ACCEPTED
01-15-00148-CV
FIRST COURT OF APPEALS
HOUSTON, TEXAS
5/6/2015 3:55:12 PM
CHRISTOPHER PRINE
CLERK
NO. 01-15-00148-CV
______________________________________
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FILED IN
1st COURT OF APPEALS
FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT HOUSTON, TEXAS
HOUSTON, TEXAS 5/6/2015 3:55:12 PM
CHRISTOPHER A. PRINE
______________________________________ Clerk
CITY OF NASSAU BAY, TEXAS,
Appellant,
v.
H. RAY BARRETT and 1438 KINGSTREE LANE
Appellees.
______________________________________
On Appeal from the 152nd Judicial District Court
of Harris County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2013-10661
______________________________________
APPELLANT CITY OF NASSAU BAY TEXAS’ BRIEF
______________________________________
CHAMBERLAIN, HRDLICKA, WHITE,
WILLIAMS & AUGHTRY
William S. Helfand
State Bar No. 09388250
Attorney-in-Charge
Charles T. Jeremiah
State Bar No. 00784338
1200 Smith Street, Suite 1400
Houston, Texas 77002
Telephone: (713) 654-9630
Telecopier: (713) 658-2553
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT
CITY OF NASSAU BAY, TEXAS
ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED
CERTIFICATE OF INTERESTED PERSONS
The undersigned counsel of record certifies that the following listed persons
have an interest in the outcome of this case. These representations are made so the
judges of this court may evaluate possible disqualification or recusal.
A. Parties:
Appellant: City of Nassau Bay, Texas
Appellees: H. Ray Barrett and 1438 Kingstree Lane
B. Attorneys:
Appellant: William S. Helfand
Charles T. Jeremiah
Chamberlain, Hrdlicka, White,
Williams & Aughtry
1200 Smith Street, Suite 1400
Houston, Texas 77002
Appellee: Iain Simpson
Simpson, P.C.
1333 Heights Boulevard, Suite 102
Houston, Texas 77008
Jeffrey N. Todd
The Law Firm of Alton C. Todd
312 S. Friendswood Drive
Friendswood, Texas 77546
(Trial Counsel)
i
STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT
Appellant City of Nassau Bay, Texas believes that oral argument would be
beneficial and would assist this Court in deciding the case.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE OF INTERESTED PERSONS ........................................................ i
STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT .............................................. ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... iii
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES .....................................................................................v
STATEMENT OF THE CASE ..................................................................................2
ISSUES PRESENTED...............................................................................................2
STATEMENT OF FACTS ........................................................................................3
SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT ........................................................................9
STANDARD OF REVIEW .....................................................................................10
ARGUMENTS AND AUTHORITIES ...................................................................11
I. The Trial Court lacks jurisdiction over Appellee’s Counterclaim
because Appellee did not timely appeal the decision of the Zoning
Board of Adjustment in accordance with the Texas Local Government
Code. ..............................................................................................................11
II. Appellant Failed to State and cannot state a viable claim of
deprivation of procedural or substantive due process and thus, the City
retains immunity from suit and the Court lacks jurisdiction. ........................15
A. Plaintiff was required to state a viable due process claim to
overcome Appellant’s governmental immunity. .................................15
B. Plaintiff has not identified a property interest, for which due
process, procedural or substantive, attaches, as fundamentally
necessary to present a viable claim. ....................................................16
C. Even if he had a property interest, Plaintiff has not stated a
viable procedural due process claim here, and the evidence,
including plaintiff’s own admissions, refutes any such claim. ...........17
D. Appellee failed to state a viable substantive due process claim,
and the evidence refutes any such claim. ............................................19
iii
III. Appellee failed to show a viable claim against the City because he
neither alleged nor showed competent proof that a municipal policy
was the moving force behind a constitutional deprivation. ...........................21
A. Governmental liability under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 cannot be based
on respondeat superior. .......................................................................22
B. The Evidence disproves the required element that a
policymaker promulgated an official policy which was the
moving force behind a deprivation of Appellee’s constitutional
rights. ...................................................................................................22
C. There is no unconstitutional policy of the City of Nassau Bay. .........24
CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................26
PRAYER ..................................................................................................................26
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ................................................................................ ix
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE .........................................................................x
APPENDIX ........................................................................................................Tab A
iv
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
Page(s)
CASES
Alfonso v. Skadden,
251 S.W.3d 52 (Tex. 2008).................................................................................11
Bass v. Parkwood Hosp,
180 F.3d 234 (5th Cir. 1999) ..............................................................................23
Board of Co. Com’rs of Bryan Co. v. Brown,
520 U.S. 397, 117 S.Ct. 1382 (1997)............................................................23, 24
City of Dallas v. Woodfield,
305 S.W.3d 412 (Tex. App. – Dallas 2010, no pet.) ..........................................10
City of Paris v. Abbott,
360 S.W.3d 567 (Tex.App. – Texarkana 2011, pet. denied) ..............................17
DePree v. Sanders,
588 F.3d 282 (5th Cir. 2009) ..............................................................................16
FM Properties Operating Co. v. City of Austin,
93 F.3d 167 (5th Cir. 1996) ................................................................................20
Garcia v. Kubosh,
377 S.W.3d 89 (Tex.App. – Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, no pet.) .............16, 19, 20
Guinn v. Bosque County,
58 S.W.3d 194 (Tex.App. – Waco 2001, pet. denied)........................................12
Harris County v. Sykes,
136 S.W.3d 635 (Tex. 2004) ..............................................................................11
Hearts Bluff Game Ranch, Inc. v. State,
381 S.W.3d 468 (Tex. 2012) ..............................................................................16
