In The
Court of Appeals
Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
________________________
No. 07-13-00286-CR
________________________
SAMMY VIDALES, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the 137th District Court
Lubbock County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2012436579; Honorable John J. McClendon III, Presiding
May 15, 2015
OPINION
Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and PIRTLE, JJ.
Appellant, Sammy Vidales, was convicted by a jury of evading arrest or detention
with a vehicle, an offense alleged to have been committed on the 7th day of October,
2012.1 Finding two enhancement paragraphs to be true, the jury sentenced him to
sixty-two years confinement. By three issues raised through his original briefing,
1
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 38.04(a) (West Supp. 2014). Although formerly a state jail felony,
effective September 1, 2011, evading arrest through the use of a motor vehicle is a third degree felony.
Appellant contends (1) his initial detention was not lawful because there were no
specific and articulable facts supporting reasonable suspicion to detain him, (2) his trial
counsel was ineffective, and (3) error in the jury charge failed to instruct the jury on
unanimity of the verdict regarding what he perceived to be two separate evading arrest
offenses on the same date. After original submission on the briefs, the parties were
ordered to brief a previously unassigned, potentially meritorious issue concerning the
legality of the sentence imposed.2 By a supplemental brief, Appellant added a fourth
issue contending he was egregiously harmed when the trial court authorized the jury to
assess a sentence within the statutory punishment range provided by section 12.42(d)
of the Texas Penal Code without requiring the jury to first find an element essential to
the enhanced punishment range, to-wit: the sequential finality of his prior convictions.3
The State responded to Appellant’s first issue with a lengthy discussion
concerning reasonable suspicion to lawfully detain Appellant and then concluded “it
would appear that the attempted lawful detention element of evading arrest or detention
was not met here.” Without stating what the proper disposition should be when the
State fails to prove an essential element of the offense charged, the State requests this
Court to “review [the issue] under the proper standard of review, and render an
appropriate judgment and decision.” The State then responds to issues two and three
with a conclusion they should be overruled. Finally, by its supplemental brief, the State
2
Vidales v. State, No. 07-13-00286-CR, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 12255 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Oct.
28, 2014, no pet.).
3
See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(d) (West Supp. 2014) (providing that a third degree felony is
punishable by imprisonment for life, or any term of not more than 99 years or less than 25 years if it is
shown that the defendant has previously been convicted of two felony offenses, and the second previous
felony conviction is for an offense that occurred subsequent to the first previous felony having become
final).
2
responds to the fourth issue by conceding Appellant was egregiously harmed by the
omission of an essential instruction in the punishment charge. As to this error, the State
contends we should reverse the sentence and remand the case for a new trial on
punishment. We affirm in part and reverse and remand in part.
BACKGROUND
Shortly after midnight on October 7, 2012, Officer Justin Anderson of the
Lubbock Police Department was dispatched to an apartment complex on a domestic
disturbance call. The caller described the suspect as a black male. When Officer
Anderson and his partner arrived at the complex, they exited their vehicle and
proceeded to the apartment of the reporting party. The suspect had already left.
While walking back to his patrol car, Officer Anderson observed an SUV driving
in the parking lot without the headlights turned on. He ran toward the SUV and shined
his flashlight inside and yelled for the driver to stop. The driver, a Hispanic male later
identified as Appellant, complied. Officer Anderson admitted that, even though he
realized the driver was not the suspect they were looking for, he asked Appellant for the
keys to his SUV. Appellant inquired “why” and the officer responded “because I asked
you to.” Instead of complying, Appellant drove away and exited the complex. The
officers were not near their patrol car and did not pursue Appellant. At that time, Officer
Anderson did not report to dispatch that there was an “evading detention” in progress.
Approximately five hours later, while Officer Anderson was patrolling his area of
the city, he observed what he believed to be the same SUV previously encountered at
the apartment complex. At that time, he activated his emergency lights and the SUV
3
pulled over into a motel parking lot. Appellant was the driver of that vehicle. This time
Appellant exited his SUV and walked toward Officer Anderson. For safety reasons,
Officer Anderson drew his weapon and ordered Appellant to his knees in order to
handcuff him.4 Appellant complied. As Officer Anderson was attempting to secure the
handcuffs, they got caught in Appellant’s jacket and he began moving around as if
attempting to get away. Officer Anderson discarded the handcuffs, subdued Appellant
with his body weight and called for backup.
