In The
Court of Appeals
Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
________________________
No. 07-14-00001-CR
________________________
TONY CARRASCO, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the 286th District Court
Hockley County, Texas
Trial Court No. 13-01-7724; Honorable Pat Phelan, Presiding
October 20, 2015
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before QUINN, C.J., and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ.
Appellant, Tony Carrasco, was convicted following a jury trial of burglary of a
habitation, a second degree felony.1 The trial court found two enhancements to be true
and assessed sentence at confinement for life.2 In three issues, Appellant asserts the
1
See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 30.02(c)(2) (West 2011).
2
If it is shown on the trial of a felony offense (other than certain state jail felonies) that the
defendant has previously been finally convicted of two felony offenses, and the second previous felony
conviction was for an offense that occurred subsequent to the first previous felony offense having become
final, the offense shall be punishable by confinement for life, or for any term of not more than 99 years or
less than 25 years. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(d) (West Supp. 2014). Although the trial court orally
pronounced a $10,000 fine, the judgment does not reflect that fine as being imposed. This would be
consistent with the applicable range of punishment.
trial court abused its discretion by overruling (1) his motion for a mistrial, (2) his
objection to evidence of extraneous offenses admitted during the guilt-innocence phase
of his trial, and (3) his objection to the admission of an oral confession during the
sentencing phase. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
In January 2013, an indictment issued alleging that, on or about October 14,
2012, Appellant, with intent to commit theft, entered a habitation without the effective
consent of Heather White, the owner thereof. The State subsequently filed its Notice of
Intent to Seek Enhanced Punishment alleging that, prior to the offense alleged in the
indictment, Appellant had previously been finally convicted of two felony offenses, and
the second previous felony conviction was for an offense that occurred subsequent to
the first previous offense having become final.
At trial, Heather White testified that she returned home from work around 5:00
p.m. on the date in question and noticed her front door was open. Upon further
inspection, she discovered wood chips on the floor near the front door and concluded
someone had kicked in the front door. She called the police and after examining her
belongings, determined that a television, camera, pair of diamond earrings, her
husband’s ring, and a tennis bracelet were missing.
The second witness, Chris Covarrubias, an investigator with the Levelland Police
Department, testified he became acquainted with Appellant when they began to have a
“rash of burglaries.” Appellant objected to the admission of extraneous offense
evidence and moved for a mistrial. The trial judge sustained the objection but overruled
the motion for mistrial. Appellant’s counsel then asked for an instruction that the jury
2
disregard Covarrubias’s answer and the trial judge so instructed the jury. 3 Covarrubias
then testified that, on November 13, 2012, he picked Appellant up from jail and drove
him to his office for an interview per their agreement. Prior to the interview, he
Mirandized4 Appellant and Appellant executed a written waiver of his rights. Appellant
was told he could terminate the interview at any time. Thereafter, Appellant was
videotaped confessing to the burglary of the White residence.5 According to
Covarrubias’s testimony, Appellant’s account of the burglary was corroborated by
evidence at the scene of the crime. After presenting these two witnesses, the State
rested.
Appellant then testified that, prior to the interview, he was taken directly from jail
to the police station where he was interviewed. He testified he knew about White’s
house being burglarized and was aware of what was taken because he sold her
property. On cross-examination, he testified he did not break into the house but only
sold the items taken. He testified he confessed to the crime because he was under the
influence of drugs. He also testified he did not know he was being videotaped during
the interview. Covarrubias was called as a rebuttal witness and testified that during the
ride to the station and during the interview, Appellant did not exhibit any signs of a
3
Appellant subsequently requested and also received an extraneous offense instruction in the
Court’s Charge to the jury.
4
See Miranda v. State, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).
5
Appellant objected to admission of his videotaped confession because there was no evidence
he was aware he was being videotaped. The trial court overruled his objection and an excerpt of his
confession to the White burglary was admitted. The videotape camera was directly behind Covarrubias
when he was interviewing Appellant and he got up to adjust the video camera near the beginning of the
interview in Appellant’s plain sight.
3
person under the influence of drugs.6 A jury subsequently found Appellant guilty of
burglary of a habitation.
At the beginning of the sentencing proceedings before the trial judge, Appellant
pleaded true to the first enhancement and not true to the second enhancement. The
State reoffered all evidence and testimony admitted during the guilt/innocence phase
without objection. Ray Scifres, a criminal investigator for the Hockley County Sheriff’s
Office, testified that, on November 20, 2012, he interviewed Appellant regarding a
number of burglaries. The interview room was not in the jail itself, and at the time,
Appellant was not under arrest for any of the cases Scifres was investigating. When
Appellant’s restraints were removed, Appellant said “I want to talk to you about these
offenses. Are you willing to talk with me?” Scifres agreed, whereupon Appellant was
read his Miranda rights and he executed a written waiver.7
Scifres testified Appellant then confessed to the commission of five additional
burglaries involving a habitation. Appellant described the location of each burglary, the
method of entry, and the items stolen. His information was corroborated by facts
Scifres had established regarding each burglary. After the interview, Appellant was
released back into the custody of the jail staff, and Scifres prepared a case file for each
of the burglaries. Appellant was not arrested on these new burglaries until sometime
after the interview.