Hidden Oaks, Ltd. v. City of Austin,
138 F.3d 1036 (5th Cir. 1998) ............................................................................16
Hoff v. Nueces County,
153 S.W.3d 45 (Tex. 2004).................................................................................10
v
Kaufman County v. Combs,
393 S.W.3d 336 (Tex.App. – Dallas 2012, pet. denied).....................................16
Lazarides v. Farris,
367 S.W.3d 788 (Tex.App. – Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.) ..............13, 14
Lee v. Whispering Oaks Home Owners’ Ass’n,
797 F.Supp.2d 740 (W.D. Tex. 2011) ................................................................20
Monell v. Dept. of Social Services,
436 U.S. 658, 98 S.Ct. 2018 (1978)..............................................................22, 23
Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati,
475 U.S. 469, 106 S.Ct. 1292 (1986)..................................................................22
Piotrowski v. City of Houston,
237 F.3d 567 (5th Cir. 2001) ..................................................................23, 24, 25
Robinson v. Friendswood,
890 F.Supp. 616 (S.D. Tex. 1995) ......................................................................14
Snyder v. Trepagnier,
142 F.3d 791 (5th Cir. 1998) ..............................................................................22
Spiller v. City of Texas City,
130 F.3d 162 (5th Cir. 1997) ........................................................................23, 24
Tex. Dep’t. of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda,
133 S.W.3d 217 (Tex. 2004) ........................................................................10, 11
Texas Assoc. of Business v. Texas Air Control Board,
852 S.W.2d 440 (Tex. 1993) ........................................................................10, 11
Texas Dept. of Transportation v. A.P.I. Pipe and Supply,
397 S.W.3d 162 (Tex. 2013) ..............................................................................16
Texas DOT v. Jones,
8 S.W.3d 636 (Tex. 1999) (per curiam) .............................................................11
Tharling v. City of Port of Lavaca,
329 F.3d 422 (5th Cir. 2003) ..............................................................................23
vi
Tooke v. City of Mexia,
197 S.W.3d 325 (Tex. 2006) ..............................................................................15
Winn v. City of Irving,
770 S.W.2d 10 (Tex.App. – Dallas 1989, no writ) .............................................14
STATUTES
42 U.S.C. § 1983 ...............................................................................................passim
TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 51.014(a)(8) ...............................................9, 10
TEXAS LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE § 211.009 .........................................................14
TEXAS LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE § 211.010.........................................................14
TEXAS LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE § 211.011 ...............................................7, 13, 15
TEXAS LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE § 211.012 ........................................................... 7
OTHER AUTHORITIES
United States Constitution .......................................................................................11
vii
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Nature of the case: Appellant, City of Nassau Bay, Texas (“the City”)
filed suit against Appellees under Chapter 211 of
the Texas Local Government Code to enforce its
Zoning Ordinance. Appellees filed a counterclaim
against Appellant, alleging violations of due
process. The City filed a plea to the jurisdiction
and alternative motion for summary judgment on
Appellees’ counterclaim.
Trial court: The Honorable Robert Schaffer, 152nd Judicial
District Court of Harris County, Texas.
Trial court’s disposition: The trial court conducted a hearing on February 6,
2015 on the City’s plea to the jurisdiction and
alternative motion for summary judgment and
entered an order denying the City’s plea and
motion.
ISSUES PRESENTED
1. The trial court erred in denying the City’s plea to the jurisdiction and motion
for summary judgment because the Appellees’ counterclaim is an untimely
and impermissible collateral attack on the determination of the City of
Nassau Bay Zoning Board of Adjustment.
2. The trial court erred in denying the City’s plea to the jurisdiction and motion
for summary judgment because, in light of the undisputed evidence, the
Appellees’ counterclaim fails to present a viable claim of constitutional
deprivation of due process sufficient to overcome governmental immunity.
3. The trial court erred in denying the City’s Plea to the Jurisdiction because
the allegations and evidence disprove that a City policy was the moving
force behind a constitutional deprivation and thus for this additional reason
there is no viable basis to overcome governmental immunity.
2
STATEMENT OF FACTS
This case arises out of the Appellee’s essentially undisputed violation of the
Nassau Bay City Zoning Ordinance.
Since 1971, without exception, the City’s zoning ordinances have required
residential structures in the City to have a minimum seven (7) foot side setback
[C.R. 149-425; see, particularly, C.R. 353]. Moreover, for nearly forty-five years,
all City ordinances have consistently defined “non-conforming use.” Given that
these two controlling provisions have remained unchanged, notwithstanding other
amendments, the City refers to the different variations of the zoning ordinance
collectively as “the Ordinance” unless otherwise specified.
It has never been disputed in this case, and is indeed well established, that a
side setback requirement for property is rationally related to a legitimate
governmental interest, including, but not limited, to fire safety. Structures existing
prior to any setback requirement would, under the Ordinance, be “grandfathered”
in, with a phase-out requiring that structures that are at least 50% destroyed must
be brought into compliance in connection with any rebuilding. Of course,
structures that were built in contravention of existing codes, as are Barrett’s, are
illegal non-conforming structures.
In 1983, after Hurricane Alicia, Barrett constructed an open, detached trellis
on the west side of his house and installed a Jacuzzi style hot tub on decking [C.R.
3
64-72]. Appellant admits he obtained no permit or anything else in writing from
the City authorizing him to construct the trellis structure or install the hot tub [C.R.
73, 111]. In 1991, Appellant hired a contractor to enclose the hot tub in what was
essentially a “bath house” abutting his residence with a common roof. [C.R. 72, ln.
22-23, 75]. 1 Appellant’s bath house is, and was at the time of its initial
construction, affixed to the fence directly on the lot line. [C.R. 63, 117-128, 137-
138, 144-45]. In fact, after that construction, the roof of Appellant’s house
connected directly to his neighbor’s fence [C.R. 72, 74]. Appellant had the
contractor enclose “the west and the north and the south side with windows and a
wall” [C.R. 75] and thereby created an enclosure housing the hot tub and patio [Id].
