COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH
NO. 02-15-00229-CR
JAKE BRADLEY MCLEMORE APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS STATE
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FROM THE 90TH DISTRICT COURT OF YOUNG COUNTY
TRIAL COURT NO. 10259
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MEMORANDUM OPINION1
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Appellant Jake Bradley McLemore appeals his conviction for continuous
sexual abuse of a young child, his daughter.2 In six issues, he contends that the
trial court committed harmful errors by admitting certain evidence and that the
1
See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
2
See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 21.02(b) (West Supp. 2016).
cumulative effect of these errors cast “a shadow upon the integrity of the verdict.”
We affirm.
Background Facts
According to her testimony at trial, when Brittany3 was in the fourth grade,
appellant touched her sexual organ, and she touched his penis with her hands
and her mouth. Appellant also showed Brittany pornographic videos on his
phone and took pictures of her with his phone while she was naked. Appellant
told Brittany that these acts were a secret and that he would “make it worse” for
her if she told anyone about them.
Brittany eventually told her friends about the sexual abuse, and her friends
told a school counselor. The counselor conveyed the allegations to Shelly
Tinney, an investigator with the Texas Department of Family and Protective
Services. Tinney met with Brittany, and Brittany told Tinney about appellant’s
sexual abuse. Tinney arranged for Brittany to have a forensic interview about the
allegations the next day. Later, Tinney spoke with appellant, who denied
engaging in sexual acts with Brittany. Tinney also notified Richard Ferguson, a
police officer in Graham, about Brittany’s allegations.
Brittany discussed the allegations of sexual abuse with Shannon May, a
forensic interviewer, on two occasions. She also participated in a forensic
3
To protect the complainant’s identity, we use a pseudonym. See
McClendon v. State, 643 S.W.2d 936, 936 n.1 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.]
1982). Brittany was twelve years old and was in the fifth grade when she
testified.
2
interview with Kayla Vorhees about a year after her interviews with May. During
her first interview with May, Brittany contradicted herself concerning whether she
had been sexually abused by appellant. She appeared to be nervous, said that
her family was angry with her, and repeatedly said that she wanted to “fix this.”
She concluded the first interview by stating that she wished she had not told
anyone about the abuse.4 In Brittany’s second interview with May, which
occurred in the same month as the first interview, she resolutely stated that
appellant had abused her and described details of the abuse. During her
interview with Vorhees, Brittany recanted her allegation of appellant’s sexual
abuse.
Officer Ferguson watched Brittany’s first interview with May through a live
feed but did not participate in it. He also interviewed appellant. During that
interview, appellant denied abusing Brittany, stated that he had not been alone
with her, and claimed that Brittany had reasons to manufacture allegations
against him. Pursuant to a search warrant, the police seized many of appellant’s
electronic devices. On his cell phone, the police found evidence related to
accessing and viewing child pornography and related to sexual acts between
parents and their children.
4
Concerning the first interview, May testified, “I think [Brittany] was trying to
recant, but because there [were] so many details that came out, she couldn’t
actually do that. . . . [S]he couldn’t consistently recant.”
3
A grand jury indicted appellant for continuous sexual abuse of a young
child. The indictment alleged that from October 2012 through May 2013, he had
committed six sexual crimes against Brittany. The parties filed several pretrial
documents, including the State’s notice of its intent to introduce Brittany’s outcry
statements to Tinney and to May and appellant’s election for the jury to assess
his punishment in the event of his conviction.
At trial, appellant pled not guilty. Brittany testified and described
appellant’s sexual abuse, including how they touched each other, how he
photographed her while she was naked, and how he showed her pornographic
videos. She testified that she had asked appellant to stop the sexual acts but
that he had told her that the acts were normal and that he would “go find other
girls” if she did not comply. She also testified that after initially disclosing
appellant’s sexual abuse, she later recanted and lied to “save [him].”
The jury watched recordings of Brittany’s three forensic interviews. The
jury also heard testimony from, among other witnesses, Tinney, May, and police
officers connected to the investigation. One officer testified that he gave
credence to Brittany’s allegation of sexual abuse because “a child of that age
shouldn’t have the knowledge . . . of the particular sex acts that she described on
several different occasions” and because the evidence discovered on appellant’s
cell phone corresponded to what Brittany said she had watched on it.
