Two points are made, on the part of the plaintiff in error, on which it is claimed, that the judgment of the Supreme Court should be reversed in this case. First: That the Supreme Court had no legal authority for examining and reversing the decision of the District Court, upon its merits. And, secondly, if it had, the conclusion it arrived at, was erroneous. The first of these objections, is answered by the language of the statute itself, which provides, that the Supreme Court may award a writ of certiorari in these cases, "for the purpose of examining any adjudication," made upon the application of the landlord. (2 R.S., 533, § 47.) Under this provision of the statute, every adjudication made upon the application, and in the course of the proceeding following it, may be properly made the subject of review by the appellate tribunal. Practical effect can be given to the express terms of the statute in no other way. And no other construction of them would be consistent with an enlightened system of jurisprudence. This was, in substance, the conclusion maintained by the Court of Errors, in Anderson v. Prindle (23 Wend., 616, 618); Niblo v. Post's Adm'rs (25 Wend., 280), and by this court in Morewood v. Hollister (2 Seld., 309.) And as so construed, it extends the power of the *Page 107 court but little beyond that applied to the review of proceedings brought before it under a common law certiorari. (Mullins v.People, 24 N.Y., 399, 402-4; Swift v. City of Poughkeepsie,37 N.Y., 516). Even in those cases, the court may properly reverse, where the evidence, which is required to be contained in the record, is so deficient, as to leave the charge, that formed the subject of the proceeding, substantially unsupported. The first objection urged against the judgment of the General Term, within these authorities and the plain terms of the statute, is, therefore, untenable, and should be overruled.
The second objection can only be disposed of by examining the evidence given upon the trial of the traverse before the District Court. The issue, formed by the affidavits, presented the question, whether the defendant in error was, in any proper sense, the tenant of the plaintiff in error. It was insisted that he was such tenant, by reason of his being the under tenant, or assignee, of Anthony Thornton. The only witness examined upon this subject, before the District Court, on the part of the plaintiff in error, was William Dunning, who proved that Thornton took a lease of him, as the agent of the plaintiff in error, for the occupation of the premises in question, for the period of one year, commencing on the 1st day of May, 1862. This lease bears date the 31st day of July, 1862, and in the affidavit of Dunning, on which the summons to show cause was issued, it is stated to have been executed on that day, and this was not denied by the affidavit of the defendant in error. This witness testified, that Thornton went into possession of the premises under that lease, and paid rent to him, as the agent of the plaintiff in error. Thornton continued in possession until the last day of April, 1863, when he delivered the premises to the defendant in error, and he at once entered into the possession of them. On the next day, the agent, according to his testimony, called upon him, and was then informed by him that he had the possession under Thornton's authority, and was entitled to keep possession under that, until noon of that day. This was substantially *Page 108 the case, as it was made out by the evidence on the part of the plaintiff in error, with the additional circumstance stated by the defendant in error, showing the time and manner in which he procured possession.
