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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
DAVID HIGGINBOTHAM,
Appellant No. 7 WDA 2015
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence November 13, 2014
In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-02-CR-0017178-2013
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
DAVID HIGGINBOTHAM,
Appellant No. 250 WDA 2015
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence November 13, 2014
In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-02-CR-0017178-2013
BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., BENDER, P.J.E., and SHOGAN, J.
MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.: FILED AUGUST 09, 2016
Appellant, David Higginbotham, appeals from the judgment of
sentence of an aggregate term of 20-40 years’ incarceration, imposed
following his conviction for twelve sexual offenses committed against two
minor victims. Appellant alleges multiple claims of error regarding the trial
court’s permitting certain expert rebuttal testimony, the court’s failure to
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issue a proposed jury instruction, the court’s imposition of an illegal
sentence, and the court’s improper grading of an offense. Appellant also
contends that the trial court abused its discretion by imposing an ostensibly
unreasonable sentence. After careful review, we vacate Appellant’s sentence
and remand for a new trial.
The trial court provided the following brief summary of the facts
adduced at trial:
[T]he evidence presented at trial established that Erika
Higginbotham, the [Appellant]'s daughter-in-law, worked as a
nanny to sisters [S.C. and E.C.], ages 13 and 12 at trial,
respectively. During the summer months, Erika Higginbotham
would take [S.C. and E.C.] to the [Appellant]'s home so they
could swim in his pool. Beginning when [S.C.] was in 4th grade
and [E.C.] was in 3rd grade, the [Appellant] would take the girls
into his home office to play computer games. While in his office
with the girls, the [Appellant] touched their breasts and vaginas,
both over and under their clothes and made both girls touch his
erect penis. Additionally, the [Appellant] would get in the pool
with the girls, and would touch their breasts and vaginas both
over and under their bathing suits. [S.C.] also testified that the
[Appellant] licked her vagina and made her lick his penis.
Trial Court Opinion (TCO), 7/20/15, at 2.
Appellant was initially charged with seventeen offenses arising out of
his sexual abuse of E.C. and S.C. Two of those charges were dropped
immediately prior to trial.1 Ultimately, following a jury trial ending on
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1
The Commonwealth withdrew one count of statutory sexual assault
(graded as a first-degree felony), 18 Pa.C.S. § 3122.1(b), and one count of
statutory sexual assault (graded as a second-degree felony), 18 Pa.C.S. §
3122.1(a).
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August 28, 2014, Appellant was convicted of two counts of aggravated
indecent assault of a child (AIAC), 18 Pa.C.S. § 3125(a)(1) & (b); two
counts of unlawful contact with a minor (UCM), 18 Pa.C.S. § 6318(a)(1);
two counts of indecent assault, 18 Pa.C.S. § 3125(a)(7) (person less than
thirteen years of age); two counts of corruption of minors (graded as a
third-degree felony), 18 Pa.C.S. § 6301(a)(1)(ii) (course of conduct); two
counts of corruption of minors (graded as a first-degree misdemeanor), 18
Pa.C.S. § 6301(a)(1)(i); and two counts of indecent exposure, 18 Pa.C.S. §
3127. Appellant was acquitted of one count of involuntary deviate sexual
intercourse, 18 Pa.C.S. § 3123(b), and two counts of statutory sexual
assault.
On September 14, 2014, the Commonwealth filed notice of its intent to
pursue two, ten-year mandatory minimum sentences pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.
§ 9718 for Appellant’s two convictions for AIAC. On November 10, 2014,
Appellant filed a pre-sentence memorandum in response, arguing, inter alia,
that Section 9718 was unconstitutional, and that several offenses were
improperly graded based upon discrepancies between the criminal
information and the charges put before the jury.
