The order from which this appeal is taken dismissed an application by the petitioner to the surrogate to compel an administrator to account after he had been discharged and after he had already distributed all the estate under and in obedience to an order or decree of the surrogate directing such distribution. The petitioner claims that the former decree directed distribution to the wrong parties and that he is, in fact, the sole next of kin of the deceased who was entitled to the estate. It is important to note at the outset that the order of the surrogate dismissing the application does not state whether it was dismissed for want of power to entertain the proceeding or in the exercise of discretion.
On the 24th of August, 1898, one Mary Killan died, intestate, in the city of Rochester, leaving personal propery of the value of about fifteen hundred dollars. One Miles T. O'Reilly, a creditor of the deceased, petitioned for letters of administration upon her estate, and they were granted to him by the surrogate of Monroe county. More than a year thereafter the administrator petitioned for a settlement of his accounts and the surrogate issued a citation directed to the next of kin and heirs at law, creditors and persons interested in the estate of the deceased to attend a judicial settlement of the administrator's accounts on the 30th day of December, 1899. The citation was duly served by publication, and on the return day thereof there appeared five persons who claimed to be cousins of the deceased and entitled to the distributive share of her estate. The administrator denied their relationship, whereupon an issue of fact was formed and tried, in which the surrogate adjudged and decreed that they were in fact cousins of the deceased, and the only heirs at law and next of kin living. He ordered the administrator to make distribution accordingly, which he did, and having filed his receipts with the surrogate a decree was entered discharging the administrator from his trust. It will be seen that this proceeding involved a decision of the issue of fact as to what persons constituted the sole next of kin of the deceased. The five cousins alleged that they were the sole next of kin and the *Page 562 administrator denied it. In determining the issue the surrogate decided that the five cousins were, in truth, the sole next of kin, and before he could reach that conclusion he had to determine that the deceased died leaving no parent, child, brother or sister, since the cousins could not be the sole next of kin if she had left any nearer relative. The surrogate had jurisdiction of the question to be decided. He had jurisdiction of the fund to be distributed. He had jurisdiction of the administrator and the five cousins; therefore, it would seem that his decree of distribution was made with perfect jurisdiction of the subject-matter and of the parties, and so long as that decree stands it is obviously a bar to this proceeding.
If, upon that hearing, the surrogate had found and adjudged that the deceased left a brother surviving, and that the present petitioner was that brother, and that as such he was the sole next of kin and entitled to have the estate distributed to him, no one, I think, can doubt that it would be a perfect judgment in his favor, available to him and good as against all the world until opened, reversed or set aside, although he was not a party; and for the plain reason that the court had power to make it, and if he had power to render a judgment in his favor he had the same power to render it against him and in favor of the five cousins, and the judgment has the same binding effect in the one case as in the other until vacated or reversed in some direct proceeding for that purpose.
About a year after the discharge of the administrator the petitioner, who signs his name as Martin Killeen, a different name from that of the deceased, and a resident of Ireland, filed a petition with the surrogate alleging that he was a brother of the intestate. His petition set forth the issuing of letters to the administrator, claimed that no account had been made and asked for a citation directing him to account. Thereupon a citation was issued directing the administrator to show cause why he should not render an account, and on the return day, January 23, 1901, the administrator filed an answer setting forth his accounting in the estate, the order *Page 563 of distribution, compliance with that order, the filing of receipts from the distributees and a decree of judicial settlement and discharge; he also denied Killeen's relationship with the deceased. An issue of fact was thus joined between the petitioner and the administrator, and the former was bound to show that he was, as he claimed to be, the brother of the deceased. The petitioner subsequently made application to the surrogate for a commission to take testimony in Ireland to establish his relationship, and a hearing was then had on the whole question with respect to the petitioner's right to an accounting. The surrogate denied his application for a commission to take testimony and also his application for an independent accounting, on the ground, among others stated in his opinion, that the relief to which he was entitled, if any, was to open the decree already entered, on notice given to the persons affected thereby, and the Appellate Division unanimously affirmed the order of the surrogate. The petitioner was not cited by name, and the surrogate found he was not a party to the prior proceedings in the Surrogate's Court, under which the estate was distributed and the administrator discharged, and