Whatever may have existed before in the way of a deck or trellis, Appellee
admittedly gave it vertical structure, enclosed the walls, installed windows,
extended the roofline from the house and attached it to the neighbor’s fence, in
1991, over seven years after Hurricane Alicia.
The structure was, and is, in clear violation of the setback requirements of
the City’s Ordinance. Appellant admits that neither he nor his contractor obtained
a variance or any type of written permit, as required under the Ordinance, allowing
Appellant to build the unquestionably nonconforming structure, although
Appellant contends he understood he had the verbal assurance of his friend and
1
Appellee had stated “1992” although the one year difference is not material. There was
no door access to the house, no insulation and no air conditioning.
4
prior building official Andy Straub, that the extension of the roof to the fence line
was “all right.” [C.R. 76 ln. 6-13, 77-78]. Appellant falsely reported to Assistant
City Manager Mary Chambers that Mr. Staub had issued him a permit. [C.R. 134,
ln. 23-24]. Appellant later admitted that he did not obtain a permit. [C.R. 76,
111]. Consistent with Appellant’s admission, it is clear Appellant never sought,
and the City never issued, a required permit for the construction and Appellant also
never requested, and therefore the City never granted, the necessary variance from
the clear and unequivocal setback requirement under the Ordinance.
In fact, the then-current City Building Official learned of the violation when
Appellant dissembled the structure to remove a dead tree, removed deteriorated
lumber, the windows, and the hot tub, and brought in lumber to rebuild the
deteriorated structure, again on the lot line – in violation of the setback
requirement – all without a permit [C.R. 79, 81-88]. As the construction was being
done without a permit and in violation of the ordinance’s setback requirement, and
in his judgment that more than 50% of the building had been destroyed, the City
Building Official, Larry Boles, issued a stop work order [C.R. 109]. Appellant
complained about the Building Official’s issuance of the stop work order. 2 The
Building Official returned to Appellant’s residence with Assistant City Manager
Mary Chambers whose assessment was consistent with Boles’ [C.R. 130-31].
2
Appellant was at his other house on Lake Livingston at the time [C.R. 80].
5
Ms. Chambers observed the proximity of the structure directly on the fence line
and, upon finding no variance authorizing its construction, observed that it was an
illegal nonconforming structure [C.R. 133, 136]. In addition to the reasons for
issuing a stop work order the Building Official observed that a variance would be
required for the rebuilding [C.R. 568].
After conferring with City personnel, Appellant exercised his right to be
heard by the City’s Zoning Board of Adjustment. The Zoning Board of
Adjustment held a public hearing on the matter at which Appellant fully presented
his position [C.R. 91-93, 113-114, 426-27]. Appellant’s neighbor to the west also
appeared at the hearing and opposed Appellant’s request for a variance [C.R. 98-
99]. Appellant disputed that the structure (1) was an illegal nonconforming use;
and (2) that it was at least 50% destroyed, so as to require compliance with the
Code or a variance [C.R. Id, 113-116; 426-427]. 3 After hearing and considering
the matter, the Zoning Board of Adjustment denied Appellant a variance from the
Code and effectively upheld the building official’s stop work order. 4 Appellant
subsequently retained counsel and, following communications with the City
Attorney, and although not required by law, the Zoning Board of Adjustment
3
Either way, the structure was not permissible.
4
Appellant contends that the meeting ended with the Board stating “we believe Mr. Boles”
regarding the 50 percent estimate [C.R. 100-101]. To be sure the Board did not grant the
requested variance.
6
permitted Appellant to have a second hearing [C.R. 94]. Appellant again presented
his position, this time through his attorney. Once again, the Board denied
Appellant’s variance request and upheld the stop work order. It is undisputed
Appellant did not timely appeal the unequivocal and final actions by the
Zoning Board of Adjustment [C.R. 137, 426-27], thereby accepting the Board’s
determination and making it final under § 211.011(b) Texas Local Government
Code. 5
When Appellant refused to bring his structure into compliance even after he
had been denied a variance by the ZBA, the City brought this action to enforce the
Code through mechanisms provided for in the Texas Local Government Code.6
On April 18, 2013, Appellant responded to this enforcement action by filing a
counterclaim against the City and adding third-party claims against various City
officials who voted to deny him a variance and a few employees whom Appellee
apparently alleges were not complicit in or accepting of his noncompliance [C.R.
15-32]. Appellant alleged the Zoning Board of Adjustment’s decision not to
permit the construction/rebuilding of his clearly non-compliant bath house
amounted to a violation of his procedural and substantive due process rights, citing
generally the United States and Texas Constitutions [C.R. 26].
5
Since these events, Appellee sought a permit to construct a fence which the City granted
[C.R. 110].
6
See, Texas Local Government Code § 211.012. The structure remains attached to the
neighbor’s fence.
7
Appellee’s counterclaim is an impermissible collateral attack on the ZBA’s
decision and the decision of the City’s Building Official. Indeed, Appellant does
not complain of any action by the Nassau Bay City Council [C.R. 112].
Appellant’s complaint is with Building Official Larry Bole’s determination of 50%
destruction of the prior non-conforming structure and the Board’s refusal to agree
with his own assessment that it was only 26% destroyed. 7 Again, through its
Zoning Board of Adjustment, the City has provided a due process mechanism for
disputing the building official’s determination. Appellant actually exercised his
right to challenge the determination and he was fully heard on the issue twice and,
despite Texas law authorizing him to do so, he chose to appeal no further, thus
being deemed, as a matter of law, to have accepted the ZBA’s decision and the
reasons therefore. As a matter of law, Appellee cannot now collaterally challenge
the determination of the Building Official and Board through a lawsuit, even one
alleging constitutional violations.
