[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 162 [EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 164 The judgment of affirmance by the Appellate Division was not unanimous, but as there is sufficient evidence to sustain the decision of the trial court, the only questions before us for review arise upon the exceptions taken at the trial.
It is claimed by the defendants that the trial court erred in refusing to dismiss the complaint, because the plaintiff has no right to maintain this action in his individual capacity. To understand this point we must briefly consider certain facts connected with the history of plaintiff's title. In May, 1872, the premises in question were purchased by the Western Union Telegraph Company. On June 4th, 1888, the Western Union Telegraph Company conveyed the property to one George W. Tubbs by a deed which contained the following reservation: "The party of the first part hereto reserves all claim or right of action against the Metropolitan and Manhattan Elevated Railroad Companies, or either of them, for any and *Page 165 all injury done to the aforesaid property, or to the value or use thereof in the past, or present, or future, by reason of the construction of the elevated railroad in front of the said premises as they are now constructed and operated." On the same day said Tubbs and wife conveyed said premises to J.M. and L.N. Levy. On September 26th, 1888, the Messrs. Levy conveyed the property to Allen Mitchell, who, on June 17th, 1889, reconveyed to the Messrs. Levy. On March 29th, 1889, the Messrs. Levy conveyed to the plaintiff by a deed which contained the following reference to the reservation clause above mentioned, "damages to said premises arising by reason of the elevated railroad as now constructed, operated in front of said premises, have been reserved to the Western Union Telegraph Company, a former owner." It was upon this state of facts that the defendants predicated their motion to dismiss the complaint upon the ground that the plaintiff had no right to maintain this action in his individual capacity.
The question whether the right to damages against the elevated railroad companies can be reserved to the grantor thereof has been before this court in several cases, and has been decided adversely to the contention of the defendants in this case. InPegram v. N.Y. Elevated R.R. Co. (147 N.Y. 146) this court held that the plaintiffs, who had parted with their titlependente lite, were not entitled to equitable relief by way of injunction, because in fact they had no rights which the defendants could injure, or which an injunction could protect, and that the reservation clause in the deed of conveyance, which was similar to the one before us, was ineffectual to continue in the plaintiffs the right to such relief. In that case this court said, "if it could be assumed that the language of the reservation in the deed was sufficient to assign easements appurtenant to the property, such assignment would be absolutely ineffectual. The easements of an abutting owner in the street, which are invaded by the construction, maintenance and operation of an elevated railway, are appurtenant to his premises." InKernochan v. N.Y.E.R. *Page 166 R. Co. (128 N.Y. 568), this court held that the easements of an abutting owner invaded are appurtenant to his premises, and, in the nature of things, they are indissolubly annexed thereto until extinguished by release or otherwise. They are incapable of a distinct and separate ownership. The owner of a lot cannot reserve them upon a sale, and they must of necessity pass as appurtenant to the premises, and with them passes to the purchaser also the right to any remedy for their invasion. InPappenheim v. M.E. Ry. Co. (128 N.Y. 453) it was held that the right of action with respect to the damage inheres in the owner and possessor of the land, and it is by reason of such ownership and possession that the right of action accrues. InFoote v. M.E. Ry. Co. (147 N.Y. 374) there was an agreement, not included in the deed, whereby the right to damages against the elevated railroad company was reserved to the grantor, and again this court said: "It is not really disputed that the agreement was ineffectual to reserve the easements in the street. They were appurtenant to the abutting property; were incapable of being separated therefrom, and passed, upon a sale thereof, to the purchaser with the right to any remedy for any invasion thereof." It is, therefore, quite clear that the reservation to the Western Union Telegraph Company of all claims for damages, or rights of action, against the elevated railroad companies was not effectual to deprive the plaintiff, as owner of the premises, of the right to claim such damages and maintain such actions.
The appellants further claim that the trial court erred in excluding evidence tending to show the meaning and effect of the reservation clause in the plaintiff's deed. Tubbs, the grantee under the deed from the Western Union Telegraph Company, was asked: "Q. Did you intend to purchase any easement occupied by the Elevated Railroad, or any claims or rights of action against the Elevated Railroad Company?" This was objected to as immaterial, irrelevant and incompetent. The objection was sustained and defendants' counsel excepted. Questions of similar import were asked of the *Page 167 witnesses Levy and Eddy, and the same rulings were made. There being no dispute, either as to the terms of the reservation, or the intent of the parties, the evidence sought to be elicited by the defendants upon this branch of the case was clearly irrelevant and incompetent. Under the decisions of this court above referred to, this evidence was incompetent and immaterial even though it were the fact that in the conveyance from the Western Union Telegraph Company to Tubbs there was a reduction in the price of the premises to compensate the grantee for the invasion of his easements and for loss in the use of the property. The evidence was properly excluded.