his claim is that he has an absolute right to institute an independent proceeding against the administrator for an accounting in the same manner as if no accounting had ever been had, and the question involved in this case is whether the former decree of discharge does not protect the administrator against this proceeding and remit the petitioner to an application to open the decree or some other remedy. The contention in behalf of the petitioner is, that the former decree of distribution was absolutely void as to him, and of no more effect with reference to this proceeding than if it had never been made. This seems to me to be the radical and fundamental error that pervades the whole argument in support of this appeal. It is a general and universal rule that, where general jurisdiction is given to the Surrogate's Court over such a subject, and that jurisdiction depends in a particular case upon facts which must be brought before the court for its determination upon *Page 564 evidence, and where it is required to act upon such evidence, its decision upon the question of jurisdiction, as against all the world, is conclusive until reversed, revoked or vacated, so far as to protect its officers and all other innocent persons who acted upon the faith of it. It frequently happens that a surrogate makes an order or decree in which the wrong party is appointed, or administration is granted even in cases where the person alleged to be dead is still living, but as that court has jurisdiction to inquire with reference to all these facts, its orders and decrees have been held to be conclusive, even when infected with a radical error of fact, at least until revoked, vacated or set aside. (Kelly v. West, 80 N.Y. 139;Roderigas v. East River Sav. Inst., 63 N.Y. 460; Bolton v.Schriever, 135 N.Y. 65; Staples v. Fairchild, 3 N.Y. 41;Potter v. Ogden, 136 N.Y. 384; Porter v. Purdy, 29 N.Y. 106; Redf. Law Pr. of Sur. Ct. [5th ed.] 865.) In this case it is very clear that the surrogate had jurisdiction to decide as to what persons, as matter of fact, constituted the sole next of kin of the deceased and he did decide that the five cousins were, and involved in that decision is the finding that the deceased died leaving no parent, child, brother or sister, since the cousins could not be the sole next of kin if she died leaving any nearer relative. What the petitioner wants is an opportunity to retry that question. He claims that he has new evidence on the point which, if received, would show that the former finding of the surrogate in favor of the five cousins was an error of fact. He has a right to be heard and to give that evidence, but not in an independent proceeding which utterly ignores what had been decided before. The surrogate in deciding that the five cousins were the sole next of kin acted judicially, and his jurisdiction thus adjudged cannot be impeached collaterally. It can be attacked only directly in a proceeding for that purpose or by appeal. If it were otherwise and the petitioner were to succeed in his application for an independent accounting and establish his relationship as a brother of the deceased the effect would be to have two decrees of distribution in one estate to entirely *Page 565 different parties made by the same court. In this case we would have one decree directing distribution to be made to the five cousins and another decree made after the administrator had been discharged directing distribution to the petitioner. Moreover, if this proceeding can be entertained the administrator, although he has accounted and distributed the fund under the order of the surrogate, must again account and pay over again to the new claimant. But that is not all. If, after responding to that demand, another party should appear claiming that he was the husband of the deceased and as such entitled to the personal estate in preference to all other relatives and the claim should be entertained and established in an independent proceeding, the administrator would have to respond for a third time for the estate that came to his hands. Thus, the administrator would be compelled to litigate during his life with genuine or spurious claimants for an estate that he had once distributed under an order of the court that unquestionably had jurisdiction and whose decrees he was bound to obey.
The well-considered case of Exton v. Zule (14 N.J. Eq. 501) is identical in its facts with this case. There, as in this case, a new claimant without notice claimed that distribution of the estate was made to the wrong parties in disregard of his rights without notice of a hearing to him, and the court very properly said: "It may be true that neither the first nor the second set of claimants are the real next of kin of the intestate, and that the parties actually entitled are yet undiscovered. But this will not authorize the Orphan's Court, upon every new ray of light that may be received, to set aside their own decree lawfully made and compel the administrator to pay the estate over again to every new claimant. It is the duty of the court before the decree of distribution is made to see that the case is clearly proved. If there be reasonable room for doubt as to the rights of the parties the decree should be denied. When once made and not appealed from, it operates as an effectual shield to the administrator and protects him against all other claimants. If a party entitled to a *Page 566 distributive share is by the decree deprived of his rights without actual notice and without a hearing, his only remedy is against the distributees who have received the estate." (p. 514.)