6
Appellant objected to the admission of the complete interview videotape based on Rules of
Evidence 401, 402, 403, and 404(b). The State asserted (1) Appellant’s testimony at trial opened the
door to admission of the complete interview, (2) the tape showed Appellant’s demeanor, and (3) the detail
with which Appellant described the various burglaries showed Appellant committed the crimes. The trial
court overruled the objection.
7
Appellant objected that his oral statements were inadmissible because there was no written
record of his confessions and the interview did not comply with article 38.22 or 38.23 of the Texas Code
of Criminal Procedure. The State asserted the interview was not part of a custodial interrogation and the
statutes did not apply. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22 (West Supp. 2014).
4
Following a brief jury trial, the trial court accepted the jury’s verdict and found
Appellant guilty as charged. After electing to have the court assess punishment,
Appellant pleaded true to the first enhancement and not true to the second
enhancement. The trial court found both enhancements to be true and assessed
Appellant’s sentence at confinement for life. This appeal followed.
ISSUE ONE — MOTION FOR MISTRIAL
Appellant asserts the trial court abused its discretion by overruling his motion for
mistrial during the guilt/innocence phase after Covarrubias testified he had gotten to
know Appellant while investigating a “rash of burglaries.” We do not believe the trial
court abused its discretion in this situation.
A witness’s inadvertent reference to an extraneous offense is generally cured by
a prompt instruction to disregard. Young v. State, 283 S.W.3d 854, 878 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2009), cert. denied, 558 U.S. 1093, 130 S. Ct. 1015, 175 L. Ed. 2d 622 (2009). A
mistrial is a device used to halt a trial proceeding when error is so prejudicial that
expenditure of further time and expense would be wasteful and futile. Id. (citing Ladd v.
State, 3 S.W.3d 547, 567 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)). Therefore, a mistrial should be
granted only in cases where “the reference was clearly calculated to inflame the minds
of the jury or was of such damning character as to suggest it would be impossible to
remove the harmful impression from the jurors’ minds.” Rojas v. State, 986 S.W.2d
241, 250 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).
We discern no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s denial of a mistrial under the
facts of this case. The testimony at issue did not actually assert Appellant committed or
was responsible for the “rash of burglaries” and the trial court could have reasonably
5
concluded that the answer was not so inflammatory as to be incurable by the instruction
to disregard that was immediately given and then repeated in the jury charge. Young,
283 S.W.3d at 878. Issue one is overruled.
ISSUE TWO — EXTRANEOUS OFFENSES
Generally, evidence of extraneous offenses is not admissible during the
guilt/innocence phase of a trial to prove that a defendant committed the charged offense
in conformity with a bad character trait. TEX. R. EVID. 404(b). See Devoe v. State, 354
S.W.3d 457, 469 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). But extraneous offense evidence is
admissible under both rules of evidence 403 and 404(b) if that evidence is relevant to a
fact of consequence in the case apart from its tendency to prove conduct in conformity
with character and the probative value of the evidence is not substantially outweighed
by unfair prejudice. See TEX. R. EVID. 403, 404(b); Martin v. State, 173 S.W.3d 463,
467 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Extraneous offense evidence may also be admissible for
other purposes such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,
knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident. See TEX. R. EVID. 404(b);
Devoe, 354 S.W.3d at 469.
Whether extraneous offense evidence has relevance apart from character
conformity, as required by Rule 404(b) is a question for the trial court. Moses v. State,
105 S.W.3d 622, 627 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). Thus, we review a trial court’s ruling on
the admissibility of extraneous offenses under an abuse of discretion standard. De La
Paz v. State, 279 S.W.3d 336, 343 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). If the trial court’s ruling is
within the zone of reasonable disagreement, there is no abuse of discretion, and we
uphold the trial court’s ruling if the evidence shows that (1) an extraneous act is relevant
6
to a material, non-conformity issue and (2) the probative value of the evidence is not
substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or
misleading of the jury. Id. at 344. Furthermore, the trial court’s evidentiary ruling will
not be disturbed if it is correct on any theory of law applicable to that ruling. Id.