Appellant managed to push Officer Anderson off and proceeded to his SUV.
Officer Anderson then attempted to deploy his taser, but not all of the probes made
contact with Appellant and he was not completely disabled. After Appellant entered his
SUV, some of the taser leads broke off. Appellant then reversed his SUV, crashing it
into Officer Anderson’s patrol car before exiting the motel parking lot. Backup officers
pursued Appellant, and after he wrecked his SUV, he was eventually apprehended
while on foot.
ISSUE ONE—LEGALITY OF DETENTION
The lawfulness of a detention is an essential element of evading arrest or
detention which is reviewed for legal sufficiency. See York v. State, 342 S.W.3d 528,
544 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); Woods v. State, 153 S.W.3d 413, 415 (Tex. Crim. App.
2005). See also Rodriguez v. State, 578 S.W.2d 419, 420 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979)
(finding evidence insufficient to find a lawful arrest where officer lacked reasonable
4
Officer Anderson testified that Appellant did not have any weapons on his person.
4
suspicion to detain suspect). Here, Appellant alleges the State did not satisfy that
element. We disagree.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
In assessing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction, this
Court considers all the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and
determines whether, based on that evidence and reasonable inferences to be drawn
therefrom, a rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 33 S. Ct. 2781, 61
L. Ed.2d 560 (1979). See also Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App.
2010).
We measure the legal sufficiency of the evidence by the elements of the offense
as defined by a hypothetically correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240
(Tex. Crim. App. 1997). In our review, we must evaluate all of the evidence in the
record, both direct and circumstantial, whether admissible or inadmissible. Dewberry v.
State, 4 S.W.3d 735, 740 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999), cert. denied, 529 U.S. 1131, 120 S.
Ct. 2008, 146 L. Ed.2d 958 (2000). Furthermore, we must give deference to the
responsibility of the trier of fact to fairly resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the
evidence and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts. Hooper
v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
5
ANALYSIS
A person commits the offense of evading arrest or detention with a vehicle if he
(1) intentionally (2) flees (3) from a person he knows is a peace officer (4) attempting
lawfully to arrest or detain him, and (5) he uses a vehicle while in flight. TEX. PENAL
CODE ANN. §§ 38.04(a), 38.04(b)(2)(A). As to the issue of a lawful arrest or detention,
the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects citizens from
unreasonable searches and seizures at the hands of government officials. Wiede v.
State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). When a person pulls over in
response to a patrol car’s emergency lights rather than of his own accord, an
investigatory detention has occurred. Crain v. State, 315 S.W.3d 43, 52 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2010). For police officers to be able to conduct an investigative detention which is
lawful under the Fourth Amendment, they must have reasonable suspicion founded on
specific, articulable facts. Delafuente v. State, 414 S.W.3d 173, 177 (Tex. Crim. App.
2013). Reasonable suspicion requires more than just a hunch; it exists only when an
officer has specific, articulable facts that, taken together with reasonable inferences
from those facts, would lead the officer to reasonably conclude the person detained is,
has been, or soon will be, engaging in criminal activity. Crain, 315 S.W.3d at 52; Ford
v. State, 158 S.W.3d 488, 492 (Tex. 2005). This is an objective standard that
disregards any subjective intent of the officer making the stop and looks solely to
whether an objective basis for the stop exists. Id. A reasonable suspicion
determination is an objective one made by considering the totality of the circumstances.
Id. at 492-93.
6
By his first issue, Appellant contends the evidence is insufficient to support
Officer Anderson’s initial detention at the apartment complex, as a lawful detention.