For the purpose of establishing the fact, that he did not go into possession at that time, as a tenant, the defendant in error proved, that he first acquired possession of the premises, in April, 1861, under a contract for their purchase, made with him by Philo Beebe Brother, on the 11th day of June, 1860; and on the 16th day of October, 1861, he leased them to Anthony Thornton, for the term of six months, commencing the first day of the following November. Whether Thornton took possession, under this lease, is not expressly made to appear, but it may fairly be inferred that he did, from the fact of hiring, as nothing inconsistent with it was proved or claimed. On the 29th day of April, 1862, Thornton took another lease from the defendant in error, for the term of one year, commencing on the first day of the following month of May. And he testified that, Thornton was in possession, under that lease, on the 31st day of July, 1862, when the lease was taken, by him, from the plaintiff in error. This fact was not expressly denied or controverted by the agent, and witness, Dunning. He did not testify, that Thornton yielded up or surrendered his possession, on that day, or that anything occurred, from which it could be inferred that he was out of possession, when he accepted the lease from the plaintiff in error. He merely stated, that Thornton went into possession under that lease, by which he undoubtedly intended to be understood, that Thornton received possession from that time, by the acceptance of the lease, on that day. No pretense was made that Thornton was out of possession, up to that time, and it may fairly be inferred, as the premises were rented for a dwelling, and were adapted to that use, that he had been in possession from the first of the preceding November, when the first lease taken by him went into effect. If this view of the facts proved, be correct, there was no conflict in the evidence *Page 109 given by the witnesses, on this subject. And it must consequently be assumed, that there was neither a surrender, nor an ouster, when Thornton took the lease, which was made on the 31st of July, 1862. If there were not, then it could not have been true, that Thornton went into possession under that lease. This was a matter of fact, to be established by evidence, and, under the circumstances, if it could have been proved at all, it should have been done by the party, who claimed that to be the truth; not merely by a general statement, that such was the case, but by legal proof of such facts as, in judgment of law, would have been sufficient for that purpose. Even that proof might not have been sufficient to have justified the lessee in attorning to the plaintiff in error, who was a stranger to the tenancy. But, certainly, without it, the acceptance of the lease, from the plaintiff in error, by Thornton, could work no legal change in his relations, as a tenant to the defendant in error. For then it would be nothing less than an attornment to a stranger, which, by the statute of this State, was absolutely void. (1 R.S., 744, § 3.)
But even if Thornton had abandoned possession temporarily, and, during that time, had accepted the lease of the 31st of July, 1862, it could not have produced any substantial difference in the relation of the defendant in error to the premises, after possession was yielded to him, on the last day of April, 1863. For it was not shown, that he had any knowledge or information of either of those circumstances, at the time he received the premises of Thornton. When, therefore, he accepted them, as it was shown he did on that day, he could not have intended to receive them under the lease of the 31st of July. On the contrary, as it was not shown, that he knew anything of that lease, the presumption must be, that he accepted the premises as a surrender of the tenancy, previously created by the lease executed by himself, on the 29th of April, 1862. The defendant in error testified, that he did not know, that Thornton was dispossessed; and nothing was shown in any way contradicting this statement. As *Page 110 there was not, and no proof was given in any manner tending to establish the conclusion, that he knew that Thornton had accepted a lease from the plaintiff in error, as to the defendant in error, that lease was entirely inoperative. It had no legal force as to him, and Thornton, by his relations to him, was disabled from giving it such force as would, in any manner, create the legal relation of landlord and tenant between him and the plaintiff in error. If it had been shown that the defendant in error had acquired knowledge of the acceptance of the lease of the 31st of July, 1862, by Thornton, his tenant, and that he had approved and confirmed the act, and then himself accepted possession under it, the case would have been different. But, as to this vital circumstance, no evidence was given before the District Court, which it can, with any propriety, be affirmed, satisfactorily tended to establish it. The reply made to the agent, that he had possession under the tenant Thornton's authority, and was entitled to keep it until twelve o'clock at noon, is not sufficient for that purpose. Because it does not show, and no evidence was given showing, that he understood that Thornton claimed to hold the premises under a lease given to him by the plaintiff in error, or under any title or authority different from that contained in his older lease of the 29th of April, 1862. The omission of Thornton to pay rent to the defendant in error, does not relieve the case of its difficulty in this respect. For no proof was given, showing that the defendant was, at any time, informed, that the omission was in any manner connected with the lease taken by his tenant from the plaintiff in error.
Aside from this interference with the tenant, no evidence was given, that the plaintiff in error had any right, or interest, in the premises in controversy. And as none accrued to him by that act, which now appears to have been that of a simple wrongdoer, it is manifest that the decision of the District Court was erroneous, and it was, therefore, properly reversed by the Supreme Court. The judgment of that court should be affirmed, and the restitution awarded by it carried into execution. *Page 111