Sentencing was held on November 13, 2014. However, due to a
dispute over whether a Sexually Violent Predator (SVP) status hearing would
occur prior to sentencing (Appellant alleged that he was not afforded notice
that the Commonwealth was seeking the designation), the SVP matter was
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deferred until January 20, 2015. The trial court then sentenced Appellant to
an aggregate term of 20-40 years’ incarceration.2
Appellant filed a timely post-sentence motion on November 21, 2014,
which was denied by the trial court on December 3, 2014. Despite the
pending SVP hearing, Appellant cautiously filed a notice of appeal from the
judgment of sentence on December 22, 2014, which was docketed in this
Court as 7 WDA 2015. At the January 20, 2015 SVP hearing, the
Commonwealth declined to pursue an SVP designation.3 On January 29,
2015, Appellant filed a second post-sentence motion, which was
substantively identical to the motion filed on November 21, 2014.4 The
duplicative post-sentence motion was denied by order dated February 5,
2015. Thereafter, on February 11, 2015, Appellant filed his second notice of
appeal in this case, which was docketed by this Court as 250 WDA 2015.
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2
Appellant was sentenced to 5-10 years’ incarceration for each of the two
counts of UCM, and to 5-10 years’ incarceration for each of the two counts of
AIAC, and all sentences were ordered to run consecutive to one another. At
all remaining counts, the trial court sentence Appellant to no further penalty.
3
Appellant contends the Commonwealth was precluded from doing so
because it “never filed any paperwork to schedule or to initiate an SVP
determination hearing.” Appellant’s Brief, at 21. However, any such dispute
is rendered moot given the Commonwealth’s abandonment of the matter.
4
Appellant was concerned because a substantial minority of members of this
Court has expressed its belief that a sentence is not finalized for purposes of
appeal until SVP proceedings are concluded. See Commonwealth v.
Masker, 34 A.3d 841, (Pa. Super. 2011) (en banc) (Bowes, J. concurring
and dissenting) (joined by Judges Donahue and Freedberg).
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By order dated March 13, 2015, this Court sua sponte consolidated the
appeals at 7 WDA 2015 and 250 WDA 2015. On March 20, 2015, Appellant
filed a court-ordered, Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement. The trial court issued its
Rule 1925(a) opinion on July 20, 2015.
Appellant now presents the following questions for review:
I. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN PERMITTING THE
COMMONWEALTH TO INTRODUCE THE TESTIMONY OF A
PHYSICIAN AS REBUTTAL EVIDENCE WHERE THE TESTIMONY
DID NOT REBUT OR CONTRADICT ANY EVIDENCE PRESENTED
BY [APPELLANT] OR HIS WITNESSES?
II. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY NOT PRECLUDING
THE EXPERT TESTIMONY AND OPINION OF A PHYSIC[I]AN
WHERE THE COMMONWEALTH FAILED TO DISCLOSE THAT THE
PHYSICIAN WOULD BE TESTIFYING AS AN EXPERT AND FAILED
TO DISCLOSE HER EXPERT OPINION PRIOR TO TRIAL,
RESULTING IN A DISCOVERY VIOLATION AND PREJUDICE TO
[APPELLANT]?
III. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO
PROVIDE [APPELLANT]'S REQUESTED JURY INSTRUCTIONS ON
(i) 23 Pa. C.S. § 6311 AND 49 Pa. Code § 41.71 AND (ii)
UNLAWFUL CONTACT WITH MINORS AS WELL AS CORRUPTION
OF MINORS?
IV. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY IMPOSING
MANDATORY MINIMUM SENTENCES UPON [APPELLANT]
PURSUANT TO 42 Pa. C.S. § 9718, AN UNCONSTI[TUTI]ONAL
STATUTE?
V. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRADING
[APPELLANT]'S CONVICTIONS FOR UNLAWFUL CONTACT WITH
MINORS AS FIRST-DEGREE FELONIES?
VI. WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN
IMPOSING UNREASONABLE AND OUTSIDE THE AGGRAVATED
RANGE SENTENCES FOR [APPELLANT]'S UNLAWFUL CONTACT
WITH MINORS CONVICTIONS?
Appellant’s Brief, at 10-11.
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Appellant’s first two claims concern the testimony of Dr. Jennifer
Wolford. Dr. Wolford was the attending physician at the Division of Child
Advocacy at Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh who examined E.C. and S.C.
Appellant claims Dr. Wolford’s testimony was not properly admitted as
rebuttal testimony, and that it was not properly admitted as expert
testimony due a purported discovery violation.
