so, the first two answers to the complaint, — namely, a traverse of the alleged promise, and the statute of limitations, — presented issues upon which nothing could have been determined which is brought in controversy by the present suit, the question here being whether the original debt has been discharged. The third issue presented by the pleadings in the New York suit raised the question now presented. In the New York suit this issue could have had no pertinency if the only matter in controversy had related to a subsequent promise to pay a balance of an old debt, and the application of the statute of limitations to that promise. We are therefore led to inquire what other controversy, if any, was in reality presented and determined.
It was competent for the plaintiff to show, by parol evidence, that the verdict was ordered and the judgment rendered on the authority of Didier v. Davison, 2 Sandf. Ch. 61, 64, on the ground of the promise declared on being without consideration; and so the plaintiff had no cause of action, except such as might be founded on the original debt. But it is equally competent for the defendant to show, that on the trial in New York, the court having ruled that the new promise could not be sustained for the want of consideration, the plaintiff then went on to prove his case as founded upon the original debt, and encountered defeat and a judgment against him upon issues thus raised, determining the very facts in controversy here. The record of *Page 119 the New York case shows that the cause was tried upon the application of the statute of limitations to the original debt, and the result was, a verdict settling the fact that the original debt was barred by the statute, thus determining the precise controversy attempted to be revived in this suit. The course of the trial in New York, by which issues were tried and determined which were not presented by the original complaint and pleadings, was governed by certain provisions of the Code of Procedure (tit. 6, c. VI, ss. 169, 170, 173, and tit. 8, c. VI, s. 275), and 5 N. Y. St. at Large 48, 49, 78, by force of which the plaintiff, having encountered defeat in his effort to prove a new promise, was permitted to assert a claim founded upon the original debt, the pleadings being regarded as amended for that purpose. In New York, pleadings may thus be treated as if amended to conform to the facts proved, though no amendment has in fact been made. Bate v. Graham, 11 N.Y. 237; Clark v. Dales, 20 Barb. 42; Bowdoin v. Coleman, 3 Abb. Pr. 431.
It clearly appearing that the precise question now in issue was tried and determined in the New York suit, — the issue, namely, whether the original debt had become barred by the statute of limitations, —
The defendant is entitled to judgment.
DOE, C. J., did not sit.