After the parties concluded their presentation of evidence and arguments,
the jury found appellant guilty of continuous sexual abuse of a young child. The
4
jury then heard more evidence and arguments concerning his punishment and
assessed thirty years’ confinement. The trial court sentenced him in accordance
with the jury’s verdicts. He unsuccessfully sought a new trial, and he brought this
appeal.
Admission of Interview Recordings
In appellant’s first issue, he contends that the trial court abused its
discretion by admitting video recordings of the three forensic interviews that
Brittany participated in. We review a trial court’s decision on the admissibility of
evidence under an abuse of discretion standard. Johnson v. State, No. PD-
1496-14, 2016 WL 3017842, at *10 (Tex. Crim. App. May 25, 2016). A trial court
abuses its discretion when its decision falls outside the zone of reasonable
disagreement. Id. If the trial court’s evidentiary ruling is correct under any
applicable theory of law, it will not be disturbed even if the trial court gave a
wrong or insufficient reason for the ruling. Id.; see Sewell v. State, 629 S.W.2d
42, 45 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1982) (“We must . . . determine whether the
evidence was admissible for any reason.”).
In appellant’s cross-examination of Officer Ferguson, he asked about the
forensic interviews and stated that during those interviews, Brittany had “said it
was one way, [then had] said it was another way.” Later, appellant cross-
examined May about the contents of the interviews and claimed during that
questioning that Brittany’s story had wavered.
5
During May’s testimony in front of the jury, the State offered the recordings
of Brittany’s two interviews with her, contending that appellant had opened the
door to their admission by questioning Officer Ferguson and May about the
interviews’ contents. The State contended that the recordings contained the
“best evidence of what was said during the interviews.” The trial court deferred
its ruling on the admissibility of the recordings to give the parties an opportunity
to brief the issue.
The next morning, outside the jury’s presence, the State repeated its
contention that appellant had opened the door to the recordings’ admission
through his counsel’s cross-examination of several witnesses and that the rule of
optional completeness—rule of evidence 107—justified their admission. See
Tex. R. Evid. 107 (stating that if a party introduces part of an act, declaration,
conversation, writing, or recorded statement, “an adverse party may inquire into
any other part on the same subject” and may “introduce any other act,
declaration, conversation, writing, or recorded statement that is necessary to
explain or allow the trier of fact to fully understand the part offered by the
opponent”). Specifically, the State contended that appellant had “impeached
every single witnesses . . . based upon the forensic interview[s]” and that the
“best way forward . . . [was] to . . . offer those videos and let the jury decide for
[itself] what was said.” Appellant argued that the recordings were inadmissible
6
under the code of criminal procedure,5 that the rule of optional completeness did
not justify their admission, and that their admission would violate his
constitutional rights of confrontation and cross-examination.
The trial court ruled that the recordings were admissible, explaining,
I think there [were] specific questions by the defense concerning the
forensic interview and the statements appear to be inconsistent
statements of the victim during the trial. And also I think you did
raise that with the -- even with the detective on the stand, or the
sergeant on the stand. Based on what I’m reading in case law, I’m
going to overrule those objections and I’m going to allow the videos.
After the trial court made this ruling but before the recordings were played
for the jury, appellant asked the court to admit a third recording, which depicted
Brittany’s forensic interview with Vorhees. His counsel said, “If you’re going to
play two of them, I want to play the third one.” The State responded by stating,
“That’s fine, Your Honor.” With respect to the interplay between the admission of
the first two recordings and the third recording, appellant’s counsel stated, “So
I’m having to ask for this to be played when I think it should be played regardless
of the other two. I want to make sure the record is clear about that, that I would
have been asking for this third video anyway.”6 [Emphasis added.]
5
In the trial court, appellant contended that the recordings were not
admissible under either articles 38.071 or 38.072 of the code of criminal
procedure. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. arts. 38.071–.072 (West Supp.
2016). Appellant does not analyze the application of those articles in his
argument on appeal; rather, he focuses on whether rule 107 justified the
recordings’ admission.
6
Thus, the record contradicts appellant’s contentions on appeal that he
objected to the admission of all three recordings and that he requested
7
After appellant voiced his unconditional request for the trial court to admit
the third recording, he again urged his objections to the first two recordings, and
the trial court again overruled the objections. When the State offered the first two
recordings as evidence in front of the jury, appellant rested on his previous
objections. Later, when the State asked the trial court to admit the third
recording during Vorhees’s testimony, appellant’s counsel stated, “Oh, we don’t
have any objection to this one at all.”