Appellant argues Officer Anderson did not have specific, articulable facts to support a
reasonable suspicion to detain him because, at the time of that encounter, he knew
Appellant was not a black male, the subject of his pending investigation. The State has
conceded that, during the encounter at the apartment complex Officer Anderson did not
have reasonable suspicion to believe that a crime had been committed or was in
progress. In that respect, we agree with both Appellant and the State that the
attempted initial detention was not supported by adequate reasonable suspicion to
warrant a lawful detention. That said, Appellant does not challenge the lawfulness of
Officer Anderson’s subsequent detention at the motel parking lot. Because the failure to
sufficiently advance the analysis of an argument can result in the waiver of that issue,
Cardenas v. State, 30 S.W.3d 384, 393 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000), we find Appellant has
waived that issue.
Notwithstanding the waiver of this issue, it is clear from a review of the entire
record that at the time of the encounter at the motel parking lot, Officer Anderson was
operating in good faith, under the objective (albeit incorrect) assumption that Appellant
had earlier committed the offense of evading detention. Because a police officer’s
reasonable mistake about past facts may justify his conclusion that there is reasonable
suspicion for purposes of an investigatory detention, Robinson v. State, 377 S.W.3d
712, 720 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012), we conclude Officer Anderson’s subsequent
attempted detention at the motel parking lot was supported by reasonable suspicion.
7
Furthermore, even if reasonable suspicion did not exist at the commencement of
the detention at the motel parking lot, during that second encounter, Appellant engaged
in conduct that not only merited an investigatory detention, it justified a warrantless
arrest. While Appellant initially complied with Officer Anderson’s requests, at some
point he ceased to be cooperative and attempted to flee. Despite Officer Anderson’s
attempt to physically subdue him through the use of non-deadly force, he continued to
be combative. At some point, Appellant reentered his SUV, crashed it into Officer
Anderson’s patrol vehicle, and sped off. Resisting an arrest or detention is unlawful,
even if the officer attempting to effect the arrest lacks reasonable suspicion or probable
cause. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 38.03(b) (West 2011); State v. Mayorga, 901 S.W.2d
943, 945 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). Giving deference to the responsibility of the jury to
weigh this evidence, we find the evidence was legally sufficient, as to the subsequent
attempted detention, to establish Appellant’s guilt as to the offense of evading arrest or
detention with a vehicle. Accordingly, Appellant’s first issue is overruled.
ISSUE TWO—INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
By his second issue, Appellant contends he was denied effective assistance of
counsel at the guilt-innocence phase of his trial because his counsel failed (1) to
request an explanatory jury instruction concerning reasonable suspicion to stop, (2) file
a pretrial motion to quash the indictment, (3) compel the State to elect the prosecution
event, and (4) make appropriate objections to the evidence. To support those claims,
Appellant filed a motion for new trial wherein he attached an affidavit from his trial
counsel stating that it was his theory that the events in question constituted one
continuous evading arrest. Because Appellant’s second and third complaints raise an
8
issue with respect to counsel’s theory of the case, we will address those complaints
together, before addressing the first and fourth complaints.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The adequacy of defense counsel’s assistance is based on the totality of the
representation rather than isolated acts or omissions. Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d
808, 814 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). Although the constitutional right to counsel ensures
the right to reasonably effective counsel, it does not guarantee errorless counsel whose
competency or accuracy of representation is judged by hindsight. Robertson v. State,
187 S.W.3d 475, 483 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
The effectiveness of counsel’s representation is measured by the two-pronged
test enunciated in Strickland v. Washington. 466 U.S. 668, 687 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L.
Ed.2d 674 (1984). See Hernandez v. State, 726 S.W.2d 53, 57 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986)
(adopting Strickland standard in Texas). The first prong of the Strickland test requires
an appellant prove counsel made such serious errors that he did not function as the
“counsel” guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. Appellant
must show that counsel’s performance was unreasonable under prevailing professional
norms and that the challenged action was not part of counsel’s sound trial strategy. Id.
at 689-90. If deficient assistance is established, the second Strickland prong requires
an appellant affirmatively demonstrate prejudice; that is, a reasonable probability that,
but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the outcome of the case would have been
different. Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 812. “Reasonable probability” means probability of a
degree sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.
9
Our review of counsel’s performance is highly deferential and a strong
presumption exists that counsel’s conduct fell within a wide range of reasonable
professional assistance. Mallett v. State, 65 S.W.3d 59, 63 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).
