In The
Court of Appeals
Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
____________________
NO. 09-14-00399-CV
____________________
EMILE JUBERT DAIGLE JR., Appellant
V.
BONNIE DAIGLE, Appellee
On Appeal from the 279th District Court
Jefferson County, Texas
Trial Cause No. C-218,141
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Emile Jubert Daigle Jr. (Emile or appellant) filed this appeal of a final
decree of divorce from Bonnie Daigle (Bonnie or appellee). In six related issues,
Emile argues that the trial court mischaracterized a particular “mutual fund IRA”
as community property and he argues that he was improperly divested of his
separate property. Finding no error, we affirm the final decree of divorce.
1
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Emile and Bonnie married on October 25, 1995. Bonnie filed for divorce in
April 2013. On June 5, 2014, the trial court held a hearing regarding the division
of property. At the hearing, the parties disputed the character of what was listed on
the “Comparative Inventory and Appraisement” as the “AXA Equitable IRA[,]”
which was valued at more than $200,000. At the hearing, Bonnie argued that the
IRA was community property, and Emile argued the IRA was his separate
property.
Bonnie testified that the IRA account was created around seven years after
she and Emile married. She stated that she “never had any reason to believe it was
separate property.” Bonnie offered into evidence a letter from Equitable dated
October 3, 2002, which began “[w]e are pleased to welcome you to our Equitable
Accumulator® PlusSM deferred variable annuity program[.]” The letter included an
“Accumulator® PlusSM Contract Summary” (Contract Summary), listing Emile as
the “Owner” and “Annuitant” and Bonnie as the “Beneficiary[.]” It listed the
“Contract Type” as “Equitable Accumulator Plus (Rollover IRA)” with a “Contract
Number” of “3-02638743[.]” The Contract Summary listed a “Contract Date” of
October 3, 2002, an “Initial Contribution” amount of $107,735.08, and a “Total
Initial Account Value” of $112,044.48.
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At the hearing, Bonnie agreed that the letter was a “welcome letter that was
received in 2002 [when] opening up this IRA[.]” When Bonnie was asked about
the initial contribution to the IRA in 2002, Bonnie replied “I don’t recall what
happened in 2002.” Bonnie also testified that for several years, she and Emile had
“several IRAs[]” and that she “didn’t keep up with that that much[]”and she
“didn’t keep up with what was going in and out of any of them.” When asked
whether she knew that Emile had separate property from a previous marriage
before he and Bonnie married, Bonnie responded “I didn’t know that for sure[,]”
but she agreed that she was aware he had an account through Equitable when they
got married.
Emile testified that the disputed IRA was with Equitable Life Insurance
when he bought it, but at the time of the hearing it was with AXA Equitable.
Emile explained that he opened the original account on December 9, 1990, with a
little more than $80,000. Emile testified that in 1990 when he opened the account,
he was married to Janie, and Emile and Janie divorced in January of 1995.
According to Emile, as part of his divorce from Janie, he was awarded the account
with Equitable. He offered into evidence an “Inventory and Appraisement of Emile
J. Daigle, Jr.,” dated September 29, 1994, which he testified related to his divorce
from Janie. The document listed account 40310720 as “Type of insurance: whole”
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with a 1991 issuance date. In the final decree of divorce between Emile and Janie,
the court awarded Emile “the annuity with Equitable Life Insurance, policy
number 40310720” as his separate property.
Emile testified that “[a]pparently sometime in 2002 there was a merger
between AXA and Equitable and the -- apparently the policy changed, or the
annuity, versus what their new products were gonna be, changed.” When asked
about the 2002 letter from Equitable that Bonnie had testified was a “welcome”
letter, Emile testified as follows:
[EMILE’S ATTORNEY]: Okay. Can you explain what this document
is?
[EMILE]: It’s apparently a form -- informing us that the Equitable
accumulator plus annuity program has been replaced.
[EMILE’S ATTORNEY]: What does that -- what do you mean by
that?
[EMILE]: Well, apparently their brand from Equitable going to
AXA’s, their products were basically named different.
[EMILE’S ATTORNEY]: So, suddenly what you had been calling an
annuity and insurance policy was renamed, correct?
[EMILE]: That’s correct.
[EMILE’S ATTORNEY]: It was renamed a rollover IRA, right?
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[EMILE]: That’s correct, Equitable accumulator plus and then,
parentheses, and rollover IRA.
Nothing on the face of the letter or the attached Contract Summary specifically
provides that it is renaming or replacing an account, and there were no other
documents entered into evidence that clarified or referenced the new account as
being a renaming or replacement of “the annuity with Equitable Life Insurance,
policy number 40310720” that Emile received in his prior divorce.