The admission of rebuttal testimony is within the sound discretion of
the trial court, and the appropriate scope of rebuttal evidence is defined by
the evidence that it is intended to rebut. Commonwealth v. Ballard, 80
A.3d 380, 401-02 (Pa. 2013). “It is not proper to submit on rebuttal,
evidence which does not in fact rebut the opponent's evidence.”
Commonwealth v. Hickman, 309 A.2d 564, 567 (Pa. 1973).
Dr. Wolford did not testify during the Commonwealth’s case-in-chief.
Instead, Dr. Wolford was called as a rebuttal witness, over Appellant’s
vigorous and repeated objections, and essentially testified that it is rare that
victims of sexual abuse present with physical symptoms of the abuse.
Specifically, the pertinent and allegedly prejudicial portions of Dr. Wolford’s
testimony were as follows:
Q. Does the fact that the [victims’] exam[s] came back as
normal surprise you?
A. Not at all.
Q. Why not?
A. We know that in the field of child abuse, which really in the
realm of sexual abuse, that actually more than 95 percent of the
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exams on children are normal. So for every 20 exams I would
do, 19 of them would be normal.
Q. What are the reasons for that, if you can just explain to the
jury?
A. Sure. So partially, so there’s several reasons. The first one is
that child abuse, typically child sexual abuse is not meant to hurt
or to overpower or there isn’t often a struggle, so there’s less
likely to be physical injury. Often the abuse is repeated and so
by hurting the child or harming them, that would likely prevent
further opportunity. Additionally, if there is penetration, we
know that a woman’s body is meant to stretch. And so even if
there was penetration, that the body heals, that a woman’s
anatomy is set up for both things to enter and speaking about
the vaginal area, as well as later in life to exit, such as birthing a
baby.
Q. Doctor, if it’s rare that there are physical findings, why do you
still conduct these exams?
A. Well, the first reason is to make sure and the one in 20 times
that there are any injuries, to make sure that these are healing
properly. In some of the victims it’s important that we do STD
testing which was completed. But the most important reason is
that we think that when you get to the part of the medical exam
there’s already been disclosure of the abuse. That could have
gone on for long periods of time before that or a long time prior
to the physical exam. So our point is really one of the most
rewarding things I do in my field in that it’s to remind these
young girls that they’re normal and that their bodies are okay.
So I do a full physical exam, ears, eyes, mouth, and so that at
the end I can say from the top of your head to the bottom of
your feet you’re okay. And I think that’s really, we hope that it’s
one of the ways that victims can begin their healing and to know
that they’re okay.
Notes of Testimony, 8/25/14-8/28/14, at 255-257 (hereinafter “N.T.”).
The trial court explained its decision to permit Dr. Wolford’s rebuttal
testimony as follows:
After the Commonwealth rested, [defense counsel] made
statements to the media respecting the evidence presented by
the Commonwealth, specifically that the Commonwealth
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presented no medical evidence and affirming [Appellant]'s
innocence. Having already rested its case, the Commonwealth
sought to call Dr. Wolford to discuss the absence of physical
findings in her experience generally and in this case in particular.
TCO, at 3 (citation omitted). Thus, the trial court acknowledges that it
admitted Dr. Wolford’s testimony to rebut defense counsel’s statements to
the media.
The trial court does not identify which evidence Dr. Wolford’s
testimony was admitted to rebut, and it is obvious to this Court that a
defense attorney’s statement to the media does not constitute evidence.
Furthermore, there is no evidence of record that the jury was even aware of
counsel’s media statement, nor does the trial court indicate that it engaged
in any efforts to make such a determination. Moreover, the trial court does
not cite to any legal authority suggesting that rebuttal testimony is
permissible to respond to a party’s out-of-court statements to the media.
Indeed, the Commonwealth concedes that the trial court could not permit
rebuttal testimony based solely on defense counsel’s statements to the
media. See Commonwealth’s Brief, at 13 (“This attorney understands that
the Commonwealth needs to be consistent in its arguments throughout the
course of litigation but cannot bring himself to argue that a comment by the
defense attorney to the media, where there is no evidence that the jury
learned of the comment, can be the basis of the admissibility of this
evidence.”). This clear legal error was an abuse of the trial court’s
discretion. See Commonwealth v. Jones, 826 A.2d 900, 907 (Pa. Super.