On appeal, appellant argues that rule 107 did not justify the admission of
the three recordings. The State contends, in part, that appellant cannot complain
on appeal about the admission of the third recording because he sought its
admission and that the admission of the third recording alone is “sufficient to
open the door for the other two [recordings].” We agree with the State.
To the extent that appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion
by admitting the recording of Brittany’s interview with Vorhees, we reject that
assertion because appellant explicitly and unconditionally asked for the
admission of the recording and did not object when the State offered it. He
therefore failed to preserve error as to the admission of that recording. See Tex.
R. App. P. 33.1(a) (requiring preservation of error); Lozano v. State, 359 S.W.3d
790, 823 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2012, pet. ref’d) (“The failure to object in a
admission of the third recording only in response to the trial court’s ruling on the
first two recordings.
8
timely manner during trial forfeits complaints about the admissibility of
evidence.”).
Furthermore, under rule of evidence 106, when a party “introduces all or
part of a writing or recorded statement, an adverse party may introduce” any
other “recorded statement . . . that in fairness ought to be considered at the same
time.”7 Tex. R. Evid. 106; see Jordy v. State, 413 S.W.3d 227, 231 & n.2 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 2013, no pet.). Like rule 107, rule 106 is designed to guard
against the possibility of confusion, distortion, or false impression that could arise
from the use of an act, writing, conversation, declaration, or transaction out of
proper context. Elmore v. State, 116 S.W.3d 801, 807 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
2003, pets. ref’d).
Brittany’s interview with Vorhees occurred in May 2014, approximately one
year after she first disclosed appellant’s sexual abuse and after she participated
in the two interviews with May. During the interview, Brittany recanted her
allegations against appellant and said that she had lied. She stated, “I made a
big mistake . . . saying what I did.” She indicated that no part of what she had
said about appellant’s abuse was true. Concerning the interview, Vorhees
7
We recognize that the State formally introduced the recording of Brittany’s
interview with Vorhees, in which Brittany recanted her allegations against
appellant. But the record indicates that the State did so in compliance with
appellant’s initial and unconditional request for the recording’s admission even
though the State did not believe that the recording was “necessarily . . .
admissible.”
9
testified that Brittany’s statements indicated her belief that that “she was the one
[who had] made a mistake . . . [and had] ruined her family.”
Given these facts, we conclude that the recordings of Brittany’s interviews
with May were admissible to provide the jury with context to assess the credibility
and reliability of her recantation with Vorhees. See Tex. R. Evid. 106. In other
words, we conclude that even if the recordings with May would have been
otherwise inadmissible under the code of criminal procedure or otherwise, they
became admissible because fairness required the jury to have the ability to
consider Brittany’s demeanor, tone, and statements given in the recantation with
Vorhees in light of her demeanor, tone, and statements given in her interviews
with May. See Tex. R. Evid. 106, 107; Elmore, 116 S.W.3d at 807. We hold that
the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the two recordings of
Brittany’s interviews with May. See Johnson, 2016 WL 3017842, at *10.
Because we conclude that appellant cannot show error from the trial court’s
admission of the three recordings of Brittany’s forensic interviews, we overrule
his first issue.
Cell Phone Evidence
In his second issue, appellant contends that the trial court abused its
discretion by admitting evidence found on his cell phone. He argues that the
State did not properly authenticate the evidence.
Officer Ferguson testified that the police recovered a cell phone during a
warrant-based search of appellant’s home. He testified that the phone matched
10
a phone that Brittany described. When the State sought admission of the phone
itself as an exhibit, appellant objected on the ground of chain of custody, but the
trial court overruled that objection and admitted the phone. Later, Brittany
identified the phone that the trial court had admitted as being appellant’s phone.
Outside of the presence of the jury, the State sought admission of data
found on the phone. The data included sexually-explicit photographs, web links,
and a history of internet sites accessed on the phone; the history showed that
someone had executed searches related to incest, “[p]reteen Lolitas,” and other
related topics. Appellant objected to the admission of the data on the grounds
that it was “highly prejudicial” and that the State could not authenticate it. With
respect to authentication, appellant contended that because the State could not
prove when the data on the phone had been first accessed, it was not
admissible. He argued,
[F]or any kind of authentication in any trial, anything you’ve proven
up, you must have some sort of idea when or where it was done. . . .
