Filed 8/18/16 P. v. Rodriguez CA2/5
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FIVE
THE PEOPLE, B265798
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. BA143618)
v.
GUSTAVO RODRIGUEZ,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Samuel
Mayerson, Judge. Affirmed.
Ferrentino & Associates, Correen Ferrentino, under appointment by the Court of
Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Noah P. Hill, Mary
Sanchez, and Andrew S. Pruitt, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
_______________________
Defendant and appellant Gustavo Rodriguez, who had two prior convictions as
defined in the three strikes law, was sentenced in 1988 to concurrent indeterminate terms
of 26 years to life following his convictions for unlawfully taking a vehicle (Veh. Code §
10851, subd. (a)), grand theft (Pen. Code, § 487),1 and petty theft with a prior theft
conviction (§ 666).2 After the 2012 passage of Proposition 36 (the “Three Strikes
Reform Act,” hereafter “the Act”), defendant filed a petition under section 1170.126 to
recall his indeterminate sentence and to be resentenced as a second strike offender. The
trial court denied the petition, finding that defendant posed an unreasonable risk of
danger to public safety.
Defendant contends the trial court applied an incorrect standard when evaluating
whether he posed an unreasonable risk of danger to public safety. He argues that the
narrow definition of unreasonable risk contained in section 1170.18, which was added by
initiative measure Proposition 47 (“The Safe Neighborhoods and Schools Act”) in 2014,
applies to resentencing petitions under the Act, such as his, which were still pending at
the time the initiative became effective.3 He further contends the evidence is insufficient
to support the trial court’s finding that he poses an unreasonable risk of danger to public
1 All future statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise specified.
2On direct appeal this court ordered the judgment modified to stay the sentence
imposed for the petty theft with a prior theft conviction as a lesser included offense of
grand theft, strike one prior prison term allegation, apply the prior prison term
enhancement once rather than on every count, and increase defendant’s presentence
conduct credits, but otherwise affirmed the conviction and sentence. (People v.
Rodriguez (February 4, 1999, B121090) [nonpub. opn.].)
3 Under Proposition 47, “‘unreasonable risk of danger to public safety’ means an
unreasonable risk that the petitioner will commit a new violent felony within the meaning
of clause (iv) of subparagraph (C) of paragraph (2) of subdivision (e) of Section 667.”
(§ 1170.18, subd. (c).) The phrase “unreasonable risk of danger to public safety” is not
defined in the Act, but factors the court “may consider” include a defendant’s criminal
history, disciplinary record and record of rehabilitation, and any other evidence the court
deems relevant. (§ 1170.126, subd. (g)(1)-(3).)
2
safety.
We affirm the court’s order denying defendant’s petition for resentencing. The
issue of whether the Act’s definition of unreasonable risk of danger to public safety was
repealed and replaced with the standard in Proposition 47 is currently pending before the
California Supreme Court.4 For purposes of this appeal, we reject defendant’s argument
and conclude the People’s position reflects the better view of the Act’s definition of
unreasonable risk of danger to public safety. Because this case will be governed by our
Supreme Court’s ultimate resolution of the issue, we do not discuss it further. We also
hold that substantial evidence supports the trial court’s findings on defendant’s
unreasonable risk of danger to public safety.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Strike Convictions and Commitment Offenses
First Strike
On July 5, 1985, defendant stole money from an open cash register at a bar.
During the commission of the crime he struggled with an employee who attempted to
close the register. The employee yielded when defendant said that his friend had a gun.
Defendant was convicted of robbery (§ 211) and sentenced to two years in state
prison.
Second Strikes
On February 26, 1993, defendant used a pretense to gain entry to a 12-year-old
4
People v. Chaney (2014) 231 Cal.App.4th 1391, review granted February 18,
2015, S223676, and People v. Valencia (2014) 232 Cal.App.4th 514, review granted
February 18, 2015, S223825.
3
boy’s house. He threw the boy down and held a sharp object to his neck. Two
accomplices entered the house and stole approximately $4,000 worth of property.