2003) (“An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of judgment, but if in
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reaching a conclusion the law is overridden or misapplied or the judgment
exercised is manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice,
bias, or ill will, as shown by the evidence or the record, discretion is
abused.”) (emphasis added).
However, the Commonwealth contends that Dr. Wolford’s testimony
was admissible on an independent basis, arguing that Appellant opened the
door to Dr. Wolford’s rebuttal testimony during defense counsel’s cross-
examination of S.C. and the victims’ mother. Assuming, arguendo, that
defense counsel’s cross-examination of a Commonwealth witness during the
Commonwealth’s case-in-chief could permit the Commonwealth to introduce
rebuttal testimony after both the Commonwealth and the defense had
rested,5 we still conclude that there was no independent basis upon which to
permit such testimony.
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5
The Commonwealth fails to offer any explanation regarding why Dr.
Wolford was not called during the Commonwealth’s case-in-chief to rebut
any matters raised by defense counsel during the cross-examination of the
Commonwealth’s witnesses, other than to assert the legal rule that such is
not alone grounds for reversal as the order of presentation of evidence, if
otherwise relevant, is left to the discretion of the trial court.
Commonwealth’s Brief, at 12-13 (citing Commonwealth v. Mangini, 386
A.2d 482 (Pa. 1978), and Hickman, supra). Nevertheless, because we
ultimately conclude that Appellant did not open the door to Dr. Wolford’s
rebuttal testimony during those cross-examinations, we decline to address
the propriety of the timing of her testimony in this regard. The evidence
was admitted as rebuttal evidence, and no argument was made to the trial
court regarding its general relevancy. Mangini is factually inapposite, as
that case dealt with rebuttal evidence which was arguably relevant in the
case-in-chief; in that case, the ‘rebuttal’ evidence was an opinion that
footprints left in fresh snow could not have been left before the snowfall.
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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The Commonwealth first points to the testimony of S.C., who was
asked by defense counsel if she and her sister had seen a medical doctor,
and S.C. responded that they both had. N.T. at 97, 103. Dr. Wolford’s
testimony did not serve to rebut anything said by S.C. with regard to this
question. This exchange between defense counsel and S.C. did not, as the
Commonwealth suggests, establish that there was no report of abuse by a
doctor so as to create an impression in the jurors’ minds that would justify
rebuttal evidence of the nature provided by Dr. Wolford’s testimony. The
scope of defense counsel’s question did not include any suggestion of a lack
of physical evidence or symptoms of sexual abuse, nor did counsel even
reference the results (or lack of results) from the physical examinations at
all. Defense counsel merely asked if the girls had seen a doctor, and that
line of inquiry ended with S.C.’s affirmative response. Accordingly, we
disagree that defense counsel’s cross-examination of S.C. opened the door
to Dr. Wolford’s rebuttal testimony.
The Commonwealth also points to defense counsel’s cross-examination
of the victims’ mother. Defense counsel questioned her as follows:
Q. And from 2008 to 2013, you didn’t have any inkling of
anything being wrong with either or your daughters?
A. Actually, that’s not correct. I had a lot of concerns about
them. I had taken [S.C.] to two different psychologists. I had
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)
Here, the ‘rebuttal’ evidence/expert opinion is a general statistic that does
not directly support any element of the crimes charged, but instead simply
served to bolster the victims’ credibility.
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taken them to their pediatricians. And during the months of
September and October, [S.C.] saw her pediatrician, she saw a
specialist. [E.C.] was having difficulties with headaches. She
saw her pediatrician. We took her to Children’s Hospital for
MRIs, and she also saw a neurologist.
Q. She did?
A. (Witness nods)
Q. And in any of those doctors, in all of those people, was there
ever a report or were you presented with any type of abuse?
A. They were inconclusive. They didn’t know what was wrong
with them.
Q. There was never a diagnosis at all?
A. No diagnosis. They told me to give them vitamins and more
sleep?
Q. Vitamins and more sleep. Including the psychologist?
A. I was not allowed to speak to the psychologist. Those were
private conversations with the children.
N.T. at 110-11.
In the above-cross-examination, it was the witness, not defense
counsel, who brought up the matter of S.C.’s and E.C.’s doctors’ visits.