Before discovery, the City and Third-Party Defendants filed a plea to the
jurisdiction asserting that the trial court has no jurisdiction over any of claims
asserted against the Third-Party Defendants and no jurisdiction over Appellee’s
state law claims against the City based on governmental immunity. On October
18, 2013, the trial court granted the plea to the jurisdiction dismissing all of
7
In his Counterclaim, Appellant alleges 26% [C.R. 24] and in his testimony 22% [C.R.
90].
8
Appellant’s claims against the individual third-party Defendants and all state law
claims against the City [C.R. 33]. Although appealable, at least in part, under §
51.014(a)(8) Tex. Civ. Prac. Rem. Code, Appellee did not appeal that ruling. After
Appellee, the City Building Official, and Assistant City Manager, all provided
deposition testimony, the City filed its plea to the jurisdiction and alternative
motion for summary judgment on the remaining counterclaim [C.R. 44-428]. The
trial court denied that plea and motion, and the City timely noticed this appeal of
the trial court’s ruling [C.R. 629; 634-35].
SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT
The trial court erred in denying the City’s Plea to the Jurisdiction because, as
a matter of law (1) Appellee’s counterclaim is an untimely and impermissible
collateral attack on the determination of the City of Nassau Bay Zoning Board of
Adjustment which has become final; (2) Appellee’s counterclaim fails to present a
viable claim of constitutional deprivation of due process sufficient to overcome
governmental immunity and; (3) since the doctrine of respondeat superior does not
apply to claims of constitutional violations against governmental entities, such as
the City, Appellee’s counterclaim fails to present an actionable claim against the
City in light of the attribution requirements necessary to assert a claim of
Specifically, Plaintiff admittedly never appealed the conclusive
determination of the Zoning Board of Adjustment and this Court does not have
9
jurisdiction to hear Plaintiff’s untimely collateral challenge to that determination in
this action. Moreover, Appellee’s counterclaim fails, even if it had evidentiary
support, to present the elements of a viable procedural or substantive due process
claim against the City and thus, under clear Texas law, governmental immunity has
not been waived and this Court lacks jurisdiction. Finally, the competent evidence
before the Court disproves any deprivation of due process by the Appellant and
further establishes the City’s governmental immunity and the Court’s lack of
subject matter jurisdiction over the Appellee’s Counterclaim. Accordingly, the
trial court erred when it failed to dismiss Appellee’s suit with prejudice.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
This Court has jurisdiction to review an interlocutory order denying a plea to
the jurisdiction by a governmental unit. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.
§ 51.014(a)(8). "Whether a court has subject matter jurisdiction is a legal question
that is reviewed de novo." City of Dallas v. Woodfield, 305 S.W.3d 412, 415 (Tex.
App. – Dallas 2010, no pet.); Hoff v. Nueces County, 153 S.W.3d 45, 48 (Tex.
2004). Similarly, whether uncontroverted evidence of jurisdictional facts
demonstrates subject-matter jurisdiction is also a question of law. Tex. Dep’t. of
Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex. 2004). "Subject matter
jurisdiction is never presumed and cannot be waived." Texas Assoc. of Business v.
Texas Air Control Board, 852 S.W.2d 440, 443-44 (Tex. 1993). It is essential to
10
the power of a tribunal to decide a case and, without it, a court cannot render a
valid judgment. Id. A court’s lack of subject matter jurisdiction is an issue that
cannot be waived and can be raised at any time. Alfonso v. Skadden, 251 S.W.3d
52, 55 (Tex. 2008).
The complainant has the burden to plead facts affirmatively showing the trial
court has subject-matter jurisdiction. Tex. Dep't of Parks & Wildlife, 133 S.W.3d at
226. A plea to the jurisdiction seeks dismissal of a case for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction. Harris County v. Sykes, 136 S.W.3d 635, 638 (Tex. 2004).
Governmental “immunity from suit defeats a trial court’s subject matter
jurisdiction and thus is properly asserted in a plea to the jurisdiction.” Texas DOT
v. Jones, 8 S.W.3d 636, 638 (Tex. 1999) (per curiam). Appellee’s allegations in
this case failed to establish the District Court’s jurisdiction and the evidence
disproved any jurisdiction.
ARGUMENTS AND AUTHORITIES
I. The Trial Court lacks jurisdiction over Appellee’s Counterclaim
because Appellee did not timely appeal the decision of the Zoning Board
of Adjustment in accordance with the Texas Local Government Code.
Although couched as an alleged violation of his constitutional right to due
process under the United States Constitution, Appellee’s counterclaim is,
inescapably, a collateral challenge to the now final determination(s) of the City’s
Zoning Board of Adjustment upholding the determination of the Building Official,
11
and denying Appellee a variance for his non-conforming structure. Indeed, the
fundamental premise of the counterclaim is that the Board, and Building Official
before it, “got it wrong,” because Appellee contends his friend, a building official
from many years earlier, had orally and personally blessed the structure at some
point during its non-conforming existence,8 and that the Building Official
overestimated the level of deterioration to the structure. Appellee’s claims that the
Building Official and Zoning Board wrongly decided the stop work order issue and
denied a variance are his counterclaim.
Although he makes conclusory allegations of a constitutional deprivation,
Appellee doesn’t actually identify any denial of procedural or substantive due
process; because, as discussed further below, he can’t. Instead, Appellee claims
that, after notice and two hearings – the essence of due process – the Zoning Board
came to the “wrong” conclusion about whether he should be permitted to
construct/rebuild the bathhouse attached to his neighbor’s fence in violation of the
City Ordinance requirements. Having deliberately chosen not to appeal that
decision as Texas law allowed, Appellee cannot now challenge it collaterally in
this suit.
