In 1926 the defendant A.B.L. Holding Co., Inc., hereinafter called the corporation, took a deed of certain real property and as part payment gave at the direction of the vendor a purchase-money bond and mortgage to the plaintiff. The bond and mortgage matured on September 3, 1928, and a default occurred. *Page 238 Foreclosure followed resulting in the entry of a deficiency judgment against the corporation. In July and August, 1928, the corporation stripped itself of all property, real and personal, of which it was the apparent owner, except the mortgaged parcel above mentioned, and the cash in its bank account. The latter item was transferred later but before the entry of the deficiency judgment. The transferees were the defendants Solon B. Lilienstern and Anna Beringer, who were the corporation's only stockholders, and the defendant Rae A. Lilienstern, who was the wife of Solon. In an attempt to set aside the transfers and to subject the transferred property to the payment of his judgment, plaintiff has thus far been unsuccessful. It has been found that the two stockholders were the actual owners of the transferred property and hence that no wrong was committed when the semblance of ownership was made to conform to actuality. The corporation, it is said, in all of its varied activities, was merely the agent — gratuitous and unrecompensed — of its two stockholders. Any benefit resulting from those activities, we are told, rightly flowed to the stockholders; liability, divorced from the means of meeting it, was the sole portion of the corporation.
This, we think, pushes the theory of dual personality too far. It is true that the law permits individuals to incorporate their business as a cover and for the very purpose of escaping personal liability; but the business so incorporated must be carried on by the corporation, not by individuals; and its profits must be available to meet liabilities, before the individuals may share. "The corporation exists for the legitimate convenience of the stockholders, not as a mere mask for their personal acts and responsibilities." (Halsted v. Globe Indemnity Co., 258 N.Y. 176,179.) Tested by this broad rule alone, the judgment below, however ingeniously defended, is wrong. We proceed, however, to consider the defense.
In 1916 the corporation was organized, with an authorized *Page 239 and paid-in capital of $5,000. Solon B. Lilienstern and one Max Beringer were the sole stockholders with an equal number of shares. Lilienstern was president, a clerk in Lilienstern's office was vice-president and Beringer was secretary and treasurer. Lilienstern, Beringer and, presumably, the clerk were directors. There is a finding that the corporation was organized by Lilienstern and Beringer for the purpose of holding as their agent the record title of real property purchased and paid for by them, and of executing and delivering bonds and mortgages in connection with such purchases, and of holding purchase-money bonds and mortgages given when any property was sold. That perhaps states the purpose of Lilienstern and Beringer. What the purposes and objects of the corporation were do not appear. The certificate of incorporation is not in evidence. The corporation did over a period of ten or twelve years take and hold the title to many properties; it gave deeds of those properties when sold; it executed and delivered bonds and mortgages; it took and held purchase-money mortgages. All those transactions were in its own corporate name. It did not purport to act as agent. There is no evidence that it did act as agent beyond the insufficient fact that all the money used in its business over and above its capital of $5,000 was furnished by Lilienstern and Beringer in proportion to their stockholdings. All rents were collected and retained by Lilienstern and Beringer, who had periodical accountings between themselves. There is also a finding that there was an agreement between the corporation and its two stockholders that the corporation should hold all property as their agent and for their use and benefit, and should, upon demand, transfer such property to them, or their legal representatives or assigns. There was no written agreement and no evidence of an oral agreement unless it can be inferred from the facts above stated. Lilienstern and Beringer no doubt understood (and with some reason since they alone controlled *Page 240 the corporation) that the property could and would be transferred to themselves whenever exigency demanded it. That falls somewhat short of being an agreement with the corporation. Max Beringer died in May, 1928, and his interests passed to his wife, the defendant Anna Beringer. Until the spring of 1928 the corporation had no bank account. When the property was transferred from the corporation to the stockholders the corporation was paid no money or other thing of value.