Furthermore, defense counsel’s subsequent question—“And in any of those
doctors, in all of those people, was there ever a report or were you
presented with any type of abuse?”—did not inquire as to what symptoms of
sexual abuse the girls presented, but only whether sexual abuse was
suspected. Certainly, had the girls reported sexual abuse verbally to those
medical professionals, some sort of official or unofficial reporting would be
expected. Moreover, the victims’ mother had referenced both psychologists
and a neurologist, not just a pediatrician. No reasonable juror would have
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expected that psychologists and neurologists would have been conducting
genital exams on the victims in order to look for physical signs of sexual
abuse.
Given that the topic of the girls’ doctors’ visits was broached by the
witness and not by defense counsel, and that defense counsel only asked a
single follow up question from which the inference—that there ‘should’ be
physical symptoms of sexual abuse—arises only tenuously, we conclude that
the cross-examination of the victims’ mother also did not ‘open the door’ to
Dr. Wolford’s rebuttal testimony. Accordingly, we cannot conclude that the
trial court’s permitting Dr. Wolford’s rebuttal testimony was permissible on
an alternative basis from the one stated. Thus, we hold that the trial court
abused its discretion in permitting Dr. Wolford’s testimony in these
circumstances.
Appellant also claims that Dr. Wolford’s testimony was barred because
the Commonwealth ostensibly failed to disclose, through pre-trial discovery,
the nature and content of Dr. Wolford’s expert testimony. However,
Appellant “submits that if this Court finds that Dr. Wolford should not have
been permitted to testify as a rebuttal witness pursuant to [the improper
rebuttal argument], the Court need not address the instant argument.”
Appellant’s Brief, at 45 n.1. We agree. Having concluded that Dr. Wolford’s
testimony was not permitted as rebuttal evidence, we need not address
whether her testimony was impermissible under the discovery rules (or,
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relatedly, whether the remedy offered by the court was adequate to address
any discovery violation).
Nevertheless, we must address the Commonwealth’s contention that
the admission of Dr. Wolford’s testimony was harmless error, or whether a
new trial is required.
As we explained in [Commonwealth v. Thornton, 431 A.2d
248 (Pa. 1981)], “[t]he doctrine of harmless error is a technique
of appellate review designed to advance judicial economy by
obviating the necessity for a retrial where the appellate court is
convinced that a trial error was harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt. Its purpose is premised on the well-settled proposition
that ‘[a] defendant is entitled to a fair trial but not a perfect
one.’” Thornton, supra at 251. Accord, Commonwealth v.
Drummond, 775 A.2d 849, 853 (Pa. Super. 2001). In
Commonwealth v. Moore, 594 Pa. 619, 937 A.2d 1062
(2007), our highest court reaffirmed that an error may be
considered harmless only when the Commonwealth proves
beyond a reasonable doubt that the error could not have
contributed to the verdict. Whenever there is a “reasonable
possibility” that an error “could have contributed to the verdict,”
the error is not harmless. Commonwealth v. Passmore, 857
A.2d 697, 711 (Pa. Super. 2004). “An error may be deemed
harmless, inter alia, where the properly admitted and
uncontradicted evidence of guilt was so overwhelming and the
prejudicial effect of the error was so insignificant by comparison
that the error could not have contributed to the verdict.”
Commonwealth v. Moore, supra at 1073. Harmless error
exists when the error did not prejudice the defendant or the
prejudice was de minimis or the erroneously admitted evidence
was merely cumulative of other untainted evidence, which was
substantially similar to the erroneously admitted evidence.
Commonwealth v. Passmore, supra at 711.
Commonwealth v. Koch, 39 A.3d 996, 1006-07 (Pa. Super. 2011).
The Commonwealth argues that the admission of Dr. Wolford’s
testimony was harmless error because Appellant knew, per the medical
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records provided during discovery, that a normal genital exam would not
rule out sexual abuse, information that—the Commonwealth avers—
Appellant was willing to put before the jury via stipulation. The
Commonwealth further claims that Dr. Wolford’s actual testimony differed
only slightly from this information when she stated that “95 percent of the
exams on children are normal. So for every 20 exams I would do, 19 of
them would be normal.” N.T. at 255 (hereinafter, “contested statement”).