8
Appellee offered an unsworn incompetent “hearsay” statement from the witness to which
Appellant objected. Guinn v. Bosque County, 58 S.W.3d 194 (Tex.App. – Waco 2001,
pet. denied).
12
Because Appellee failed to exhaust his administrative remedies under the
Texas Local Government Code, the District Court has no jurisdiction to consider
his untimely challenge. As a matter of fact, Appellant acknowledged that he never
appealed. Indeed, as he acknowledged and admitted in his own counterclaim
pleadings the Board of Adjustment’s decisions of which he now complains
occurred in June and September 2012, many months before he asserted the
Counterclaim in April 2013[C.R. 25 (Counterclaim ¶¶ 29, 32)].
As a matter of law, a party challenging the propriety of an order of a
building official and, upon proper appeal, a Board of Adjustment’s decision, must
comply with the procedures prescribed by the Texas Local Government Code:
The aggrieved person may appeal the decision of the board of
adjustment by filing, within ten days of the board’s decision, a
verified petition in a district court, county court, or county court at law
stating that the board’s decision is “illegal in whole or in part.”
Lazarides v. Farris, 367 S.W.3d 788, 798 (Tex.App. – Houston [14th Dist.] 2012,
no pet.) (emphasis in original). See, Texas Local Government Code § 211.011(b).
“Administrative remedies available under section 211 of the Local Government
Code generally must be exhausted before a party may seek judicial review of a
determination made by an administrative official.” Id, citing, City of San Antonio
v. El Dorado Amusement Co., 195 S.W.3d 238, 250 (Tex.App. – San Antonio
2006, pet. denied) (“Because El Dorado did not exhaust its administrative
remedies, the trial court lacked jurisdiction to determine the propriety of the
13
adjustment board’s denial of the non-conforming use permit.”). Winn v. City of
Irving, 770 S.W.2d 10, 11 (Tex.App. – Dallas 1989, no writ) (“It is settled that the
administrative remedies provided by Local Government Code section 211.009-
.010…must be exhausted before matters may be brought before the courts.”).
When an individual fails to comply with the requirements of a governing
statute, a court is deprived of jurisdiction to decide the dispute. See, Winn, citing,
Larry Koch, Inc. v. Tex. Natural Res. Conservation Comm’n, 52 S.W.3d 833, 839
(Tex.App. – Austin 2001, pet. denied). See also, Robinson v. Friendswood, 890
F.Supp. 616, 622 (S.D. Tex. 1995) (1983 claim requires exhaustion of state
administrative remedies). In Lazarides, the plaintiff failed to timely or properly
appeal the building official’s decision. Accordingly, the Fourteenth Court of
Appeals held that the trial court erred by not dismissing the claims, other than ultra
vires claims, for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
Again, it is undisputed that Appellee never appealed the Board’s decision,
not within ten days; not ever. Instead, Appellee now attempts, clearly
impermissibly, to collaterally attack the now final and non-appealable decisions
through his counterclaim. As the Lazarides court explained, a court simply, but
clearly, lacks jurisdiction to consider Appellee’s claim regarding the Board’s
decision of the predicate decisions of the Building Official, which the Board
adopted, or the manner in which they made those decisions.
14
Indeed, permitting an individual to accept the determination of a Zoning
Board, allow it to become final and non-appealable, and only then make an
untimely challenge when enforcement of the earlier decision becomes necessary
would render the legislative intent of § 211.011(b) of the Texas Local
Government Code completely meaningless and would render the statutory
provision wholly ineffective. Appellee’s admitted failure to timely challenge the
determination of the Zoning Board of Adjustment and Building Official, a failure
to exhaust remedies available under the Code to challenge the decision,
unquestionably deprives the District Court of jurisdiction to now consider that
challenge as a counterclaim to the enforcement proceeding. The claim is barred by
the Code, and in light of the failure to meet the Code’s prerequisites, cannot
surpass the City’s immunity.
II. Appellant Failed to State and cannot state a viable claim of deprivation
of procedural or substantive due process and thus, the City retains
immunity from suit and the Court lacks jurisdiction.
A. Plaintiff was required to state a viable due process claim to overcome
Appellant’s governmental immunity.
Even if, arguendo, Appellant had exhausted his administrative remedies, his
counterclaim fails based on governmental immunity. Cf., Tooke v. City of Mexia,
197 S.W.3d 325, 331 (Tex. 2006). While a City can be potentially sued for
violation of the due process clause of the United States or Texas Constitutions,
simply asserting a violation is not enough. Rather, in order to overcome
15
governmental immunity from suit, a plaintiff must plead and prove a valid due
process claim. See, Garcia v. Kubosh, 377 S.W.3d 89, 98-100 (Tex.App. –
Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, no pet.) (Harris County retained immunity from suit
where plaintiff failed to plead valid due process claim); Kaufman County v.
Combs, 393 S.W.3d 336, 344-45 (Tex.App. – Dallas 2012, pet. denied); Cf. Texas
Dept. of Transportation v. A.P.I. Pipe and Supply, 397 S.W.3d 162, 166 (Tex.
2013) (Court should grant plea to the jurisdiction based on immunity where
plaintiff cannot establish viable constitutional claim); Hearts Bluff Game Ranch,
Inc. v. State, 381 S.W.3d 468 (Tex. 2012). Hence, absent a pled and demonstrably
valid or viable due process claim, the Appellant’s immunity remains intact, and the
District Court lacks jurisdiction.
B. Plaintiff has not identified a property interest, for which due process,
procedural or substantive, attaches, as fundamentally necessary to
present a viable claim.