I think this proceeding was not authorized by any law of this state and that the decisions of the courts below to that effect are clearly right. It is a case where the petitioner has mistaken his remedy. He has a right to open and intervene in the proceeding that resulted in a decree of distribution and the discharge of the administrator. There are other remedies to which the claimant could resort. By the provisions of the Code, section 2482, authority is conferred upon the surrogate "to open, vacate, modify or set aside, or to enter as of a former time a decree or order of his court * * * for newly-discovered evidence, clerical error or other sufficient cause." The petitioner could have invoked, and was bound to invoke, this power if he desired to be heard with respect to his claim. There is but one answer to this proposition, and that is that since it was in the discretion of the surrogate to grant or refuse such an application the claimant was not bound to resort to it. While some of the powers conferred upon the surrogate by this section undoubtedly are discretionary, the petitioner had the absolute right to intervene, and the surrogate had no discretion to refuse his application, since he claimed to own the estate and was deprived of his property by a decree to which he was not a party. It is quite conceivable that under our probate laws administration may be taken out upon the estate of a living person and his property distributed under a decree, but if that person, after the decree was entered, appeared before the Surrogate's Court with proof that he was the person alleged to be dead and whose property was distributed, demanding that the decree be opened or set aside, he would be entitled to a hearing and the relief as an absolute right. Any other view would lead to consequences most unjust and absurd. There are various analogous provisions of law on this subject which show that a party situated as this claimant is, or claims to be, has an absolute right to *Page 567 intervene. By section 445 of the Code, where service is made by publication and there is no appearance, it is provided that a party must be admitted to defend if he applies within seven years after the filing of the judgment roll where there has been no personal service upon him of a written notice of the entry of the judgment. The right secured by that section is not subject to discretion. (People v. Albany V.R.R. Co., 77 N.Y. 232;Earle v. Hart, 20 Hun, 75.) But even if it be true that the right to open the former decree and to be heard was subject to the discretion of the surrogate, that question has no application to this appeal, since the discretion was exercised in favor of the claimant and he was permitted to come in and try the question as a party to the first accounting; therefore, so far as this claimant is concerned, it is of no consequence whether the right which was conceded to him at the hearing was absolute or discretionary.
The surrogate, on the accounting, had an issue of fact to try, and that was whether the five cousins of the deceased to whom the estate was distributed were, in fact, the sole next of kin of the deceased. He found that they were, and, therefore, he necessarily found that the claimant is not her brother. Now, the fact may have been determined erroneously and against the truth, but it cannot be denied that the surrogate had complete jurisdiction of the question, and if there was any error at all in his decision it was an error of fact and the claimant had and still has an absolute right to appeal from that decision of the surrogate and from the decree of distribution either for an error of law or fact or both, and on the hearing of that appeal he has an absolute right to give proof to show that he is the sole next of kin and that the five cousins are not. (Code Civ. Pro. §§ 2568, 2569, 2576, 2586.) With these remedies open to the petitioner it is very difficult for me to see that the surrogate committed an error of law reviewable in this court for refusing to entertain this proceeding. The Supreme Court has concurrent jurisdiction of matters of accounting by administrators and the petitioner had a right to bring an action for that purpose. If that court had *Page 568 ordered distribution and discharged the administrator, as the surrogate did, no one, I think, would claim that the decree was void, or that the claimant, though not served, had any other remedy than to apply to open the decree and come in to defend and prove his claim. Nor could it be asserted that in such a case the right to defend might be refused in the exercise of discretion. There cannot be, in this respect, one law for the Supreme Court and another and different law for the Surrogate's Court. If the claimant could only apply to come in in case the accounting was had in the Supreme Court, he has no other remedy under the same circumstances where the accounting was in the Surrogate's Court, and certainly not the remedy sought in this proceeding.
The surrogate found that he issued and served a citation by publication on the creditors, heirs at law and next of kin of the deceased. At the request of the claimant he found that he was not cited or a party to the accounting. All that can be meant by this finding is a conclusion on the part of the surrogate that, since his name was not mentioned in the citation and since it was not addressed to him, he, therefore, was not a party and was not cited. The whole fabric of error in this case is built upon this slender superstructure. I will not now stop to inquire whether the surrogate was bound to pass upon requests presented to him. I had supposed that the Code had done away with that practice. It certainly has in some cases. (§ 1022.) But I do not regard the finding, if it can be called one, of the slightest consequence. It is universally held and understood that orders and decrees in probate courts are not made between party and party, but are in the nature of judgments in rem that are good against all the world, even against persons who are not cited. All that is necessary is that the court obtain jurisdiction, and it is conceded that the decree of distribution in this case was binding on the administrator, and, therefore, made with jurisdiction. Such judgments are not in personam, but generally adjudge the status of a person or a thing. In this case the decree adjudged that the claimant was not the brother of the deceased, *Page 569 and, hence, it determined his status or relationship to the deceased. It likewise determined the disposition to be made of the fund which was the thing or res over which the court had jurisdiction. When the surrogate got jurisdiction of the question as to what persons constituted the next of kin, the fact that the present claimant was not a party is wholly immaterial. The judgment is good as against all the world until it is opened, vacated or reversed. (Exton v. Zule, 14 N.J. Eq. 501;Clemens v. Clemens, 37 N.Y. 73; Herman on Estoppel and Res Adjudicata, §§ 45-48, 290-297, 326-330; Black on Judgments, § 635; Freeman on Judgments, § 319b; 2 Smith Lead. Cases, 812, 813.) Any one who will read the case first above cited will find it difficult to distinguish it from this. It covers the whole ground involved here and even more.
