OPINION OF THE COURT This is an action for malicious prosecution, tried to the court without a jury, resulting in a judgment for $850, from which an appeal has been taken. The appellants were first defaulted and the proofs taken ex parte, and judgment rendered for $750, made up of $200, expenses incurred by appellee in defending himself in the criminal prosecution, and $550 damages. The default was opened, and appellants were allowed to answer, and the case was again tried by the court. At the close of the trial the judge announced:
"It is apparent, gentlemen, that the court must render judgment for the plaintiff and the matter left is just a matter of the amount. At the time I heard the evidence in the ex-parte case, I rendered judgment for $750, and the plaintiff has been to considerrble expense since then and I am still of the same opinion. I am going to render judgment for $850 in this case."
[1] 1. Counsel for appellants urge that the increase of the judgment from $750 to $850 was for expenses in the prosecution of this case and cannot be allowed. Counsel for appellee does not dispute this legal proposition, but argues that it does not appear that the $100 increase was for expenses incurred in the prosecution of this case. We do not see, in view of the court's announcement, how it can be doubted that this increase was for this purpose, and we determmine that it was. The judgment is erroneous, therefore, to this extent.
[2] 2. Counsel argues that the allowance to appellee of $195 for attorneys' fees and expenses in defense of the criminal case is erroneous. because no evidence was submitted to establish the reasonableness of the charges. We doubt whether the question is raised and saved in the court below. The complaint alleged the expenditure of the money in the defense of the criminal case. The answer contains simply a general denial of the allegation of the complaint. The issue was whether the money had been expended by the *Page 333 appellee. The proof of the expenditure was submitted without objection. The court found that the expenditures by appellee for counsel fees and expenses, all itemized, had been necessarily made in the defense of the criminal case in the sum of $195. Up to this time no question had been made that the reasonableness of the expenditures had not been shown, the question being first raised by an exception to the finding, after the evidence was closed and the case submitted. Under such circumstances, we doubt if the question is before us. The time to raise the question was when appellants pleaded to the complaint, and could then have been raised by demurrer, or by objection when the evidence was offered, or by motion to strike it out on the ground that it had not been supplemented by proof of the reasonableness of the expenditures. Had either of these courses been taken, the appellee would have been in a position to have offered proof on the subject, and the court would have been in a position to have passed upon the question of whether the reasonableness of the expenditures should be shown and whether it was, in fact, shown.
Assuming, however, that the question is before us, we do not see how appellants can prevail. It appears from the opinion of the court in this record that he presided at the trial of the criminal case. He thereby, as judge of the court, acquired knowledge of the fact that the attorneys, to whom the money was paid by appellee, defended him in that trial. It appears in evidence in this case that appellee paid his attorneys $160 for defending him in the criminal case before the district court, which was upon indictment for a felony and a contested case before a jury. Assuming, but not deciding, that the judge might not bring into this case the knowledge which he acquired as the presiding judge in the criminal trial, we still have the proof before him that appellee paid his attorneys $160 to defend him, and paid $9.50 for various bonds required of him, and expended $3 for taxi hire in going to and from the courts, making in all $172.50, thus accounting for the total allowance of $195, except the *Page 334 sum of $22.50. This latter sum probably is a part of the $25 paid for attorneys' fees in the court of the justice of the peace, of which the judge had no knowledge further than the evidence that the appellee had paid it. Counsel for appellant vigorously argue that the court, while it has power to allow, without evidence, attorneys' fees for services rendered in the case then before the court, has no power to so allow them for services performed in another case, without proof of the character of the service, and its value. This is probably true in the ordinary case, at least so far as the character of the services is concerned. But this case is rather unusual. In the first place, it was tried to the court without a jury. In case of jury trials, there must be proof of the character of the services, and proof of the reasonable value of the same, because the jury has no standard, without proof, with which to measure the value as an element of damages. But in a case of this kind, tried to the court as this was it being shown what the prosecution was, and the course it took, the mere proof that the attorneys defended the appellee is a sufficient characterization of the services. Every lawyer knows that a mere employment of two attorneys in good standing to defend a man charged with a felony, regardless of the amount of work required in conducting his defense before a trial jury, is worth more than $160. Of course, where the service is long drawn out, covering a multitude of items, and where the allowance is large, evidence of the character and extent of the service and its value ought, perhaps, to be required, except where the service is performed under the eye of the court. But not so where the mere statement of the fact of services proves its value up to the amount of the allowance, as in this case, both as to the fee in the justice's court and the district court. Counsel for appellants admit that proof of payment is some evidence of the value of the services, as claimed by counsel for appellee; but they deny the application of the principle in this case because the character of the service is not shown. In this they are in error, *Page 335 as before seen, because the fact of service sufficiently shows its character. Upon the subject of proof of payment being some evidence of value, see Carnego v. Crescent Coal Co.,164 Iowa, 552, 146 N.W. 38, Ann. Cas. 1916D, 794 and note. We do not commit the court on this proposition, but merely apply the principle in view of the admission in the briefs. We do not desire to be understood as departing from any of the well-established principles in regard to the power of the court in matters of this kind. We simply hold that this case is exceptional in character, and that there was no error on the part of the court under the circumstances in allowing the $195 as an element of damages in the case.
[3] 3. The complaint was framed, and the cause was tried, upon the theory that the criminal prosecution of the appellee was the result of a conspiracy between all of the appellants. The theory of the appellee was that all three of the appellants conspired to assault him, which assault was effectuated by one of the appellants; the others being present, aiding and abetting him. The theory was, further, that appellants, after the assault, conspired to falsely prosecute appellee for the crime of assault with a deadly weapon, alleged to have been committed by appellee during the first controversy. There is doubtless sufficient evidence to establish the conspiracy to assault the appellee. Appellants were present at the home of appellee, dropping in, one at a time, without any apparent reason, and all participating in the assault, according to appellee's evidence. The evidence of conspiracy to maliciously and falsely prosecute the appellee is not quite so clear. All three appellants left together in an automobile after the assault upon appellee. One of the appellants, the same day, made the complaint in the criminal case before the justice of the peace, and all three testified before the justice, and afterwards before the district court, to the assault with a deadly weapon, falsely as the court found. Just how the two appellants came to testify in the two courts, whether they volunteered or were brought in *Page 336 by process, does not appear. They are not shown to have counseled or abetted the institution of the prosecution, or to have participated in a common design to carry forward the same, by any direct evidence. Of course, evidence of conspiracy need not be direct; the same being susceptible of proof circumstantially. In this case, the court saw and heard the witnesses and became convinced that all three appellants participated in the common design and purpose, and committed acts in futherance thereof, and we are not prepared to say that there was no evidence to support his conclusions, although, as above stated, it is not as clear as it might be on this subject.
It follows from all of the foregoing that the judgment is excessive in the sum of $100, and should be modified to that extent, and, as so modified, should be affirmed, and the cause remanded with directions to so modify the same, and it is so ordered.
BOTTS and FORT, JJ., concur.
On Motion to Modify Judgment.