The Commonwealth also argues that the statistic contained in the contested
statement is virtually unassailable,6 and notes that Appellant has not
suggested that it could have been disputed.
Appellant counters that 1) he only offered to stipulate to similar facts
contained in the medical records after the trial court had ruled to allow Dr.
Wolford’s rebuttal testimony; 2) that the question of harmless error is
directed at whether the jury might have been unduly affected by Dr.
Wolford’s testimony, not whether Appellant could have, or should have, been
better prepared to cross-examine her or otherwise refute the ‘truth’ of her
expert testimony.
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6
The Commonwealth provides extra-record studies in its brief to support
this statistic, but does not appear to have sought, much less received,
permission to supplement the record in this fashion. Ultimately, however,
the Commonwealth’s failure to do so does is not dispositive to our
disposition in this matter.
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Initially, we agree with Appellant’s framing of the harmless error
question. The Commonwealth focuses an undue amount of attention on the
‘truth’ of Dr. Wolford’s contested statement—that victims of sexual assault
rarely present physical symptoms of sexual abuse—and the ‘fairness’ of
allowing such testimony in terms of whether Appellant should have been
better prepared to refute or mitigate the impact of that testimony given
what was disclosed by the Commonwealth prior to trial. However, both of
those issues predominately go to the merits of whether Dr. Wolford’s
testimony should have been permitted in the context of the alleged
discovery violation, not to whether the testimony, as received by the jury,
might have impacted the verdict in this case.
Nevertheless, we acknowledge the veracity of Dr. Wolford’s statement
cannot be said to be completely immaterial to the harmless error question.
Certainly, there are times when truthful information is so prejudicial that its
disclosure to the jury risks impacting the verdict in a negative manner. For
instance, it is axiomatic that the government cannot use evidence that a
defendant has committed unrelated crimes as substantive proof of another
crime, because “[t]he presumed effect of such evidence is to predispose the
minds of the jurors to believe the accused guilty, and thus effectually to strip
him of the presumption of innocence.” Commonwealth v. Trowery, 235
A.2d 171, 172 (Pa. Super. 1967).
That does not mean, however, that exposing a jury to false
information does not present a greater chance of impacting a verdict in a
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negative manner. In the above circumstance, we might forgive an
inadvertent, indirect, and fleeting reference to a defendant’s prior record as
harmless error, but it seems reasonable that we would be less inclined to do
so if the ‘fact’ alluded to was demonstrably or categorically false. Similarly,
we can imagine a scenario where the revelation of an inadmissible, but
largely innocuous fact, i.e., that a defendant, accused of shooting from the
back seat of a vehicle in a drive-by shooting, did not own that vehicle used
to commit that crime, would be less likely to affect a jury than the admission
of evidence that falsely suggests his ownership of that vehicle. This is
because inadmissible, but true facts risk impermissibly weak inferences,
whereas no valid inference can flow from a false factual foundation. Thus,
while we agree with Appellant that the truthfulness of Dr. Wolford’s
contested statement does not automatically render its admission as
harmless error, we disagree with Appellant to the extent that he suggests
that the contested statement’s truthfulness is completely immaterial to our
harmless error analysis, even if it is a minor factor in the context of this
case.
With this in mind, we must weigh 1) the strength of the
Commonwealth’s case, against 2) the potential impact of Dr. Wolford’s
contested statement (and related explanation) given its nature and the
circumstances of its presentation. See generally, Koch, supra. With
respect to the weight of evidence in this case, Appellant avers:
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This case lacked medical or other scientific evidence, such as
semen, fingerprints, hair, skin, or DNA. No audio or video
recordings captured any of the alleged sexual abuse. No e-mails
or text messages evidenced improper conduct on behalf of
[Appellant]. No admissions or confessions existed. Credibility
was the key issue. The[] jury was forced to determine who was
telling the truth based on oral testimony alone. Dr. Wolford
helped to justify the lack of medical or scientific evidence,
explaining that such simply does not exist in over 95 percent of
child sexual assault cases, which, while shedding absolutely
no light on whether E.C. or S.C. were actually abused,
permitted the jury to feel more comfortable in believing E.C. and
S.C., despite some of their incredible claims, see e.g., ([N.T. at
72-75] (including testimony about (i) molestation at a crowded
chorus concert and (ii) mutual oral sex while driving a moving
automobile from the chorus concert to E.C.'s and S.C.'s home)).