It may be profitable to stop and inquire for a moment as to the power of the surrogate in case it is held that this proceeding is authorized by any law. Of course, the proceeding is utterly futile unless the surrogate has power in an independent and collateral application, such as this is, to disregard or set aside his former decree which the administrator obeyed and was then discharged from his trust and to make a new decree that the administrator pay to this claimant the money which he paid to others under a decree where there was perfect jurisdiction. Can he, in this proceeding, set aside his former decree and order the administrator who has been discharged to account and pay again simply because that decree is claimed to be affected by an error of fact, for that is all that can be alleged against it? That would plainly mean that he may review his own judgments and correct his own errors of law and fact, not upon any appeal to him for that purpose, but in another and collateral proceeding. The general powers of a court of equity do not belong to a Surrogate's Court and that court has no power in this or any other independent proceeding to set aside or disregard its own decree of distribution and the order discharging the administrator, even though either or both orders were affected by fraud. (Matter of *Page 570 Randall, 152 N.Y. 508; Sanders v. Soutter, 126 N.Y. 193.) It would be a novel proceeding for a surrogate, on the petitioner's application, to enter upon the trial of a question of fact whether he or the five cousins, who have received the money, are the sole next of kin of the deceased. That very question he tried and decided once before, and his judgment remains in full force and is a complete protection to the administrator, as this court in principle has just decided. (Platt v. N.Y. S.B. Ry. Co., 170 N.Y. 451.) If the claimant has any case at all it is clear that he has mistaken his remedy and has adopted a method of procedure that cannot be tolerated in the administration of estates, and this would be so even though his right to intervene is discretionary as his counsel claims, since the discretion, if it exists under the law, was exercised in his favor by the surrogate and he was permitted to come into the original proceeding. We have seen that at least three distinct remedies were open to the claimant, if he is in fact entitled to the estate of the deceased as her sole next of kin. Those remedies were: First, a motion to open the former decree.Secondly, an appeal from that decree; and thirdly, to invoke the jurisdiction of a court of equity in regard to the whole controversy by an action in which the five distributees could be made parties and could be decreed to restore the fund distributed to them if the claim of the petitioner should be established. But it seems that, for some reason, no remedy will answer the purposes of the claimant unless he is permitted to entertain this independent proceeding which ignores all that has been done as absolutely void, although the administrator has been discharged from his trust after having distributed the estate that came to his hands in accordance with the decree of a court of competent jurisdiction. No one questions the proposition that the administrator was bound to obey that decree and it is a universal rule that a trustee who acts in obedience to a decree or judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction is protected from any future personal attacks by that decree. In this case the decree of distribution is a shield and protection to the administrator and to the five *Page 571 distributees until it is vacated or set aside, and if that is so this petitioner has no right to attack the administrator in this independent and collateral proceeding. The administrator being bound to obey the decree it would be quite absurd to hold that it is no protection to him although upon its face it is regular, but that he must respond to new claimants from time to time as they may appear.
Assuming all the facts stated in the claimant's petition to be true, he can accomplish nothing in this proceeding. He must first get rid of the order discharging the administrator and the decree directing distribution. It is not enough to say that he was not a party to this proceeding so long as the court had jurisdiction over the fund, the administrator and the distributees. The court could have made a complete and binding decree in the claimant's absence, since the very question before it was with respect to the persons constituting the next of kin of the deceased. These orders did not conclude the petitioner in the sense that he may not be heard in the proper court, in the proper proceeding, but they protect the administrator and the distributees until reversed or vacated. It is very obvious that the petitioner must invoke the broad powers of a court possessing general equity jurisdiction in order that he may compel the cousins, who are the distributees of the fund, to restore it to him through the coercive powers of that court. Any proceeding to which they are not parties cannot result in any relief to the claimant. There are two things which the petitioner must accomplish before he can recover the fund representing the estate of the deceased: (1) He must have the decree of distribution set aside or vacated and he must have the decree discharging the administrator set aside or vacated. (2) He must procure a decree requiring the five cousins to make restitution of a fund paid to them under an error of fact involved in the finding of the surrogate that they, instead of the claimant, were the sole next of kin. A Surrogate's Court has no power to do any of these things since they belong to, and are part of, the functions of a court with general equity jurisdiction. *Page 572
I cannot concur in the judgment about to be rendered in this case for reasons that are very obvious. I cannot believe that the decree of distribution made by the surrogate and obeyed by the administrator is, as it is claimed to be, void as against this claimant or any one else. I cannot believe that it is legally possible to have two or more conflicting decrees of distribution all in force at the same time, one distributing the estate to the five cousins and the other to this claimant. I cannot believe that an administrator who has distributed an estate that has come to his hands in exact accordance with the decree of a competent court and has been discharged from his trust can be attacked years afterwards by a new claimant, at least so long as the former decree and discharge are in full force. In other words, I cannot believe that a trustee and the sureties upon his bond can be held personally liable for the estate that came to his hands and which he has distributed and disposed of under the orders of the court so long as that decree is in full force. To state the proposition in another way: I do not believe that a trustee or his sureties can be held personally liable for obeying the judgment of the court which he was bound to obey. Cases like this are liable to arise frequently, and such cases must, in the nature of things, have been presented to the courts before, but I doubt if it was ever held by any court in the civilized world that after an administrator had distributed the estate in his hands exactly as the court directed him that he afterwards could be held personally liable upon the application of a new claimant. If the laws of this state authorize or sanction any such procedure the situation would go far to justify some of the grotesque caricatures that novelists and writers of fiction have drawn to describe, or rather distort, those endless and expensive controversies in the courts concerning the distribution of the estates of deceased persons.