Emile testified about his understanding of the AXA Equitable IRA and
various reports and summaries from Equitable. He offered into evidence fifteen
reports from Equitable for the “Accumulator Plus (Rollover IRA”), account
number “302 638 743[.]” The dates on these reports were as early as June 16,
2006, and as late as June 21, 2013. The reports showed a “Contract Date: October
03, 2002[.]” None of the reports showed any contributions for the period of time
covered by the reports. One of the reports provided contract information on
account number 40310720, referring to it as “IL-RESTRUCTURE” with the last
premium paid June 9, 1999. Emile also offered into evidence four reports from
Equitable for account number 40310720. Some of the reports he introduced for
account number 40310720 referred to the account as “Flexible Premium Variable
Life Insurance[,]” and reflected dates as early as December 2, 2007, and as late as
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February 6, 2013. The February 6, 2013 report included a heading that it was a
“NOTICE OF POLICY LOAN FORECLOSURE[.]” At the hearing, Emile
testified this account was closed in March of 2013, for nonpayment of premiums.
Notably, the account number on the foreclosed account is listed at 40310720,
which matches the account number of the Equitable Account Emile received in the
1995 Divorce Decree.
Emile submitted a copy of a fax from a financial advisor at Equitable-Texas.
The fax was hand-dated “12/6/95” and time-stamped “12/07/95” and also included
two attachments. A handwritten message on the front sheet of the fax states the
following:
E.J.
Here are the reports on your account as well as the girls [sic]
accounts. The Phoenix Growth fund for Beth is worth $10,034.76 as
compared to $7,461.68 last December 27th. Templeton hasn’t had as
great a year; hopefully we’ve been buying low. I’ll see you on the
16th.
Brian
At the hearing, Emile explained that Beth is his daughter. One attachment was
dated “12/04/95” and included a “Client Quote: EQS Account # 466773658D01”
with an “Account Value” of $16,935.70. The “Registration Name” on this page
read:
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E.J. DAIGLE C/F
BETH D DAIGLE
UGMA/TX
Another attachment provided a “Client Quote: Contract # 40310720” with a “Total
Account Value” of $90,576.07, and it had a handwritten notation stating “less
20,000 loan[.]” Emile testified that this fax concerned the same account he was
awarded in his divorce from Janie.
According to Emile, the balance of his Equitable account was $83,316 prior
to his marriage to Bonnie, and he testified that he had not put money into or taken
money out of the account during his marriage to Bonnie. In the inventory of
property that Emile filed before trial, Emile valued the disputed account at
$205,192.99. In Bonnie’s inventory, she valued the disputed account at
$212,538.82. In its Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, the trial court
showed a value of the disputed IRA account as “approx. $212,538.”
On July 17, 2014, the trial court rendered judgment that the IRA account in
question was community property. Emile filed a motion to reconsider, which was
overruled by operation of law. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(c). The trial court issued a
decree of divorce on August 28, 2014, which awarded Emile “[o]ne-half (50%)
plus any gains or losses of the balance of the AXA Equitable IRA, Accumulator
Plus (Rollover IRA), Contract No. 302638743 as of July 17, 2014 in the name of
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Emile Jubert Daigle, Jr. LESS Eighteen Thousand Dollars ($18,000.00) awarded to
wife in this Final Decree of Divorce.” On September 14, 2014, the trial court
issued Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, including that “the AXA
Equitable IRA, Accumulator Plus (Rollover IRA), Contract No. 302638743, value:
approx. $212,538[]” was acquired during the marriage other than by gift or
inheritance. Emile timely filed a notice of appeal.
ISSUES ON APPEAL
On appeal, Emile argues that the trial court erred by characterizing the AXA
Equitable IRA or “the mutual fund IRA” as community property. Specifically, he
raises the following arguments: (1) the trial court abused its discretion in
characterizing the IRA as community property; (2) the evidence was factually
insufficient to support the characterization of the IRA as community property; (3)
the evidence was legally insufficient to support the characterization of the IRA as
community property; (4) the characterization of the IRA as community property
requires reversal because it was against the great weight and preponderance of the
evidence; and (5) characterizing the IRA as community property improperly
divests Emile of his separate property, in violation of Article XVI, Section 15 of
the Texas Constitution. Appellant also argues in the alternative that, because
during Emile and Bonnie’s marriage the value of the IRA had never dropped below
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the value it had at the time the couple married, and applying the “community out
first” rule, that portion of the account that Emile owned at the time of marriage
remains his separate property.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The trial court is vested with broad discretion in dividing the community
estate, and we presume it properly exercised that discretion. See Murff v. Murff,
615 S.W.2d 696, 698 (Tex. 1981). Absent a clear abuse of discretion, we will not
disturb that division. See Bell v. Bell, 513 S.W.2d 20, 22 (Tex. 1974); Boyd v.