“The threshold requirement of any due process claim is the government’s
deprivation of a plaintiff’s liberty or property interest.” DePree v. Sanders, 588
F.3d 282, 290 (5th Cir. 2009). Without such an interest, no right to due process
accrues. Id. “Under this analysis, the ‘hallmark of property…is an individual
entitlement grounded in state law, which cannot be removed except for cause.’”
Hidden Oaks, Ltd. v. City of Austin, 138 F.3d 1036, 1046 (5th Cir. 1998) (quoting
Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co., 455 U.S. 422, 430, 102 S.Ct. 1148 (1982)).
16
Appellant submitted as evidence City Ordinances enacted from 1971 to the
present requiring a residential minimum three-foot side setback [C.R. 149-425]. It
is beyond reasonable dispute that Appellee’s structure does not conform to this
requirement and did not conform when it was constructed. Irrespective of whether
the Building Official and Assistant City Manager’s further observation that it was
at least fifty percent deteriorated, Appellee has never been entitled to attach his
bath house to the neighbor’s fence so he has no property right or interest in the
nonconforming structure. Accordingly, since Appellee cannot show a property
interest to which right of due process attaches, he fails to state a viable claim and
the City’s immunity remains intact.
C. Even if he had a property interest, Plaintiff has not stated a viable
procedural due process claim here, and the evidence, including
plaintiff’s own admissions, refutes any such claim.
Having been given notice of two hearings and having admitted he was heard
at both, Appellee didn’t explain how his right to procedural due process could have
conceivably been violated. “[A] plaintiff alleging a procedural due process claim
must establish that he was deprived of notice and an opportunity to be heard with
respect to a decision affecting his property rights.” City of Paris v. Abbott, 360
S.W.3d 567, 582 (Tex.App. – Texarkana 2011, pet. denied). Assuming, arguendo,
Appellee has a property interest which entitled him to due process, a contention, or
even proof, that the Building Official or Zoning Board of Adjustment reached the
17
wrong conclusion, as Appellee makes here, does not state a claim for procedural
due process. Appellee does not deny, and the evidence amply established, that he
was heard, indeed repeatedly, on the issues in question.
In fact, in his Counterclaim, Appellee describes (1) a June 4, 2012 letter he
wrote to the Zoning Board of Adjustment members;9 (2) a June 14, 2012 hearing
before the Zoning Board of Adjustment at which he made “strenuous arguments
and offerings of evidence;”10 (3) a June 19, 2012 letter from his attorney to the
Zoning Board of Adjustment and other City officials further contesting the
decision;11 and (4) a [second] September 13, 2012 hearing before the Zoning Board
of Adjustment, where he again argued that the stop work order was improper;12
and (5) a post-hearing letter setting out “his entire side of this controversy.” 13
By his own admissions and his presence at two hearings it is indisputable
that Appellee was notified of his right to contest the decision and seek a variance.
He availed himself of the mechanism offered by the Zoning Board of Adjustment
to hear and consider his petition. Appellee admits in his Counterclaim that he had
9
Appellee contends that in the letter, he “carefully explained” the disputed facts, and
attached his evidence [C.R. 24 (Counterclaim, ¶ 27)].
10
[C.R. 24 (Counterclaim ¶ 29); C.R. 89, 91-94, 113-116, 426-27].
11
[C.R. 25 (Counterclaim ¶ 30)]
12
[C.R. 25 (Counterclaim ¶ 32)]
13
[C.R. 25-26 (Counterclaim ¶ 33)]
18
at least two opportunities to be fully heard and that he was heard. To be sure,
Appellee does not contend he was denied the right to be heard on the issuance of a
stop work order or denial of a variance, 14 including the Building Official’s
determination that the structure in question was at least fifty percent (50%)
destroyed, and whether Appellee should nevertheless be granted a variance to
deviate from the setback requirement. However fervently Appellee disagrees with
the decision, by his own admission he was given ample opportunity – far more
than constitutionally required – to be heard. Accordingly, he has no viable
procedural due process claim and the City remains immune from suit.
Moreover, Appellee’s testimony and admissions confirm his pled and
judicially admitted allegations – that he articulated his concerns and was given two
hearings before the Zoning Board wherein he fully presented his contention that
the structure was conforming and not more than fifty percent destroyed [C.R. 91-
93, 113-114, 426-27], further disproving any viable procedural due process claim.
D. Appellee failed to state a viable substantive due process claim, and
the evidence refutes any such claim.
“The United States Supreme Court has abandoned the sweeping protection
of economic rights through substantive due process.” Garcia, at 99. “To state a
substantive due process claim, a plaintiff must show that the government’s
14
Whether described as a review of a stop work order, or consideration of a variance is
immaterial as the Board admittedly heard all of Appellee’s contentions and resolved all
issues against him.
19
deprivation of a property interest was arbitrary or not reasonable related to a
legitimate governmental interest.” Garcia, citing, Williams v. Tex. Tech Univ.
Health Sci. Ctr., 6 F.3d 290, 294 (5th Cir. 1993). Zoning decisions are to be
reviewed by the same constitutional standards employed to review statutes enacted
by state legislatures. Lee v. Whispering Oaks Home Owners’ Ass’n, 797 F.Supp.2d
740, 750 (W.D. Tex. 2011). Even where review is properly sought, the only
question which the courts may consider is “whether the action of the zoning
commission is arbitrary and capricious, having no substantial relation to the
general welfare.” Id, at 751. Rational basis review is “extremely deferential.” Id.
“[T]he Court may ask whether there was a conceivable factual basis for the
specific decision made and nothing more.” Id, citing, Mahone v. Addicks Utility
Dist. of Harris County, 836 F.2d 921, 934 (5th Cir. 1988). In other words, the court
can hypothesize a rational basis, even if the plaintiff pleads facts demonstrating
that the action was also motivated by animus. Id, at 752. 15 See also, FM Properties
Operating Co. v. City of Austin, 93 F.3d 167 (5th Cir. 1996). Appellant is unaware
of any Court ever finding a residential side setback requirement to not be rationally
related to the general welfare and believes there are none.