The appellants further contend that the trial court erred to their prejudice in admitting incompetent evidence. Plaintiff's expert Plass was asked this question: Q. "From Liberty street south, and for two or three blocks, and from Greenwich Street on the west and Pearl Street on the east, but off from the Elevated Railroad, what has been the course of values?" This was objected to and the plaintiff's counsel asked this further question: Q. "In that locality has there been any general course of things as to fee value, if so, what?" A. "Yes, sir." Q. "What has it been?" Defendants' counsel objected to this on the ground that it covered a very large section of the city; that the course of values was different in different localities, and that the question should be directed to some particular street or part of a particular street. The objection was overruled and defendants' counsel excepted. The same course was pursued in the examination of plaintiff's expert Golding. No error seems to have been committed in this behalf. The evils condemned in Jamieson v.K. Co. E. Ry. Co. (147 N.Y. 325) were distinctly avoided. Instead of attempting to prove the effect of the road in diminishing values upon specific pieces of property, the plaintiff confined himself strictly to proof of the general course and current of values, that being the rule laid down in the case last cited. There was no error in this ruling. Again, the plaintiff's expert Plass, after having testified at length as to the course *Page 168 of values on the streets occupied by the elevated railroad south of Liberty street, and within the district to which reference had been made, was asked the following question: "Q. State the particulars, limits, amounts — what percentage downward in the rents and what in fee values?" Defendants' counsel objected to this question as incompetent, irrelevant, immaterial and inadmissible, and too general and indefinite and remote to the subject-matter of the inquiry, and also as raising collateral issues and speculative. This objection was overruled and defendants' counsel excepted. The witness answered, A. "There is no regular percentage, it varies in different streets. Pearl street is one percentage downward, and in different parts of Pearl Street even it is different, and in different parts of Greenwich Street it is different." It is difficult to see how any error was committed in this ruling. But even assuming that any of the rules laid down in this class of cases were violated, it is obvious that the answer was so general and indefinite that it could not possibly have influenced the result. The expert Plass had also testified at length regarding the uses of property in the localities embraced in the hypothetical question, and then proceeded to state that the buildings north, south, east and west of Trinity place were used considerably for tenement houses, cheap lunch rooms, lager-beer saloons, gents' furnishing goods stores and cigar stores. He then asked this question: Q. "How does that compare with the uses on the next streets to the east where there is no Elevated Railroad — the next streets — what are the uses in localities directly opposite of these, next adjoining streets to the east?" Defendants' counsel objected to this question as immaterial, irrelevant, incompetent and inadmissible, as introducing collateral issues, and on the ground that the occupation of the street for business affords no basis for either injunction or damages. The objection was overruled and the witness answered: A. "The streets immediately to the east of Trinity Place are used for office buildings principally of the best quality. Next east to us is the American Surety Company, 20 stories, directly opposite Trinity Churchyard, and the United Bank *Page 169 Building, and a little north the Equitable Life." A reference to the testimony of this witness discloses that his valuations were based, not alone upon comparisons with the property to the east of Trinity place, but upon property to the west thereof. The mere fact that the property referred to in this question was of a much better character than plaintiff's property was not sufficient to exclude it as one of the elements which could properly be considered in determining the extent of the injury to the plaintiff's property by the elevated railroads. The case abounds in objections and exceptions, but we have discovered none which requires a reversal of this judgment.
In conclusion, it may be added that while the judgment is large the conditions are unique. Trinity place is eighty feet wide. It is covered from curb to curb with defendants' elevated structure, and that part of the street adjacent to the plaintiff's premises is used as a down-town switching yard where trains are made up. In consequence of these conditions, the plaintiff's premises were subjected to a much greater burden than that which is incident to the ordinary elevated railroad structure and the mere passage of trains. The record also discloses that in some of the years for which a recovery for rental damages was had the plaintiff received no rent whatever, while in other years the rent received was insufficient to pay the taxes and fixed charges upon the property. The plaintiff has a frontage of one hundred and five feet on Trinity place, and the natural advantage which his property has by reason of overlooking Trinity churchyard to Broadway, is largely neutralized by the continuous operation of defendants' railroad in front of the premises, not only in the regular passage of trains, but in the traffic incident to switching and making up trains.
The judgment of the court below should be affirmed, with costs.
PARKER, Ch. J., GRAY, O'BRIEN, HAIGHT, LANDON and CULLEN, JJ., concur.
Judgment affirmed. *Page 170