See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689 (noting there are countless ways to provide effective
assistance in any given case). To overcome the presumption of reasonable
professional assistance, any allegation of ineffectiveness must be firmly rooted in the
record. Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813-14. The showing of ineffectiveness must warrant
the conclusion of a reviewing court that counsel’s performance fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness as a matter of law and that no reasonable trial strategy
could justify counsel’s acts or omissions, regardless of his subjective reasoning. Lopez
v. State, 343 S.W.3d 137, 143 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
In the majority of cases, the record on direct appeal is simply inadequate to show
that counsel’s conduct fell below an objectively reasonable standard of performance.
See Rylander v. State, 101 S.W.3d 107, 110 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (stating “[w]e have
previously stated that the record on direct appeal will generally not be sufficient to show
that counsel’s representation was so deficient as to meet the first part of the Strickland
standard as the reasonableness of counsel’s choices often involves facts that do not
appear in the appellate record.”). “When such direct evidence is not available, we will
assume that counsel had a strategy if any reasonably sound strategic motivation can be
imagined.” Lopez, 343 S.W.3d 137, 143 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
Here, based on the allegations contained in the indictment, there were three
possible prosecution events: (1) the encounter at the apartment complex, (2) the
encounter at the motel, or (3) the encounter at the motel as a continuation of the offense
10
commenced at the apartment complex. When conduct alleged in a charging instrument
can be construed as implicating more than one offense, a motion to quash is an
appropriate means of forcing the State to be more specific as to the offense charged.
See State v. Draper, 940 W.W.2d 824, 826 (Tex. App.—Austin 1997, no pet.) (holding
that a trial court’s decision to quash an indictment for lack of certainty in indictment’s
allegations is a matter within the discretion of the trial court). Furthermore, upon a
proper request, a trial court is obligated to require the State to elect which of multiple
instances of an offense the State was relying upon for conviction. Phillips v. State, 193
S.W.3d 904, 909-10 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Given the facts of this case, we cannot
say that trial counsel did not have a legitimate trial strategy in adopting a position that
the events in question constituted a single continuous offense. Accordingly, Appellant
has not established the first prong of the Strickland test as to these complaints.
Furthermore, as to the complaints that Appellant’s counsel failed to request an
explanatory jury instruction concerning reasonable suspicion or make appropriate
objections to the evidence, we find that the record is insufficiently developed to establish
deficient performance in that regard. Where the alleged deficiency is an error of
omission rather than commission, a collateral attack by means of a post-conviction writ
of habeas corpus is generally the more appropriate vehicle by which to develop a
detailed record of the alleged defective assistance. See Freeman v. State, 125 S.W.3d
505, 506-07 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). See generally Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S.
500, 123 S. Ct. 1690, 155 L. Ed. 2d 714 (2003) (stating that when a claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel is raised on direct appeal, a trial record is usually not developed
11
for purposes of establishing such a claim). Accordingly, Appellant’s second issue is
overruled.
ISSUE THREE—CHARGE ERROR REGARDING UNANIMITY OF THE VERDICT
By his third issue, Appellant contends he was prejudiced by the trial court’s
failure to instruct the jury that their verdict required unanimous agreement as to the
prosecution event. Appellant contends the court’s charge authorized a guilty verdict if
half of the jury thought he was guilty of evading detention at the apartment complex,
while the other half thought he was guilty of evading detention at the motel parking lot.
The State contends unanimity is not a question because there was only one evading
detention or arrest offense presented at trial. While we disagree with the State’s
position, we nonetheless find the question does not present reversible error.
Where the offense in question is a single offense with multiple or alternate
methods of commission, unanimity is required with respect to all essential elements of
the offense, even though jurors are not required to unanimously agree on the specific
method of committing that offense. Miranda v. State, 391 S.W.3d 302, 310 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2012). A jury is entitled to return a general verdict where evidence of an
alternative manner and means of committing the charged offense is submitted to the
jury. Young v. State, 341 S.W.3d 417, 422 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Here, the
indictment merely averred that Appellant “on or before the 7th day of October, A.D.