15
Indeed, as Appellee acknowledged, “[s]ubstantive due process standards are violated only
by conduct that is so outrageously arbitrary as to constitute a gross abuse of governmental
authority.” [C.R. 461, citing, Natale v. Town of Ridgefield, 170 F.3d 258, 262 (2nd Cir.
1999)].
20
Here, Appellant did nothing more than make a conclusory assertion of a
substantive due process violation. Appellee did not and could not realistically
allege that the City’s ordinance lacked a rational basis – he simply disagrees with
the building official and Zoning Board of Adjustment’s conclusions. Obviously,
this falls far short of stating a viable substantive due process claim, even if the
Building Official, Assistant City Manager and Zoning Board of Adjustment were
all wrong, incompetent or misguided. There was never any evidence before the
District Court that the Zoning Board’s decision was arbitrary and capricious,
lacking any possible rational basis. The Court erred in denying the plea.
III. Appellee failed to show a viable claim against the City because he
neither alleged nor showed competent proof that a municipal policy was
the moving force behind a constitutional deprivation.
Even if he had stated a viable constitutional claim, generally, Appellee’s
claim against the City is not viable because it fails the attribution requirement.
More specifically, Appellee failed to identify any City policy which was the
demonstrable moving force behind the constitutional deprivation he alleges.
Without such a showing, there can be no viable 42 U.S.C. § 1983 due process
claim against the City, the City retained its immunity from suit and the District
Court lacked jurisdiction over the claim.
21
A. Governmental liability under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 cannot be based on
respondeat superior.
First and foremost, as there has been no deprivation of constitutional rights
by any city actor, there can be no claim against Appellant under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
However, even if there were such a deprivation, the City cannot be held liable
under Appellee’s allegations, even if true. A governmental body “cannot be held
liable under § 1983 on a respondeat superior theory.” Monell v. Dept. of Social
Services, 436 U.S. 658, 691, 98 S.Ct. 2018 (1978). Under § 1983, a governmental
entity, like the City, may only be held liable for those acts for which it is actually
responsible. Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati, 475 U.S. 469, 480, 106 S.Ct. 1292,
1298 (1986). The Supreme Court has recognized very narrow circumstances in
which a city may be held liable for the conduct of its employees, even if such
conduct is unconstitutional. Monell, 436 U.S. at 694, 98 S.Ct. 2037-38 (1978);
Snyder v. Trepagnier, 142 F.3d 791, 795 (5th Cir. 1998). As Appellee’s allegations
against the City could only be premised on a misplaced theory of respondeat
superior here, they are not viable and should have been dismissed.
B. The Evidence disproves the required element that a policymaker
promulgated an official policy which was the moving force behind a
deprivation of Appellee’s constitutional rights.
A claim of a constitutional violation against a governmental entity may not
be based on the theory of respondeat superior but, rather, requires proof of
unconstitutional action of the governmental entity’s lawfully defined policymaker.
22
Cf., Board of Co. Com’rs of Bryan Co. v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397,, 117 S.Ct. 1382,
(1997). “For a City to be liable under § 1983, there must be (1) a policymaker;16
(2) an official policy; and (3) a violation of constitutional rights whose ‘moving
force’ is the policy or custom.” Monell, 436 U.S. 658 at 694; Piotrowski v. City of
Houston, 237 F.3d 567, 578 (5th Cir. 2001). As a matter of law all “…three
elements ‘are necessary to distinguish government employees from those that can
be fairly identified as actions of the government itself.’” Piotrowski, 237 F.3d at
578. Furthermore, “[t]he existence of official policymaking authority is a question
of law to be decided by the court.” Tharling v. City of Port of Lavaca, 329 F.3d
422, 430-31 (5th Cir. 2003). In order to support a claim, the description of the
alleged policy or custom and its relationship to the underlying constitutional
violation, moreover, cannot be conclusory; it must be factually specific. Spiller v.
City of Texas City, 130 F.3d 162, 167 (5th Cir. 1997).
As the Piotrwoski Court specifically discussed, “this is no opaque
requirement” and “[m]istakes in analyzing section 1983 [governmental] liability
cases frequently begin with a failure to separate the three attribution principles and
to consider each in light of relevant case law.” Piotrowski, 237 F.3d at 578-79.
Therefore, to hold a City liable under § 1983, a plaintiff must demonstrate a
16
“The burden is on [p]laintiffs to establish the identity of the final policymaker on the part
of the local government unit.” Bass v. Parkwood Hosp, 180 F.3d 234, 244 (5th Cir.
1999).
23
policy-making governmental official has knowledge of an alleged unconstitutional
custom. Pineda, 291 F.3d at 330. However, “it is not enough for a § 1983 plaintiff
merely to identify conduct properly attributable to the [governmental entity].
The plaintiff must also demonstrate that, through its deliberate conduct, the
[governmental entity] was the moving force behind the injury alleged.” Board of
Co. Com’rs of Bryan Co., 520 U.S. 404, 117 S.Ct. 1388. “[T]here must be a direct
causal link between the [City] policy and the constitutional deprivation.”
Piotrowski, 237 F.3d at 579. It is crucial that the requirements of governmental
culpability and governmental causation “not be diluted, for ‘[w]here a court fails to
adhere to rigorous requirements of culpability and causation, [governmental]
liability collapses into respondeat superior liability.” Id. (quoting Snyder, 142
F.3d at 791). Therefore, to be actionable, the custom or policy at issue must also
be the moving force of the constitutional violation, or a cause in fact of a specific
constitutional deprivation. Spiller, 130 F.3d at 167.