Since there’s no way to put forth that date, those pictures cannot be
properly authenticated to the defendant. And I just want to make
sure that all that is very clear in my objection.
Later, in front of the jury, Chris Ledbetter, a special agent with the
Department of Public Safety, testified that when he began examining the phone,
he discovered that it could be unlocked only through facial recognition. Ledbetter
testified that when he held up appellant’s driver’s license photograph to the
phone, the phone unlocked. Ledbetter testified that his examination of the phone
revealed that it had been used to search the internet for topics such as “[p]reteen
11
pics,” [p]reteen Lolita,” and “[h]omemade incest videos.” He also explained that
the phone contained the following descriptions of internet links that had been
accessed on it: “[i]ncest daughter,” [i]ncest love lesson,” and “[a]ccidental
incest.” Finally, Ledbetter testified that the phone contained pictures of preteen
females.
On appeal, appellant contends that the data from the phone was
inadmissible because the State could not provide evidence “showing when the
searches [were] performed or who performed [them].” He contends,
Due to the extremely portable nature of cell phone[s] and the relative
ease in which they can be accessed by someone other than their
owner, this Court should adopt a standard by which contents of a
cell phone must be authenticated in a way that definitely shows who
accessed the certain website and who performed the internet
search.
The rule of authentication requires a proponent of evidence to show that
an item is what the proponent claims it is. Tex. R. Evid. 901(a); Jones v. State,
466 S.W.3d 252, 261 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015, pet. ref’d), cert.
denied, 84 U.S.L.W. 3702 (U.S. June 27, 2016). Authenticity of evidence is a
preliminary admissibility question for the trial court. Tienda v. State, 358 S.W.3d
633, 638 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (explaining, however, that the “ultimate question
whether an item of evidence is what its proponent claims then becomes a
question for the fact-finder—the jury, in a jury trial”). We review the trial court’s
conclusion regarding preliminary admissibility based on authenticity under an
abuse-of-discretion standard. Id. “Evidence may be authenticated in a number
12
of ways, including by direct testimony from a witness with personal knowledge,
by comparison with other authenticated evidence, or by circumstantial evidence.”
Id.
Here, before appellant lodged his objection on authentication as quoted
above, the trial court heard the following facts. Officer Ferguson testified that the
police found an LG cell phone with a blue case and that the phone matched
Brittany’s description of the phone on which appellant had showed her
pornography. Brittany testified that appellant showed her pornographic videos on
his phone and used it to take pornographic pictures of her. Ledbetter testified
outside of the jury’s presence that he used appellant’s driver’s license photo to
unlock the phone because it had facial recognition security features. He also
testified that someone “who had that phone viewed” the data found on it,
including the websites and the photographs, although he could not say when the
data was viewed or who viewed it.
From these facts, the trial court could have reasonably concluded that the
phone in question belonged to appellant, that data found on it would likely
generally correspond with his use of it and his control over it because of the
phone’s facial recognition security measures, and that the specific data at issue
likely corresponded with his use of the phone because the data was similar to
what Brittany stated appellant showed her. In other words, based on this
circumstantial evidence, the trial court could have reasonably made the
preliminary finding that the phone’s data was linked to appellant’s use of the
13
phone, as the State claimed it was. See Tex. R. Evid. 901; Jones, 466 S.W.3d at
262.
We cannot conclude, as appellant contends, that the evidence must
“definitely” show who accessed the data on the phone because the “proponent of
the proffered evidence need not eliminate all other possibilities inconsistent with
authenticity.” Jones, 466 S.W.3d at 263; see Manuel v. State, 357 S.W.3d 66, 74
(Tex. App.—Tyler 2011, pet. ref’d). The possibilities that someone accessed the
data before appellant owned the phone or while he owned it but was not in
possession of it are alternate scenarios that the jury was entitled to assess upon
the admission of the evidence. See Tienda, 358 S.W.3d at 646; see also Wise v.
State, 364 S.W.3d 900, 905–07 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (upholding a conviction
for possession of child pornography based on deleted images found in the free
space of a computer even though it was impossible to know when the images
were accessed and it was possible that the photographs had been placed there
by a virus or by the computer’s prior owner).