2012, did then and there, while using a vehicle, intentionally flee from [Officer
Anderson], a person [Appellant] knew was a peace officer who was attempting lawfully
to arrest or detain the defendant.” Even though the jury could have concluded Appellant
12
committed that offense in more than one manner, the gravamen of the offense has
always been an evading detention offense alleged to have been committed on October
7, 2012. Appellant’s third issue is overruled.
ISSUE FOUR—ILLEGAL SENTENCE
By the fourth issue contained in his Supplemental Brief, Appellant contends his
sentence is an illegal sentence because it exceeds the maximum sentence for a second
degree felony. We agree.
With admirable candor, the State concedes (1) the trial court’s punishment
charge erroneously fails to require the jury to find sequential finality of the prior felony
conviction as required by section 12.42(d) of the Texas Penal Code and Jordan v.
State, 256 S.W.3d 286, 290-91 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008), and (2) Appellant suffered
egregious harm from the lack of a jury instruction requiring the jury to find the second
previous felony conviction was for an offense that occurred subsequent to the first
previous felony conviction having become final. As to this error, the State admits we
should reverse the sentence and remand the case for a new trial on punishment.
With certain exceptions not applicable to the facts of this case, if it is shown on
the trial of a felony of the third degree that the defendant has previously been finally
convicted of a felony other than a state jail felony, on conviction the defendant shall be
punished for a felony of the second degree.5 TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(a) (West
5
While an offense may be “punished” as a higher degree of felony, for purposes of the judgment,
the offense remains the same “level of offense” provided by the particular statute under which the
conviction was obtained. Ford v. State, 334 S.W.3d 230, 235 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (holding that while
the punishment level may have been increased, the “level of offense” was not increased).
13
Supp. 2014). Furthermore, again with certain exceptions not applicable here, if it is
shown on the trial of a felony of the third degree that the defendant has previously been
finally convicted of two felonies, and the second previous felony conviction was for an
offense that occurred subsequent to the first previous felony conviction having become
final, on conviction the defendant shall be punished by imprisonment for life, or for any
term of not more than 99 years or less than 25 years. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(d)
(West Supp. 2014).
In this case, the indictment alleged three prior felony convictions. The State
waived the second enhancement and proceeded to trial on the basis of two prior
convictions: (1) the offense of aggravated robbery in cause number 94-419,354 and (2)
the offense of burglary of a habitation in cause number 2008-419,494. While the State
did prove up these prior felony convictions, the jury was never instructed that it had to
find the second previous felony conviction was for an offense that occurred subsequent
to the first previous felony conviction having become final. Consequently, the jury never
made an essential fact finding necessary to elevate the range of punishment to
confinement for a minimum term of 25 years in accordance with section 12.42(d). Id.
Based upon the findings of the jury, the lawful range of punishment for the
offense for which Appellant was convicted was that of a second degree felony, i.e., by
imprisonment for any term of not more than twenty years or less than two years and by
a fine not to exceed $10,000. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.33 (West 2011). Because
the term of confinement assessed exceeds the maximum term allowable by law, the
punishment assessed is illegal. Ex parte Parrott, 396 S.W.3d 531, 534 (Tex. Crim. App.
2013); Farias v. State, 426 S.W.3d 198, 200 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet.
14
ref’d) (holding that a sentence outside the statutory range of punishment for an offense
is void and must be reversed, citing Hern v. State, 892 S.W.2d 894, 896 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1994)). Accordingly, Appellant’s fourth issue is sustained.
CONCLUSION
That portion of the verdict and judgment pertaining to Appellant’s conviction is
affirmed, while that portion of the verdict and judgment pertaining to Appellant’s
punishment is reversed and this cause is remanded to the trial court for a new
punishment trial pursuant to article 44.29(b) of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.
In remanding this cause for a new punishment hearing, we express no opinion as to
appropriate range of punishment on retrial.6
Patrick A. Pirtle
Justice
Publish.
6
Based upon the jury findings from the first trial, the appropriate range of punishment would be
that of a second degree felony. The question of whether the State can seek additional findings on retrial
regarding the applicability of section 12.42(d) of the Texas Penal Code was not an issue before us and
we expressly decline the opportunity to offer an opinion on that question without adequate briefing.
15