It is proper to observe before closing the discussion that this drastic law is to be made in a case over which this court has no jurisdiction. I have already called attention to the circumstance that there was no question before the surrogate *Page 573 in this application except an issue of fact formed by the allegation in the claimant's petition and the denial of this allegation by the administrator. The issue thus presented called for an inquiry as to whether this claimant was in fact the brother of the deceased. The decision of the Appellate Division is unanimous and nothing can be reviewed on this appeal except a pure question of law raised by a proper exception. There was no trial for the plain reason that the claimant was not prepared for trial and so the surrogate dismissed the proceeding. The only exception in the case is one filed after the decree was entered on the dismissal of the petition. If the surrogate could have dismissed the proceeding in the exercise of discretion then it is quite clear that the order is not reviewable in this court, since upon its face there is no statement that it was made for want of power. The claimant asked the court for a commission to examine witnesses in Ireland to prove the allegations in his petition and the surrogate refused his application in that respect. A ruling or order of a surrogate granting or refusing an application for a commission to examine witnesses in a foreign country is not reviewable in this court. The right to produce the testimony of witnesses in such a proceeding, otherwise than in open court, subject to cross-examination, is not an absolute one, but is subject to the sound discretion of the court. (Merchants'National Bank v. Sheehan, 101 N.Y. 176.) This court cannot say that the surrogate decided anything amounting to legal error. No one has been able to point out any question of law which the surrogate decided erroneously. If the learned counsel for the claimant desired to bring the case to this court he should have made a formal offer before the surrogate to prove the facts stated in the petition and should have excepted to the ruling in case the surrogate refused to hear such proof. I am far from suggesting that such an exception would be good, since for reasons already stated the whole proceeding was misconceived, but nothing less than that could give him any standing in this court. When a case is regularly called in the court in which it is pending and the plaintiff is not prepared *Page 574 to proceed to try the issue of fact involved, and neither gives proof nor makes offer of proof otherwise than by an application for a commission to a foreign country of the allegations of fact upon which he relies, the dismissal of his complaint or petition is not a legal error which this court can review. That is the only assignment of error which this appeal presents. It matters not what reasons the surrogate gave for his action. This court is not concerned with the reasons of the trial courts but with their judgments and orders. It matters not that the surrogate stated in his opinion that this proceeding was unauthorized. The fact still remains that he was not bound to wait until the claimant had gathered his testimony by commission in a foreign country. Moreover, one of the reasons given by the surrogate for dismissing the proceeding was that the claimant had not cited the five cousins who had received the estate under the former decree, so we have before us an order made by a surrogate which he had the power to make in the exercise of discretion, and there is no statement in the order that it was made for want of power to entertain the proceeding. It has been held a great many times in this court that such orders are not reviewable. As the surrogate was not bound to wait for the claimant to gather his proofs by commission in a foreign country, and as the claimant had not brought before the court the parties who had received the estate under the decree of the court, the surrogate had the right to dismiss the proceeding as he did, and since the body of the order contains no statement that he did not dismiss in the exercise of discretion but for want of power, this court has no jurisdiction as no question of law is presented. (Tilton v. Beecher,59 N.Y. 176; Snebley v. Conner, 78 N.Y. 218; Salmon v.Gedney, 75 N.Y. 481; Tolman v. Syr., B. N.Y.R.R. Co.,92 N.Y. 353.)
For these reasons I am in favor of affirming the order or dismissing the appeal.