Here, Appellant’s opening and closing statements make it abundantly clear that
negating his confession was the primary focus of his defense theory. By alleging his
confession was coerced while he was under the influence of drugs, Appellant was
contending that his confession was false, thereby opening the door to the admission of
evidence for the purpose of rebutting his defensive theory. See De La Paz, 279 S.W.3d
at 344-45 (defense opening statement may open the door to the admission of
extraneous offenses to rebut defensive theories). During Appellant’s case-in-chief, he
testified on direct examination that he only confessed to the crime because he was
under the influence of drugs and that his confession was a lie. In rebuttal, the State
called Covarrubias who testified that the entire time Appellant was in his presence,
Appellant’s demeanor was not that of a person under the influence of drugs.
Furthermore, in support of that testimony, the State attempted to corroborate
Covarrubias’s testimony by playing the interview tape in its entirety. Aside from
containing Appellant’s confession of the White burglary as well as others, the taped
interview depicted Appellant’s demeanor throughout the interview as being alert and
coherent. Under the circumstances, it is at least subject to reasonable disagreement
whether the extraneous offense evidence was admissible for the purpose of rebutting
Appellant’s defensive theory that his confession was coerced because he was under the
influence of drugs during the interview and that he lied regarding the White burglary.
See Wheeler v. State, 67 S.W.3d 879, 885 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
7
Finally, having reviewed the entire record, we find that the probative value of this
evidence was not substantially outweighed by any danger of unfair prejudice to
Appellant. See Sanders v. State, 255 S.W.3d 754, 760 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008,
pet. ref’d). The probative value of this evidence is that it supports the very cornerstone
of the State’s case—Appellant’s confession. Because there were no eyewitnesses, no
accomplice testimony, and Appellant was not in possession of any of the Whites’ stolen
property at the time of his arrest, his confession was highly probative of his guilt or
innocence. Given the record in this case as a whole, we cannot say the probative value
of that evidence is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion
of the issues, or misleading to the jury. See Wyatt v. State, 23 S.W.3d 18, 26 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2000) (“[a]ny evidence presented by the State is generally prejudicial to the
defendant”). Accordingly, Appellant’s second issue is overruled.
THIRD ISSUE — PUNISHMENT PHASE
Finally, Appellant asserts the trial court erred by admitting an interview wherein
Appellant confessed to multiple burglaries during the punishment phase of his trial. He
contends the trial court abused its discretion by admitting his oral confession because it
was not recorded in conformity with article 38.22. We disagree.
Before the strictures of article 38.22 apply, the oral statement given by the
accused must be “made as a result of [a] custodial interrogation.” Art. 38.22, § 3(a).
Generally, a person is considered to be in custody for purposes of article 38.22 when
(1) the person is formally arrested or (2) the person’s freedom of movement is
restrained to the degree associated with a formal arrest. Sloan v. State, 418 S.W.3d
8
884, 889 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d) (citing Thai Ngoc Nguyen v.
State, 292 S.W.3d 671, 677 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)).
However, for a person who is already an inmate of a prison or jail, the question
turns on whether, under the facts and circumstances of the case, a reasonable person
would have felt that he or she was not at liberty to terminate the interrogation and leave.
Id. A prison inmate, like Appellant, is not in custody per se. Id. Factors used to
determine whether a prison inmate is in custody include (1) the language used to
summon the inmate, (2) the physical surroundings of the interrogation, (3) the extent to
which the inmate is confronted with evidence of his or her guilt, (4) the additional
pressure exerted to detain the inmate or the change in the inmate’s surroundings which
results in an added imposition on the inmate’s freedom of movement and freedom to
leave the scene, and (5) the purpose, place, and length of the questioning. Herrera v.
State, 241 S.W.3d 520, 532 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
Here, Appellant was taken from jail to the sheriff’s office to be interviewed. He
was not under arrest for any of the burglaries that were being investigated by Scifres.
Before the interview commenced, Appellant’s restraints were removed and he was
asked whether he was willing to speak with the investigator and Appellant replied in the
affirmative. In fact, Appellant stated to Scifres, “I want to talk to you about these
offenses. Are you willing to talk with me?” Moreover, after he asked to speak about the
burglaries, he was given his Miranda rights orally and in writing, which he signed.
Appellant freely described and confessed to the burglaries, after which he was released
to the custody of the jail staff. Based upon these facts and the absence of any other
evidence clearly establishing that a reasonable person would have felt that he or she
was not at liberty to terminate the interrogation and leave, we hold that Appellant’s
9
statement was not the product of a custodial interrogation. See Sloan, 418 S.W.3d at
889-90. See also Howes v. Fields, 565 U.S. ___, 132 S. Ct. 1181, 1192-94, 182 L. Ed.
2d 17 (2012). Accordingly, article 38.22, section 3(a) was not applicable. Appellant’s
third issue is overruled.
CONCLUSION
The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
Patrick A. Pirtle
Justice
Do not publish.
10