Applying the deferential abuse of discretion standard—see Tienda, 358
S.W.3d at 638—we conclude that the trial court did not err by overruling
appellant’s objection concerning authentication and by admitting the evidence
found on his cell phone. We overrule his second issue.
“Threat” Evidence
In his third issue, appellant contends that the trial court abused its
discretion by denying his motion for mistrial when the State solicited testimony
14
concerning threats made by appellant to Brittany because the trial court had
already made a “clear ruling” that evidence of the threats was inadmissible.
More specifically, appellant argues that the trial court made a pretrial ruling that
threats by appellant were not to be discussed by the outcry witnesses—May and
Tinney—but that the State intentionally elicited testimony concerning the threats
from both witnesses. He also contends that the State did not give proper notice
before trial that it would introduce evidence concerning the threats.
Appellant does not, at any point within the argument on this issue, state
where in the record the trial court made a pretrial ruling concerning the threats.
In the Statement of Facts portion of his brief, appellant cites to a particular page
of the reporter’s record while stating that the “trial court made clear there would
be no outcry testimony regarding [appellant’s] alleged threats . . . .” On that
referenced page, the trial court stated that it would “reserve” its ruling concerning
one specific threat until it “hear[d] some testimony” about it; the court stated that
it would make its decision “depending on what comes up.” At that time, appellant
did not obtain a specific ruling on any objection to testimony concerning threats
or obtain a running objection to such testimony. Later in that same pretrial
hearing, the trial court indicated that it would “allow” testimony about appellant’s
statement that if Brittany told anyone about the abuse, “he would do something
worse.”
Later, Tinney testified in front of the jury, without any contemporaneous
objection, that appellant had told Brittany that “if she ever told anyone he would
15
make it worse for her.” She also testified without a contemporaneous objection,
“[Brittany] said [appellant] said he was going to do it harder than that if she told
anyone.” Then, May testified, without a contemporaneous objection, that
“[appellant] said he would do more if [Brittany]” told anyone about the abuse.
Finally, Brittany testified, without any objection, that appellant said he “would
make it worse for [her]” if she told anyone about the abuse.
To the extent that appellant eventually made objections to May’s and
Tinney’s testimony about appellant’s threats, we conclude that those objections
are forfeited for two reasons. First, the objections were not made
contemporaneously with the testimony and were therefore untimely. See Tex. R.
App. P. 33.1(a)(1); Lackey v. State, 364 S.W.3d 837, 843 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012)
(stating that an objection must be made as soon as the grounds become
apparent); Trapp v. State, Nos. 02-09-00382-CR, 02-09-00383-CR, 2010 WL
3834595, at *1 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Sept. 30, 2010, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not
designated for publication) (concluding that an objection was forfeited because it
was made after the witness answered the question); see also Ward v. State, 522
S.W.2d 228, 230 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975) (“The prosecutor was permitted to ask
two questions after the hearsay was elicited; it was at this point that the appellant
objected. Nothing is preserved for review.”). Second, Brittany testified about the
threats without objection. See Geuder v. State, 115 S.W.3d 11, 13 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2003) (stating that the defendant must generally object “each time
inadmissible evidence is offered”); Hall v. State, No. 02-09-00213-CR, 2010 WL
16
4570035, at *2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Nov. 4, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op., not
designated for publication) (“Because Hall failed to object each time the
extraneous offense was offered, he failed to preserve his complaint and has thus
forfeited this argument on appeal.”); see also Leday v. State, 983 S.W.2d 713,
718 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (“Our rule . . . is that overruling an objection to
evidence will not result in reversal when other such evidence was received
without objection, either before or after the complained-of ruling.”). Because we
conclude that appellant forfeited his objection to evidence concerning his threats
to Brittany, we overrule his third issue.
Evidence Concerning Psychosexual Assessment
In his fourth issue, appellant contends that the trial court abused its
discretion by not granting a motion for mistrial when “the State solicited testimony
regarding [a]ppellant’s refusal to take a [p]sychosexual [a]ssessment.” During its
case in chief, the State called Nora Nevarez, an employee of the Department of
Family and Protective Services, to testify about issues affecting Brittany after she
made the outcry of appellant’s sexual abuse. During Nevarez’s testimony, in a
manner that was wholly unresponsive to a question that the State asked her, she
stated that appellant had been “recommended to do a psychosexual
assessment.” The following exchange then occurred:
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Number one, that’s improper.