Appellant’s Brief, at 41 (citation omitted, emphasis in original).
Appellant’s summary is apt. This was a classic, he-said/she-said case,
with one notable variant: there were two, closely related victims whose
testimonies, generally speaking, corroborated one another. Apart from the
victims, however, the Commonwealth’s only other witnesses were: 1) the
victims’ mother, whose brief testimony only addressed the circumstances
surrounding the victims’ disclosure of the allegations of sexual abuse; 2)
Police Officer Scott Rick, who testified regarding the circumstances
surrounding the receipt of the victims’ complaints of sexual abuse; and 3)
Dr. Wolford, whose brief rebuttal testimony did not extend far beyond the
contested statement, despite being listed as the victims’ attending physician
at Children’s Hospital.
Appellant testified on his own behalf, and he flatly denied molesting
either victim and, furthermore, his testimony contradicted many of the
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attendant facts alleged by the victims.7 Erika Higginbotham testified that
she was the caretaker for the victims during the summers between 2008-
2013, and would frequently take them to Appellant’s home to swim during
that period. She was extremely close with E.C. and S.C., so much so that
she thought of the girls “as if they were [her] two children.” N.T. at 162.
Despite this, she testified that the girls never complained about going to
Appellant’s home during those five years.
Appellant’s wife testified that she never recalled a time when either
E.C. or S.C. were alone with Appellant at their home, id. at 181, including a
specific occasion when E.C. had slept over at their home per E.C.’s own
request (but after Appellant had purportedly already molested her), id. at
177. She also did not recall Appellant ever taking S.C. to a chorus concert.
Id. at 182.
On its face, the evidence of Appellant’s guilt was not overwhelming.
The victims’ testimonies included some detailed and plausible descriptions of
abuse, but also some implausible accusations.8 The accusations of sexual
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7
For instance, Appellant testified that he and his wife would not have
allowed either victim to be upstairs in their home during the girls’ visits
(where some of the abuse was alleged to have occurred). N.T. at 203, 206.
He also testified that he never attended a chorus concert with S.C. Id. at
204.
8
As noted by Appellant, S.C. alleged that Appellant digitally penetrated her
in the presence of “a lot of people” while the two inexplicably attended a
chorus concert together. Id. at 73. How he engaged in such behavior while
in the presence of countless other attendees, without drawing any attention,
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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abuse were sometimes corroborated by the other victim, but no evidence of
abuse was corroborated by any other evidence or testimony beyond the
testimony of the two sibling-victims. Indeed, the Commonwealth makes no
effort to suggest that the evidence was overwhelming in this case, despite
their burden to demonstrate harmless error beyond a reasonable doubt.
Thus, this case turned only on questions of credibility, yet there was
nothing objectively implausible about Appellant’s defense, and there were
multiple portions of the victims’ testimonies that appear implausible.
Nevertheless, the jury convicted Appellant of most of the charges against
him. In such circumstances, and despite the ultimate verdict, this was
clearly a close case. It most certainly was not a case involving
overwhelming evidence of guilt, nor was it a case where the primary issue
was the degree of Appellant’s culpability.
With that in mind, we must consider whether Dr. Wolford’s testimony,
and in particular the contested statement, and her associated explanation of
that statement, did not affect the outcome of this case beyond a reasonable
doubt. Such a conclusion is impossible in these circumstances. While the
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(Footnote Continued)
is ultimately unexplained. No evidence or other testimony even
corroborated that they attended a chorus concert together, or why only S.C.,
but not also her sister, would have gone with Appellant to such an event.
S.C. also testified that, on the return trip in Appellant’s car, she performed
oral sex on him, and he performed oral sex on her, both while Appellant was
driving. Id. at 73-74.
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statement by Dr. Wolford may have been truthful,9 it was not responsive to
any argument or testimony made by the defense or the defense witnesses.
It appears only to have bolstered the victims’ testimony, suggesting to the
jury that the absence of physical symptoms of sexual abuse was normal.