On March 14, 1993, defendant and his accomplices stopped the boy on the street,
threatened him with a knife and warned that they would kill him if he talked to the police.
One of the accomplices attempted to stab the boy, but he managed to escape.
Defendant was convicted of second degree robbery (§ 211) and dissuading a
witness by force (§ 136.1). The allegation that he personally used a deadly or dangerous
weapon in the commission of the crime was found true. (§ 12022, subd. (b).) Defendant
was sentenced to seven years in state prison.
Commitment Offenses
On January 1, 1997, defendant and an accomplice broke into a van parked in front
of a residence and tore out the ignition switch. They pushed the van to a nearby alley.
Defendant was apprehended while removing $3,250 worth of gardening equipment from
the van.
The jury convicted defendant of unlawfully taking a vehicle, grand theft, and petty
theft with a prior theft conviction. The trial court found true the allegations that
defendant had suffered two prior serious felony convictions under the three strikes law
(§ 1170.12), and had served one prior prison term within the meaning of section 667.5,
subdivision (b). His 26 years-to-life state prison sentences are the subject of this appeal.
The Section 1170.126 Petition and Facts As Accepted by the Trial Court
The Petition
On February 14, 2013, defendant filed a petition seeking recall of his three strikes
sentence on the basis that his commitment offenses were not serious or violent felonies.
The trial court found that defendant made a preliminary showing of eligibility with
4
respect to his convictions under sections 487 and 666. The prosecution opposed the
petition on suitability grounds, and the trial court held a contested suitability hearing. On
July 13, 2015, the trial court denied the petition on the basis that defendant posed an
unreasonable risk of danger to the public safety.
Facts5
We set forth the facts in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling.6
Defendant’s criminal history began at the age of 10, when he snatched a purse containing
$1,000 from a woman. A juvenile petition for receiving stolen property was sustained.
(§ 496.) Three years later, on November 17, 1979, defendant and two cohorts stole a
woman’s purse and beat her. They then attempted to steal a purse from a second woman,
but a security guard intervened and began to chase them. Defendant jumped into a
5 We recognize that defendant presented expert opinion testimony by Richard
Subia, who had 26 years experience working in the Department of Corrections and
Rehabilitation, reaching high ranking positions within the Department. Subia concluded
that defendant did not pose a current risk of danger to public safety. Subia downplayed
defendant’s criminal record and prison misconduct, but the trial court impliedly rejected
Subia’s theories. Subia was not a percipient witness to any of the events in this case, and
the trial court’s rejection of his opinion of the defendant’s conduct was well within the
court’s discretion as finder of fact.
Our discussion focuses on the facts as found by the trial court.
6 At the suitability hearing, the prosecution introduced tables of defendant’s
criminal history and disciplinary record in prison, as well as defendant’s California Law
Enforcement Telecommunications System criminal history; the court of appeal opinion,
abstract of judgment, and preliminary hearing transcript for the commitment offenses;
probation reports, preliminary hearing transcripts, and abstracts of judgment in
connection with defendant’s prior convictions; petitions, probation reports, adjudication
transcripts, and appellate reports relating to his sustained juvenile petitions; certification
documents from the California Department of Correction and Rehabilitation (CDCR);
reports pertaining to defendant’s 15 prison rules violations; counseling chronos; a list of
defendant’s enemies; CDCR reclassification score sheets for April 30, 2014, through
March 31, 2014; a Threat Assessment dated December 20, 2013; and an Annual Review
dated May 8, 2013.