Boyd, 67 S.W.3d 398, 406 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2002, no pet.). An abuse of
discretion does not occur where the trial court bases its decisions on conflicting
evidence and some evidence supports its decision. See In re Barber, 982 S.W.2d
364, 366 (Tex. 1998) (orig. proceeding). Furthermore, an abuse of discretion does
not occur as long as some substantive and probative evidence exists to support the
trial court’s decision. See Jenkins v. Jenkins, 16 S.W.3d 473, 477 (Tex. App.—El
Paso 2000, no pet.).1
In this case, the trial court entered findings of fact and conclusions of law.
Findings of fact entered in a case tried to the court have the same force and dignity
as a jury’s answers to jury questions. See Anderson v. City of Seven Points, 806
1
A party may raise legal and factual sufficiency complaints for the first time
in an appeal from a bench trial. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(d).
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S.W.2d 791, 794 (Tex. 1991). We apply the same legal sufficiency standards in
reviewing a trial court’s findings of fact as when reviewing evidence supporting a
jury’s answer. See Catalina v. Blasdel, 881 S.W.2d 295, 297 (Tex. 1994). In a
bench trial, the court, as fact finder, is the exclusive judge of the witnesses’
credibility and the weight given their testimony, and is free to resolve any
inconsistencies in the evidence. See Iliff v. Iliff, 339 S.W.3d 74, 83 (Tex. 2011). It
is free to believe some, all, or none of a witness’s testimony. See Rivas v. Rivas,
No. 01-10-00585-CV, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 412, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] Jan. 19, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.).
CHARACTERIZATION OF PROPERTY
“All property, both real and personal, of a spouse owned or claimed before
marriage, and that acquired afterward by gift, devise or descent, shall be the
separate property of that spouse . . . .” Tex. Const. art. XVI, § 15. The Texas
Family Code defines separate property as that property owned by a spouse before
marriage, acquired during the marriage by gift, devise, or descent, and the recovery
for personal injuries sustained during the marriage. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann.
§ 3.001 (West 2006). Community property consists of the property, other than
separate property, acquired by either spouse during the marriage. See id. § 3.002
(West 2006). In Texas, property possessed by either spouse during or on
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dissolution of the marriage is presumed to be community property, absent clear and
convincing evidence to the contrary. See id. § 3.003 (West 2006). Clear and
convincing evidence is the degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier
of fact a firm belief or conviction about the allegations sought to be established.
See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 101.007 (West 2014); Transp. Ins. Co. v. Moriel, 879
S.W.2d 10, 31 (Tex. 1994). To overcome this presumption, the spouse that claims
the property as separate property must trace and clearly identify the property
claimed to be separate, which involves establishing the separate origin of the
property with evidence showing the time and means by which the property was
acquired by the spouse. See Smith v. Smith, 22 S.W.3d 140, 144 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.) (op. on reh’g).
The characterization of property as either community or separate is
determined by the inception of title to the property. Id. at 145. Inception of title
occurs when a party first has a right of claim to the property by virtue of which title
is finally vested. See id. (citing Strong v. Garrett, 224 S.W.2d 471, 474 (Tex.
1949), and Winkle v. Winkle, 951 S.W.2d 80, 88 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1997,
pet. denied)).
If the evidence shows separate and community property has been
commingled so as to defy segregation and identification, the burden is not
11
discharged and the statutory presumption prevails. See McKinley v. McKinley, 496
S.W.2d 540, 543 (Tex. 1973). Mere testimony that property was purchased with
separate property funds, without any tracing of the funds, is generally insufficient
to rebut the community presumption. See McElwee v. McElwee, 911 S.W.2d 182,
188 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, writ denied) (citing Schmeltz v. Garey,
49 Tex. 49, 60-61 (Tex. 1878)). “Any doubt as to the character of property should
be resolved in favor of the community estate.” Boyd v. Boyd, 131 S.W.3d 605, 612
(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, no pet.) (citing Akin v. Akin, 649 S.W.2d 700, 703
(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1983, writ ref’d n.r.e.).
When separate property and community property are commingled in a single
account, we presume that the community funds are drawn out first, before separate
funds are withdrawn, and where there are sufficient funds at all times to cover the
separate property balance in the account at the time of divorce, we presume that the
balance remains separate property. See Smith, 22 S.W.3d at 146 (citing Welder v.
