This action was brought to recover the value of granite block pavement laid between and for one foot outside the rails of defendant's tracks in 138th street, New York, at the same time that the rest of said street was being paved with said material, the defendant having failed to so pave its tracks in accordance with the demand of the plaintiff.
The learned Appellate Division, in reversing the determination of the trial court, held that the defendant was under obligation to lay a trap rock pavement in the place specified by virtue of a condition contained in the permit granted by the municipal authorities to lay its tracks in said street, and that by virtue of such liability the plaintiff was entitled to recover upon the entire cost of laying the granite block pavement what it would have cost the defendant to lay a trap rock pavement.
We agree with the Appellate Division that it was error to direct a verdict in favor of the defendant and that a new trial was properly granted, but upon somewhat different grounds than were adopted by that learned court.
The defendant was incorporated under chapter 361 of the Laws of 1863. Chapter 553 of the Laws of 1874, by amendment to section 8 of the original act of incorporation, authorized the defendant to lay its tracks in the street in question.
Chapter 658 of the Laws of 1871 amended section 3 of the original statute of incorporation so as to read as follows:
"§ 3. * * * the said grantees or their successors shall keep the surface of the street inside the rails and for one foot outside thereof, in good and proper order and repair, and conform the tracks to the grades of the streets or avenues as they now are or may hereafter be changed by the authorities of the aforesaid towns." *Page 307
The amendatory statute permitting it to construct its tracks in the street in question contained no provision upon the subject of repairs or repaving, from which it is argued that the defendant is exempt as to such extension from the obligations contained in the provisions of the original act, as amended, upon that subject. We do not, however, agree with this contention, but think it very clear that when defendant was authorized to construct the extension in question by an amendment of a section of the original act such extension was subject to the obligations contained in such original act as amended.
In 1888-9 the municipal authorities of New York took proper proceedings and entered into a contract for paving the street where defendant's tracks lay with granite block pavement. Prior to that time there had been no complete or actual pavement of the street in any manner, but the same was substantially a dirt road. In some places a species of incomplete macadam had been laid, but only to the extent of filling up uneven spots in the road, and at the time in question the evidence shows quite conclusively that the street, and especially between the tracks of defendant's road, was soft and uneven and not in good repair or in good order.
The municipality served upon defendant a proper notice requiring it to pave, basing such notice and its complaint herein upon the obligations contained in section 3 of the statute incorporating it, as amended by the act of 1871, heretofore referred to, and the specific question, therefore, presented is whether the obligation resting upon the defendant to keep the space inside and outside its rails "in good and proper order and repair," etc., compelled it, under the circumstances, upon the requirement of the city, to lay a granite block pavement, and this question we have concluded to answer in the affirmative.
While it may be admitted that the decisions and authorities are not uniform, either within this state or outside of it, upon the question whether such an obligation requires a railroad company to lay a new pavement, as distinguished from merely *Page 308 repairing an old one, we think that the controlling ones in this state decide such proposition in the affirmative.
In Conway v. City of Rochester (157 N.Y. 33) the question was directly involved whether the Rochester Railway Company could be compelled to repave its tracks with asphalt in connection with the repaving of the remainder of the street with that material under the direction of the municipal authorities, there previously having been there a macadam or entirely different kind of pavement. The obligation so to do in that case rested, if at all, upon the provisions of section 98 of the Railroad Law (Laws 1890, chap. 565, as amended) imposing upon every street surface railroad company operating its tracks in a city or village street to "have and keep in permanent repair that portion of such street, avenue or public place between its tracks, the rails of its tracks, and two feet in width outside of its tracks, under the supervision of the proper local authorities, and whenever required by them to do so, and in such manner as they may prescribe." It was held that this obligation, under the circumstances stated, did require the railroad company to repave with an entirely new material. The court say (page 39): "The local authorities may determine when and how the street shall be repaired, but when that is done the statute steps in and says the railroad company is to do the work. * * * Our examination of the statute then leads to the conclusion that under section 98 of the Railroad Act it became and was the duty of the Rochester Railway Company to keep in permanent repair such portion of the street through which it passed as was within its tracks, and two feet in width outside, and that the local authorities of that city were vested with the authority of determining when the repairs should be made, and thus empowered, the local authorities did determine that repairs should be made and the character of them. They decided that the entire street should be repaved and that the material to be used should be asphalt. This they had the right to do, and when this determination was made the statute intervened and commanded that the Rochester Railway Company should make *Page 309 the repairs thus ordered under the supervision of the local authorities."
We regard the obligations imposed upon the defendant in this case quite as broad as those which were outlined in the statute last referred to. In the place of a requirement "to have and keep in permanent repair * * * under the supervision of the proper local authorities, and whenever required by them to do so," we have the provision compelling the defendant here to keep "in good and proper order and repair and conform the tracks," etc. While this statute does not itself specify, as in the case of the Railroad Law, that this shall be done under the supervision of the municipal authorities and in accordance with their specifications, that necessarily follows from the general duties and powers conferred upon such authorities by law. Therefore, when the proper authorities, in view of the condition of the street as shown to exist, decided that a granite block pavement should be laid, we think that the requirement for repairing and keeping in good order compelled the defendant to co-operate with the city and put the space between its rails in the same condition as the rest of the street, even though that necessitated the laying of a new pavement.
It has been held elsewhere by this court that an obligation, couched in substantially similar language resting upon a railroad company, will compel it under proper conditions to lay a new kind of pavement. In Village of Mechanicville v. Stillwater M.St. Ry. Co. (35 Misc. Rep. 513; affirmed, 174 N.Y. 507) it was held that a provision in defendant's franchise containing a requirement that the space between the rails, etc., should be paved by the railroad company with "small stone" and "that the same should at all times be kept in good condition," authorized the village to compel the railroad company to repave with vitrified paving brick, and in Binninger v. City of New York (177 N.Y. 199, 212-214) the discussion extended to the subject of laying new pavements as distinguished from merely repairing old ones under obligations such as we have been discussing, and the views in such discussion *Page 310 expressed by the majority of the court confirm the decisions already cited.
We, therefore, regard it as settled by controlling authority in this state that the plaintiff was entitled to require of the defendant to lay in its tracks granite pavement, and we find no difficulty in following such adjudication. The question of what shall constitute keeping a pavement in the tracks of a railroad company in good order and repair is to be determined somewhat at least by reference to existing and surrounding conditions, and in our judgment it would be altogether too narrow a view to hold that where a municipality had for sufficient reason decided to pave a street with asphalt or other new pavement a railroad might discharge its obligations to keep its part of the street in good order and repair by merely patching up a dirt road or some species of pavement which had become antiquated and out of condition and which was entirely different from that adopted in the remainder of the street.
These views render it unnecessary for us to consider or accept the somewhat narrower view of a special contract upon which the Appellate Division placed its decision of reversal.
The order should be affirmed and judgment absolute ordered against defendant on the stipulation, with costs in all courts.
CULLEN, Ch. J., EDWARD T. BARTLETT, HAIGHT, VANN and CHASE, JJ., concur; GRAY, J., absent.
Order affirmed, etc.