5
getaway car with his accomplices. As they began speeding away, they collided with two
other vehicles. One of the vehicles caught fire, and two people were killed. A juvenile
petition was sustained for attempted robbery (§§ 664, 211) and two counts of vehicular
manslaughter with gross negligence (§ 192.3, subd. (a)). Defendant was committed to
the California Youth Authority. He was discharged on parole on May 15, 1984. Ten
days later, on May 25, 1984, defendant was arrested for using phenycylidine, for which
he was sentenced to 30 days in jail. On July 5, 1985, defendant committed robbery, his
first strike offense. Defendant was paroled on October 4, 1987. Only 10 days later, on
October 14, 1987, defendant stole a purse from a woman, whom he punched and knocked
to the ground. He was charged with robbery, but pleaded guilty to grand theft person (§
487.2). He was sentenced to 365 days in county jail with 3 years probation. While still
on probation, on May 7, 1989, defendant was convicted of petty theft (§ 484). He gave
the arresting officers a false name and date of birth. Defendant was placed on summary
probation for 24 months, and sentenced to 15 days in jail. On February 26, 1993,
defendant committed his second robbery strike. A few weeks later he threatened the 12-
year-old robbery victim, for which he was convicted of dissuading a witness by force and
fear. Defendant pleaded guilty and admitted to use of a weapon in commission of the
robbery. He was sentenced to seven years in prison. Defendant was released on parole
on November 16, 1996. On January 2, 1997, he committed the commitment offenses,
and was sentenced to 26 years-to-life in prison under the three strikes law.
While incarcerated, defendant engaged in substantial misconduct. He committed
15 serious rules violations. On February 25, 1988, defendant was found guilty of
possession of methamphetamine. He was found guilty of possessing inmate-
manufactured alcohol on September 14, 2000. Defendant suffered a rules violation for
fighting on February 25, 2003. He refused to comply when officers instructed him to
stop fighting, and had to be subdued with pepper spray and a baton. Defendant was
found guilty of mutual combat on October 21, 2004, and again on April 24, 2005. He
failed to comply with officer’s orders in both instances, and again had to be subdued with
pepper spray. Defendant was found guilty of participation in a riot on June 2, 2005. On
6
May 15, 2006, and on October 4, 2007, defendant was again found guilty of mutual
combat. He was noncompliant on both occasions. Additional staff were required to
subdue him in the first incident, and he was pepper-sprayed in the second. On May 28,
2009, defendant disobeyed an order to return to his cell. Defendant acquired three more
rules violations for fighting on April 22, 2009, June 30, 2009, and July 25, 2009. On
August 11, 2009, he committed battery on another inmate causing serious injury.
Defendant was found guilty of fighting on October 8, 2009, and fighting resulting in the
use of force on November 15, 2011. In the November incident both pepper spray and use
of a baton were required to subdue him. Defendant suffered a rules violation for willful
participation in a riot on February 29, 2012. He was found guilty of battery on an inmate
on September 3, 2012.
While incarcerated for the commitment offenses, defendant also received
counseling chronos for excessively touching a visitor, manipulation of staff, and theft of
state property. Defendant’s California Static Risk Assessment score indicated that he had
a moderate risk of incurring a felony arrest within three years of release to parole. At the
time of the suitability hearing defendant had a prison classification score of 130,7 and
was a level IV prisoner.8
Trial Court’s Ruling
The court denied defendant’s petition, finding by a preponderance of the evidence
that defendant posed an unreasonable risk of danger to public safety. It considered
defendant’s criminal history, his disciplinary history while in prison, his minimal
participation in rehabilitation programs, his age, and his plan for transition after release.
The court stated that: Defendant “ha[d] a lengthy history of committing crimes when free
from custody, even when on parole or probation. Indeed, his criminal activity began