Number one, that’s a ridiculous test. It’s the dumbest thing I’ve ever
heard of and I did --
[THE STATE]: We’ll move on.
17
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: -- tell him not to take it.
[THE STATE]: We’ll move on.
THE COURT: All right.
The State proceeded to ask Nevarez many questions unrelated to the
psychosexual assessment. Later, outside of the presence of the jury, appellant
complained that the State had elicited testimony about the psychosexual
assessment, asked the court to declare a mistrial, and stated that for optional
completeness, he wanted to present evidence that appellant offered to take a
polygraph test. The trial court denied appellant’s motion for mistrial and denied
appellant’s request to present evidence that he had offered before trial to take a
polygraph.8
A motion for mistrial must be timely, and it is timely “only if it is made as
soon as the grounds for it become apparent.” Griggs v. State, 213 S.W.3d 923,
927 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert. denied, 552 U.S. 864 (2007); Sanchez v. State, 418
S.W.3d 302, 306 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2013, pet. ref’d). Here, although
appellant interrupted Nevarez’s testimony and complained about her disclosure
concerning his recommendation of a psychosexual assessment, he did not at
that time make a specific objection, obtain a ruling, or seek a mistrial, so he did
not immediately preserve error. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A), (2)(A);
Brewer v. State, 367 S.W.3d 251, 253 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). Instead, he
8
Appellant does not complain on appeal about the trial court’s decision
excluding evidence about his offer to take a polygraph.
18
waited until a later point in Nevarez’s testimony to request a mistrial. We
conclude that he did not make the motion as soon as the grounds for it became
apparent, and we therefore hold that he did not preserve this issue for our
review. See Brewer, 367 S.W.3d at 253; Griggs, 213 S.W.3d at 927; Wilkerson
v. State, 881 S.W.2d 321, 326 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1060
(1994); Veras v. State, 410 S.W.3d 354, 358 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2013, no pet.); Weems v. State, 328 S.W.3d 172, 179 (Tex. App.—Eastland
2010, no pet.). We overrule appellant’s fourth issue.
Overlapping Outcry Testimony
In his fifth issue, appellant contends that the trial court abused its
discretion by allowing Tinney and May to provide overlapping outcry-witness
testimony. Before the parties presented their opening statements at trial, the trial
court held a hearing on the admissibility of testimony by Tinney and May, to
whom Brittany had made outcries of sexual abuse. Tinney and May testified at
the hearing. Tinney explained that she had talked with Brittany at Brittany’s
school about her allegations of sexual abuse against appellant. Tinney also
explained that before she spoke with Brittany, Brittany had discussed the
allegations of sexual abuse with friends at school, those friends had approached
a school counselor about the allegations, and the school counselor had asked
Brittany to confirm what her friends had disclosed.
May testified that during her first forensic interview with Brittany, Brittany
disclosed only what she had previously said to Tinney. According to May, during
19
Brittany’s second interview, she was more forthcoming, and she discussed
aspects of sexual abuse that she had not disclosed to Tinney.
Appellant objected at the pretrial hearing to Tinney’s and May’s testimony
on the basis that they were not the first adult to whom Brittany had made an
outcry about the abuse and that their testimony was therefore inadmissible as
hearsay and was not covered by the exception to hearsay created by article
38.072 of the code of criminal procedure. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art.
38.072. The State contended that Tinney and May were the proper outcry
witnesses because they were the first adults to whom Brittany described her
abuse with specific details. The State also argued that both Tinney and May
could testify as outcry witnesses because Brittany provided different details about
the abuse to them. The trial court ruled that it would allow Tinney and May to
each testify as outcry witnesses but that May would be able to testify only about
acts that were distinct from what Brittany described to Tinney. Appellant later
sought a mistrial on the basis that Tinney’s and May’s testimony should have
been excluded, and the trial court denied that motion.
In his appellate argument on this issue, appellant does not contend that
the trial court erred by admitting Tinney’s and May’s testimony on the ground that
they were not the first adult to whom Brittany made an outcry. Nor does
appellant argue that the trial court erred by allowing testimony from two outcry
witnesses generally. Instead, he contends that the trial court erred because it
“improperly allowed [Tinney] and [May] to testify to the same outcry events.”