The argument for respondents is two-fold: First, admitting that plaintiff could have the relief sought had he accepted the bond and mortgage of the corporation in justifiable reliance upon its apparent ownership, the evidence, it is said, shows conclusively that he did not do so. The evidence referred to is found in the short contract of sale and purchase pursuant to which the mortgage was given. The corporation was the vendee named therein and it was provided that $10,500 of the purchase price was to be paid "by the vendee or assigns executing and delivering to the vendor its bond and purchase-money mortgage." That plaintiff did not rely on the obligation of the bond, because it might have been executed by an assignee, does not follow. As originally drawn, the contract named Max Beringer as vendee. Before execution the name of the corporation was written in. The corporation in fact executed it and there is evidence that plaintiff was informed by Lilienstern and Beringer that the corporation had property of the value of at least $150,000.
The other phase of respondent's argument is that the Real Property Law (Cons. Laws, ch. 50), section 94, has no application to the transactions between the corporation and the individual defendants. That statute was intended to prevent a person from concealing a real ownership under an assumed name, while reaping all the benefits of ownership. (Siemon v. Schurck, 29 N.Y. 598,610.) Its effect is to cut off all interest in the person paying the consideration. *Page 241 (Garfield v. Hatmaker, 15 N.Y. 475; Siemon v. Schurck,supra; Ocean National Bank v. Olcott, 46 N.Y. 12; Hegstad v.Wysiecki, 178 App. Div. 733.) If there is an agreement in writing by the person taking title amounting to a declaration that he holds merely for the use of the person furnishing the consideration and will convey upon demand, the case falls under the Real Property Law, sections 92 and 93. The title automatically vests in the actual owner. (Cf. Bing v. People,254 N.Y. 484.) Where the declaration is oral, enforcement as between the immediate parties meets not only the obstacle of the Real Property Law, section 94, but also of the Statute of Frauds, Real Property Law, section 242. The latter may be overcome "where a confidential relation would be abused if there were repudiation, without redress" (Foreman v. Foreman, 251 N.Y. 237,240); or, what is perhaps the same thing, where there has been part performance by unequivocal acts clearly referable to the agreement. (McKinley v. Hessen, 202 N.Y. 24.) The barrier of section 94, as between the immediate parties, may be passed when substantially the same facts exist. "The statute has no effect, however, on trusts constructively imposed as a consequence not of payment alone, but of payment in combination with other or extrinsic equities." (Foreman v. Foreman,supra, p. 241, 242.) That is a "field uncovered by the statute." (Id.) In that field the respondents say they stand. We think not. The mere fact that the creature corporation transferred the property at the behest of its creators and masters does not, as against plaintiff, obviate the necessity of proving that the transfer was in fulfillment of an agreement to do so. The most important of those "other or extrinsic equities" upon which respondent's case must rest are the words of promise. There is no evidence that such words were ever uttered. The acts of the respondents are not so clear, certain and definite *Page 242 in their object and design as to refer exclusively to a complete and perfect agreement, of which they are a part execution. (Wheeler v. Reynolds, 66 N.Y. 227, 231.) The acts here could and would have been exactly the same had there been no agreement. But even though the extrinsic equities which prevail between the immediate parties to such transactions were proved here, they would have to be weighed against the equities of plaintiff; and the result would be the same. (Cf. Hegstad v. Wysiecki, supra;Flaum v. Kaiser Bros. Co., 66 Misc. Rep. 586; affd., 144 App. Div. 897. )
It remains to deal briefly with the case of Bing v. People (254 N.Y. 484), upon the authority of which the decision in the Appellate Division herein is rested. The distinction is clear. The Glenbrook Company which there held the record title held it as a mere depositary. It was organized for that purpose. That was its authorized business. For doing that it was paid. Its function was passive, not active. It had none of its own funds invested in the property. The claim of no creditor arose by its act. The actual owners were not its stockholders, but third parties. The agreement under which it held was in writing. By reason of the nature of that agreement, it took no estate, legal or equitable, under the applicable statute. The facts in no respect brought it within the scope of the Real Property Law, section 94. The principle of that case has no relevancy directly or argumentatively under the facts here.
The judgments should be reversed and judgment directed for the plaintiff for the relief asked for in the complaint, with costs in all courts.
POUND, Ch. J., CRANE, LEHMAN, KELLOGG, O'BRIEN and HUBBS, JJ., concur.
Judgment accordingly. *Page 243