7 The mandatory minimum score for an inmate with a life sentence is 19.
8 Level IV is the highest level of security in the prison system.
7
when he was only 10 years old. When he was 13 years old, he participated in an
attempted purse snatching that resulted in the death of two individuals when an accident
occurred while [defendant] and his cohorts were fleeing the scene. [¶] Despite
commitments to the California Youth Authority, local jail, and prison, [defendant] has
continued his pattern of criminal behavior without regard for the consequences. His
criminal behavior consists largely of theft crimes, but [defendant] shows a willingness to
resort to violence or threats of violence when confronted during the commission of the
theft crimes.” The court found that defendant’s criminal history continued to be relevant
to assessment of future risk, in light of his custodial misconduct and lack of significant
rehabilitative programming. Defendant’s institutional behavior, including numerous
rules violations, was indicative of current dangerousness. The rules violations included
“six [rules violations] for fighting, four [] for mutual combat, and two [] for participation
in a riot—all violent acts.” Defendant committed at least one rules violation during each
year of his incarceration, except for 2008 and 2010. He “exhibited a willingness to
engage in multiple violent and aggressive acts . . . .” Defendant also refused to comply
with correctional officers in almost every instance. He had participated in very limited
rehabilitative programming for substance abuse, and no programming for anger
management. Defendant had a very high classification score, that appeared to increase
substantially over time. Although at 49 years old defendant was of an age where the risk
of re-offending is statistically lower, his consistent and recent rules violations indicated
that he had not “aged out” of criminal behavior. Defendant also presented very limited
evidence of a transition plan that would prevent him from substance abuse, which had
fuelled his theft crimes. Taking all of these factors into consideration, the court denied
defendant’s petition for recall of his sentence.
DISCUSSION
Court’s Discretion
8
Defendant contends that the court abused its discretion, because it did not address
how the factors it considered would lead to the conclusion that there was an unreasonable
risk he would commit a “super strike” offense, as required for denial of a petition for
resentencing by section 1170.18. As we previously stated, we reject defendant’s
proposed definition of “unreasonable risk” absent a decision from our Supreme Court.
Defendant has not argued that the trial court abused its discretion in finding he presented
an unreasonable risk to public safety under the currently accepted standard, and has
arguably forfeited that argument. Even if it was preserved, the contention lacks merit.
The Act gives the court broad discretion in determining whether the petitioner
poses an unreasonable risk. It lists multiple factors that the court “may” consider,
including the petitioner’s criminal history (encompassing the nature of the crimes,
injuries inflicted, length of sentence, and remoteness in time), his disciplinary record
while in prison, and any efforts made at rehabilitation. (§ 1170.126, subd. (g).)
The trial court here considered all of these factors and found defendant’s history
contained strong indicia that he would pose an unreasonable risk of danger to public
safety. The court considered that defendant had a long and consistent criminal history,
and that he had not been deterred by any of the many and various punishments he
suffered. Defendant’s crimes, though somewhat remote in time, were highly relevant in
light of the fact that he continued to accrue rules violations with impressive regularity
over more than a decade of incarceration. His misconduct in prison was at least as
violent, if not more, than his various criminal offenses. He displayed an escalating
pattern of criminal activity and a total disregard for the law. In almost every incident
defendant presented as unrelenting, and the use of pepper spray and other force were
required to subdue him. Given his record of crime and misconduct, the trial court could
reasonably conclude that he posed an unreasonable risk of danger to public safety. The
court observed that defendant’s theft crimes were fueled by substance abuse and anger,
but that defendant had done little to address his addiction and nothing to improve his
anger management. The court also based its decision on defendant’s limited evidence of
9
a transition plan.9 It noted that, given his history of drug abuse and theft crimes,
defendant would require a structured transition to prevent him from recidivism. The
court acknowledged that, at 49 years of age, defendant was approaching the point where
he would be statistically less likely to reoffend, but found defendant’s recent violent rules
violations established that age had not diminished his criminal propensities.
In light of defendant’s long history of crime, his regular and violent misconduct
while incarcerated, his lack of participation in programs that would help to rehabilitate
and prepare him for a successful re-entry into society, and his failure to create a viable
transition plan, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in determining that
defendant posed an unreasonable threat of danger to public safety.
DISPOSITION
The order denying defendant’s petition for recall of sentence is affirmed.
KRIEGLER, J.
We concur:
TURNER, P.J.
BAKER, J.
9 Evidence of defendant’s transition plan consisted of a single letter confirming
that he would be offered employment in El Paso, Texas, subsequent to release.
10