20
Specifically, he contends that Tinney and May each testified that Brittany had
disclosed that appellant showed her pornographic videos and that appellant
required Brittany to place his sexual organ in her mouth.
Assuming, without deciding, that appellant preserved his argument in this
issue for our review and that the trial court erred by admitting overlapping
testimony, we must conclude that such an error was not harmful.9 We generally
review error in admitting evidence under the standard for nonconstitutional harm.
See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b); Taylor v. State, 268 S.W.3d 571, 592 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2008). Nonconstitutional error is harmful and reversible only when it affects
a defendant’s substantial rights. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b). A substantial right
is affected when the error had a substantial and injurious effect or influence in
determining the jury’s verdict. King v. State, 953 S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1997). Conversely, an error does not affect a substantial right if we have
“fair assurance that the error did not influence the jury, or had but a slight effect.”
Solomon v. State, 49 S.W.3d 356, 365 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); Johnson v. State,
967 S.W.2d 410, 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). In making this determination, we
review the record as a whole, including any testimony or physical evidence
admitted for the jury’s consideration, the nature of the evidence supporting the
verdict, and the character of the alleged error and how it might be considered in
9
In the discussion of this issue, appellant does not provide a harm analysis.
21
connection with other evidence in the case. Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 355
(Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
Texas courts have repeatedly held that testimony about a child’s
statements concerning a sexual crime is harmless when other, unobjected-to
evidence proves the same facts. See Land v. State, 291 S.W.3d 23, 28–31 (Tex.
App.—Texarkana 2009, pet. ref’d) (holding that the admission of a recording of a
child’s interview given at an advocacy center was erroneous but harmless
because the recording was cumulative of the victim’s properly admitted live
testimony); Jensen v. State, 66 S.W.3d 528, 535 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2002, pet. ref’d) (op. on reh’g) (holding that the admission of videotaped
testimony was harmless because the child’s “live testimony did not differ
substantially from the facts revealed in the videotape”); see also Burks v. State,
876 S.W.2d 877, 898 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (“Because the testimony at trial of
Macias and Diaz proved the same facts that the State sought to admit through
the testimony of Price, we conclude that Price’s erroneously admitted hearsay
testimony did not harm appellant.”), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1114 (1995).
Here, appellant admits that the testimony of Tinney and May overlapped;
that is, he concedes that their testimony was cumulative. Moreover, Brittany
testified about the same facts discussed above. We find it unlikely that the jury
was inclined to reject Brittany’s story of sexual abuse, as related in person by her
and through the testimony of one outcry witness, but changed to a decision of
accepting the story based simply on hearing two aspects of it again through a
22
second outcry witness. See Todd v. State, Nos. 02-12-00114-CR, 02-12-00115-
CR, 2013 WL 1457735, at *5 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Apr. 11, 2013, pet. ref’d)
(mem. op., not designated for publication); see also Shaw v. State, 122 S.W.3d
358, 364 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, no pet.) (“Because the State sufficiently
proved the fact to which the hearsay relates by other competent and unobjected-
to evidence[,] . . . we hold the admission of the hearsay constituted nonreversible
error.”); Duncan v. State, 95 S.W.3d 669, 672 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2002, pet. ref’d) (holding that the improper admission of outcry testimony was
harmless when similar testimony was admitted through the victim). We hold that
the record does not establish harmful error arising from any overlap in May’s and
Tinney’s testimony, and we therefore overrule appellant’s fifth issue.
Alleged Cumulative Error
Finally, in his sixth issue, appellant contends that the “number of errors
committed by the trial court amounts to cumulative error that casts a shadow
upon the integrity of the verdict.” Based on our analysis above, we cannot
conclude that the trial court committed a “number of errors.” Thus, we overrule
appellant’s sixth issue complaining of cumulative error. See Estes v. State, 487
S.W.3d 737, 762 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2016, pets. filed); Meza v. State, No.
02-14-00277-CR, 2015 WL 5770748, at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Oct. 1, 2015,
pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication).
23
Conclusion
Having overruled all of appellant’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s
judgment.
/s/ Terrie Livingston
TERRIE LIVINGSTON
CHIEF JUSTICE
PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; DAUPHINOT and GARDNER, JJ.
DAUPHINOT, J., dissents and concurs without opinion.
DO NOT PUBLISH
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)
DELIVERED: August 18, 2016
24
Jake Bradley McLemore v. State
Combined Opinion