Welder, 794 S.W.2d 420, 433 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1990, no writ), and
Horlock v. Horlock, 533 S.W.2d 52, 58 (Tex. Civ. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
1975, writ dism’d w.o.j.)).
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ANALYSIS
To determine whether the trial court abused its discretion, we must examine
whether the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s
conclusion that the disputed account is community property. See Boyd, 131 S.W.3d
at 611. We begin by presuming that the property owned upon the dissolution of the
marriage is community property, a presumption that Emile could overcome only
by a showing of clear and convincing evidence. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 3.003.
Consequently, the burden of proof rests with Emile to show by clear and
convincing evidence that the funds he used to establish the disputed account
(account number 302638743), were his separate property. See Smith, 22 S.W.3d at
144.
Emile argues that the trial court erred in finding “the entire ‘AXA Equitable
IRA, Accumulator Plus (Rollover IRA)’” was “always community property during
the parties’ marriage.” The trial court found the disputed IRA was acquired during
the marriage, stating “[d]uring marriage, [Bonnie] and [Emile] acquired the
following property other than by gift or inheritance with the values shown: . . . the
AXA Equitable IRA, Accumulator Plus (Rollover IRA), Contract No. 302638743,
value: approx. $212,538.” Emile’s appellate brief argues that tracing rules “which
[the trial court] has apparently overlooked[]” establish “both the $83,316 and the
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remainder of the $212,538-plus mutual fund remained Appellant’s separate estate,
since there was no commingling, and no additions to, or distributions from, the
AXA/Equitable Life fund during the parties’ marriage.” We disagree.
Emile claims $83,316 was awarded to him as separate property in a divorce
prior to his marriage to Bonnie. Emile argues he funded an Equitable Life
Insurance policy number 40310720 with $83,316 of his separate property. In his
divorce from Janie, the court awarded Emile “the annuity with Equitable Life
Insurance, policy number 40310720” as his separate property. The trial court had
before it evidence that established that the “Incentive Life insurance policy from
AXA Equitable[,]” account number 40310720, was terminated in March or April
of 2013 for nonpayment of premiums. Therefore, according to the documents in
the record, the account numbered 40310720 had been terminated prior to the date
of Emile and Bonnie’s trial in 2014.
The documentary evidence also establishes that the disputed IRA, AXA
Equitable Accumulator Plus Rollover IRA, account or policy number 302638743,
was established in 2002, with a “Contract Date” of October 3, 2002, which was
several years after Emile and Bonnie were married. There was a lack of
documentary evidence to clearly establish that the funds used to establish account
number 302638743 were Emile’s separate property. Although Emile testified that
14
this account was an annuity or insurance account that had been renamed as a
rollover IRA, the evidence does not provide clear and convincing evidence that the
disputed IRA account was created from his separate property. The trial court could
have reasonably concluded that, even with Emile’s testimony, the evidence was
insufficient to trace the origin of the funds used to create account number
302638743 to Emile’s separate property. See McElwee, 911 S.W.2d at 188.
Emile failed to provide clear and convincing evidence that would be
sufficient to overcome the presumption of community property. We conclude that
the evidence was legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s finding
that the disputed IRA was community property, that the court’s findings of fact and
conclusions of law were not against the great weight and preponderance of the
evidence, and that the trial court did not abuse its discretion. We overrule
Appellant’s first four issues. Additionally, because we conclude that the trial court
did not err in characterizing the disputed IRA as community property, Emile was
not improperly divested of his separate property in violation of the Texas
Constitution, and we also overrule Appellant’s fifth issue.
Appellant argues in the alternative that the trial court should have applied
the “community out first” rule and it should have awarded him a portion of the
disputed IRA equal to its value at the time Emile and Bonnie married. The
15
“community out rule” only applies where the evidence shows that separate and
community funds have been commingled in a single account. See Smith, 22
S.W.3d at 146. Emile testified that he “never” took any money out of the account.
Furthermore, there was no evidence of any commingling of separate and
community funds nor any transactions involving the disputed account. Therefore,
we conclude that the “community out first” rule is inapposite. See Welder, 794
S.W.2d at 434. Accordingly, we overrule Appellant’s final issue.
Finding no error, we overrule all of Appellant’s issues, and affirm the
judgment.
AFFIRMED.
_________________________
LEANNE JOHNSON
Justice
Submitted on February 2, 2015
Opinion Delivered August 27, 2015
Before McKeithen, C.J., Horton and Johnson, JJ.
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