C. There is no unconstitutional policy of the City of Nassau Bay.
Here Appellee has made conclusory allegations of policy and nothing more.
To be sure, he has failed to identify any specific unconstitutional City policy or
custom. Conclusory assertions of a municipal policy fail to state a viable claim.
See Fernandez-Montes, 987 F.2d 278, 284 (5th Cir. 1993); Spiller, 130 F.3d at 167.
24
Moreover, Appellee has failed to allege any facts showing any
unconstitutional City policy, pattern or practice and his allegations are confined to
what he contends occurred in relation to his own reconstruction of a bath house.
Appellee has neither alleged nor demonstrated that a City policy was the moving
force behind an alleged constitutional deprivation. Because Appellee did not even
provide the type of vague allegations described within Pineda, failed to allege the
existence of an unconstitutional policy, attribute it to the City or show that it was
the moving force behind a constitutional violation, his claim under 42 U.S.C. §
1983 is not viable and does not pierce the City’s immunity from suit. Given
Appellee’s failure to identify any City policy which was the moving force behind
the alleged violation of his due process rights, his claims should have been
dismissed for this additional reason. Piotrowski, 237 F.3d at 578.
The City’s policymaker in terms of zoning laws is the City Council. Again,
Appellee does not complain of any action of the City Council [C.R. 112]. While
he may disagree with the Building Official’s determination, and review by the
Zoning Board of Adjustment, Appellee failed to show that any municipal policy
was the moving force behind his alleged injury. Accordingly, in the absence of
this critical element of attribution, Appellant’s immunity remains intact.
25
Any one of these grounds constituted a basis for dismissal in light of the lack
of jurisdiction the District Court had over this case. The Court erred by denying
the City’s plea to the jurisdiction on Appellee’s Counterclaim.
CONCLUSION
Appellee failed to timely appeal the decisions of the Building Official and
Zoning Board of Adjustment, and failed to exhaust administrative remedies and the
District Court does not have jurisdiction to consider Appellee’s collateral attack on
the decisions he did not timely challenge. Regardless, Appellant has failed to state
or adduce proof of a viable claim for the deprivation of procedural or substantive
due process and, in fact, the evidence refutes any such claim. Finally, Appellee
fails to establish a claim against the City because the allegations and evidence do
not demonstrate that a City policy was the moving force behind an intentional
deprivation of Appellee’s rights. Accordingly, the City’s governmental immunity
has not been waived, and the trial court lacked jurisdiction and should have granted
the City’s plea.
PRAYER
The City of Nassau Bay, Texas prays that this Court reverse the trial court’s
denial of its Plea to the Jurisdiction, and render that the Appellee’s Counterclaim
be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, and for general relief.
26
Respectfully submitted,
/s/ William S. Helfand
William S. Helfand
Attorney-in-Charge
SBOT No. 09388250
bill.helfand@chamberlainlaw.com
Charles T. Jeremiah
SBOT No. 00784338
Charles.jeremiah@chamberlainlaw.com
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT
OF COUNSEL:
CHAMBERLAIN, HRDLICKA, WHITE,
WILLIAMS & AUGHTRY
1200 Smith Street, Suite 1400
Houston, Texas 77002-4401
(713) 654-9630
(713) 658-2553 (Fax)
viii
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I hereby certify that a true and correct copy of Appellant’s Brief has been
served via CM/ECF System and/or by CD and certified mail, return receipt
requested, on this 6th day of May 2015, to:
Iain Gordon Simpson
Simpson, P.C.
1333 Heights Blvd, Ste 102
Houston, Texas 77088
Email: iain@simpsonpc.com
Jeffrey N. Todd
The Law Firm of Alton C. Todd
312 S. Friendswood Drive
Friendswood, Texas 77546
Email: Jeff@actlaw.com
/s/William S. Helfand
ix
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
I certify that this brief complies with the typeface and word-count
requirements set forth in the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure. This brief has
been prepared, using Microsoft Word, in 14-point Times New Roman font for the
text and 12-point Times New Roman font for any footnotes. This Motion contains
5,981 words, as determined by the word count feature of the word processing
program used to prepare this document, excluding those portions of the notice
exempted by TEX. R. APP. P. 9.4(i)(1).
/s/ William S. Helfand
1877971.2
x
APPENDIX
TAB A
xi
. ·P-J . 21212015 4:59:15 PM
f11f5Jlf Chris Daniel - District Clerk
Harris County
:;> v:Jufll{ Envelope No: 3991no
By: SMITH, SALENE
Flied: 2/2/2015 4:59:15 PM
CAUSE NO. 2013-10661
CTIY OF NASSAU BAY, TEXAS § IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF
§
Plaintiff, §
§
v. § HARRIS ~UN1Y, TEXAS
§
~
H. RAY BARRETT, and 1438
KINGSTREE LANE, in rem
Defendants.
§
§
§
§
a
1~ICIAL DISTRICT .
o~
ORDER
o~
~ .
On this day, the Court having considered C~~r-Defendant City of N!Js.5au Bay,
~IJ@j . .
Texas Plea to the Jurisdication and Alternative ~on for Summary Judgment, Counter-
Plaintiffi!' response, and considered the a~le authorities, is of the opinion that the
Third Party Defendants' motion shou~gENIED. ·
It is THEREFORE ORDE~~~Counter-Defendant's Plea to the Jurisdiction is
DENIED in its entirety. ~ .
It is FURTHER O~, that Counter-Defendant's Motion for Summary
Judgment is DENIED~·
Signed this A U day of FER 0 6 2015 , 2015.
·~ I; /Jjb
(} tJ. nJv
fa JUD~L
~
City of Nassau Bay, Texas v. H. Ray Barrett, and 1438 Kingstree Lane, in Rem
Combined Opinion