However, the defense made no attempt to suggest to the jury that the
absence of physical symptoms of abuse was itself a valid basis for acquitting
Appellant until after the trial court permitted Dr. Wolford’s testimony.10
Instead, the defense had focused on the unreliability of the victims’
testimony based on the implausibility of certain events, inconsistencies in
the accounts of the plausible events, the lack of any corroboration beyond
the victims’ testimonies, and the outright denials by Appellant.
The circumstances surrounding the introduction of Dr. Wolford’s
testimony also suggest that her statements risked impacting the jury’s
verdict. Dr. Wolford was the last witness heard by the jury, called after the
defense had already presented its last witness (Appellant). Just prior to her
____________________________________________
9
We have no reason to believe otherwise. However, as discussed above, we
agree with Appellant that the truthfulness of Dr. Wolford’s statement is not
dispositive of whether the improper admission of rebuttal evidence is
harmless error. Moreover, the Commonwealth cites to no legal authority
suggesting that evidentiary error is harmless on that basis.
10
Defense counsel briefly suggested during closing argument, addressing
Dr. Wolford’s testimony, that the multiple purported digital penetrations of
the victim’s vaginas by Appellant was inconsistent with evidence that the
victims’ hymens appeared intact and showed no indication of healing.
However, no such argument was made at any time prior to Dr. Wolford’s
testimony.
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testimony, the trial court informed the jury, “The Defense has rested and the
Commonwealth has a rebuttal witness.” N.T. at 254. Thus, Dr. Wolford’s
testimony naturally stood out as the last witness heard by the jury.
Furthermore, as established above, there was no proper basis for rebuttal.
Thus, the jury was left with the impression that the defense had presented a
theory, argument, or fact which required rebuttal, when no such theory,
argument, or fact had been presented.
Thus, we conclude that Dr. Wolford’s contested statement unfairly
bolstered the victims’ testimony, in circumstances where her testimony was
naturally spotlighted as the last testimony heard by the jury, and in order to
contradict a theory never presented to the jury by the defense. As this
occurred in a case dominated by questions of credibility, and where such
determinations were not assisted by any physical or strong circumstantial
evidence, we are compelled to hold that the abuse of the trial court’s
discretion, in permitting the rebuttal testimony of Dr. Wolford, was not
harmless error. Accordingly, we must vacate Appellant’s judgment of
sentence and remand for a new trial.
Because of our disposition, we will not address Appellant’s remaining
claims, as they would not afford Appellant any greater relief.11
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11
For the trial court’s benefit, we do note at least one change in the law that
would have compelled resentencing had we not decided to grant a new trial
in this case. In applying mandatory minimum sentences of five years’
incarceration, as set forth in 42 Pa.C.S. § 9718, for each of Appellant’s
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Judgment of Sentence vacated. Case remanded for a new trial.
Jurisdiction relinquished.
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(Footnote Continued)
convictions for AIAC, the trial court relied on Commonwealth v. Matteson,
96 A.3d 1064 (Pa. Super. 2014). TCO, at 20-21. In that case, this Court
held that a particular mandatory sentencing provision set forth in Section
9718 did not violate the tenets of Alleyne v. United States, 133 S.Ct.
2151 (2013) (holding that any fact that increases mandatory minimum
sentence for a crime must be submitted to jury as an element of that crime,
and proven beyond a reasonable doubt), because the fact triggering the
mandatory minimum sentence was identical to an element of the underlying
offense. However, as correctly noted by Appellant, Appellant’s Brief at 71,
and as conceded by the Commonwealth, Commonwealth’s Brief at 43,
Matteson was effectively overruled by Commonwealth v. Newman, 99
A.3d 86 (Pa. Super. 2014) (en banc). See Commonwealth v. Wolfe, 106
A.3d 800, 806 (Pa. Super. 2014) (“Newman abrogated this Court's decision
in Matteson.”). Specifically, as noted in Wolfe, “[f]ollowing Newman's
instructions, we are required to conclude that Section 9718 is also facially
unconstitutional.” Id. at 805 (emphasis added). Because Section 9718 is
facial unconstitutional in its entirety, any sentence issued under that statute
is consequently illegal. Therefore, it is immaterial whether a particular
subdivision of that statute is independently compliant with Alleyne based on
the theory espoused in Matteson.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 8/9/2016
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