ACCEPTED
04-14-00709-CR
FOURTH COURT OF APPEALS
SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS
7/6/2015 4:08:15 PM
KEITH HOTTLE
CLERK
NO. 04-14-00709-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FILED IN
4th COURT OF APPEALS
FOURTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS
SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 07/06/2015 4:08:15 PM
KEITH E. HOTTLE
Clerk
FRANCISCO JAVIER GONZALEZ,
Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
Appellee
ON APPEAL FROM THE 399TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
OF BEXAR COUNTY, TEXAS
CAUSE NUMBER 2011-CR-9697
BRIEF FOR THE STATE
NICHOLAS “NICO” LAHOOD
Criminal District Attorney
Bexar County, Texas
AMANDA C. BYRD
Assistant Criminal District Attorney
Bexar County, Texas
Paul Elizondo Tower
101 West Nueva Street
San Antonio, Texas 78205
Attorneys for the State of Texas
IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL
Pursuant to TEX. R. APP. P. 38.2(a), the Appellee supplements the
Appellant’s list of parties as follows:
STATE’S APPELLATE Amanda C. Byrd
ATTORNEY Assistant Criminal District Attorney
Bexar County, Texas
Paul Elizondo Tower
101 West Nueva Street
San Antonio, Texas 78205
Phone: (210) 335-2157
Email: Amanda.Byrd@Bexar.org
State Bar No.: 24081811
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL ...................................................................... ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... iii
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES .............................................................................................. iv
BRIEF FOR THE STATE ................................................................................................... 1
ISSUES PRESENTED ........................................................................................................ 1
STATEMENT OF FACTS .................................................................................................. 2
SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT ........................................................................................... 5
ARGUMENT
Issue I: Whether the trial court erred in finding reasonable suspicion to prolong
Appellant's detention
Standard of Review ....................................................................................... 6
Applicable Law ............................................................................................. 6
Analysis ......................................................................................................... 7
Conclusion ................................................................................................... 19
Issue II: Whether the trial court erred by limiting Appellant's cross-examination of
the arresting officer
Standard of Review ..................................................................................... 20
Applicable Law ........................................................................................... 20
Analysis ....................................................................................................... 22
Conclusion ................................................................................................... 27
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 28
PRAYER ........................................................................................................................... 29
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE AND SERVICE ..................................................... 30
iii
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
Cases Pages
Arizona v. Johnson, 555 U.S. 232 (2009) .................................................................. 8
Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673 (1986) .......................................5, 21, 22, 23
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968) .................................................................6, 8, 9, 10
United States v. Brigham, 382 F.3d 500 (5th Cir. 2004) ...............................9, 16, 18
Wade v. State, 722 S.W.6d 661 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) ........................................ 14
Hamal v. State, 390 S.W.3d 302 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) .................................11, 12
Gonzales v. State, 369 S.W.3d 851 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) .............................15, 16
Vafaiyan v. State, 279 S.W.3d 374 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) ...........................8, 9, 10
Neal v. State, 256 S.W.3d 264 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) .......................................... 11
St. George v. State, 237 S.W.3d 720 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) ..........................11, 18
Kothe v. State, 152 S.W.3d 54 (Tex. Crim. App.2004) ....................................... 6, 16
Garcia v. State, 43 S.W.3d 527 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) .......................................... 7
Mosley v. State, 983 S.W.2d 249 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) ...................................... 27
Davis v. State, 947 S.W.2d 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) .......................................... 8
Matchett v. State, 941 S.W.2d 922 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) ................................... 20
Shelby v. State, 819 S.W.2d 544 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) ...........................22, 23, 24
Holladay v. State, 805 S.W.2d 464 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)................................... 11
Johnson v. State, 803 S.W.2d 272 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) ................................ 4, 19
iv
Virts v. State, 739 S.W.2d 25 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987) ......................................22, 23
Carmona v. State, 698 S.W.2d 100 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) ............................22, 25
Lalande v. State, 676 S.W.2d 115 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) .................................... 13
Rumbaugh v. State, 629 S.W.2d 474 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982) ................................ 14
Baldree v. State, 248 S.W.3d 224 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. ref’d)
....................................................................................................................... 27
St. George v. State, 197 S.W.3d 806 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006) pet granted
and aff’d by 237 S.W.3d 720 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) ............................. 7, 16
Haas v. State, 172 S.W.3d 42 (Tex. App.—Waco 2005, pet. ref’d) ...........17, 18, 19
Dinh Tan Ho v. State, 171 S.W.3d 295 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005,
pet. ref’d).................................................................................................21, 25
Hess v. State, 953 S.W.2d 837 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1997, no pet.) ................. 27
Statutes
U.S. CONST. amend. IV .............................................................................................. 6
U.S. CONST. amend. VI ............................................................................................ 21
Tex. Const. art. I. § 9.................................................................................................. 6
TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 502.407 (West Supp. 2014) .......................................... 8
TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1 ...........................................................................................22, 23
v
NO. 04-14-00709-CR
FRANCISCO JAVIER § IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
GONZALEZ §
§ FOR THE FOURTH
V. § DISTRICT OF TEXAS
§
STATE OF TEXAS § SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS
BRIEF FOR THE STATE
To the Honorable Fourth Court:
Now comes Nicholas ―Nico‖ LaHood, Criminal District Attorney of Bexar
County, Texas, and files this brief for the State.
STATEMENT ON ORAL ARGUMENT
The issues raised in this appeal are well settled and may be determined from
the record and legal authorities alone. For that reason, undersigned counsel does
not request oral argument. Appellant has requested oral argument and if the Court
is inclined to grant argument, the State would request the opportunity to respond.
ISSUES PRESENTED
ISSUE I: Whether the trial court erred in finding there existed reasonable
suspicion to prolong Appellant’s detention.
ISSUE II: Whether the trial court erred by limiting Appellant’s cross-
examination of Officer Carmona by stating it would tell the jury that Appellant has
caused the delay between the offense date and trial thus undermining Appellant’s
credibility.
1
STATEMENT OF FACTS
On September 9, 2011, while on routine patrol, Officer Carmona observed
Appellant’s car leaving a suspected drug house. (3RR at 21). Although he had not
personally made any arrests at that address, Officer Carmona was aware of activity
at the house indicating narcotics were being sold out of the house: heavy traffic—
both vehicles and foot traffic; visitors would stay only one or two minutes or they
would come to the door and leave without entering the house; and numerous
complaints had been made about the house from people in the neighborhood.
(3RR at 19–21). Officer Carmona turned down a side street intending to head back
toward the vehicle, but while he was stopped at a stop sign, he saw Appellant’s car
cross through the intersection in front of him so he followed behind Appellant.
(3RR at 22). While watching for traffic violations, he ran the vehicle’s license
plate which came back with an expired registration. (3RR at 22–23). Officer
Carmona initiated a traffic stop and Appellant pulled into a gas station parking lot.
(3RR at 23).
Upon making contact, Officer Carmona took Appellant’s identification and
insurance information and conducted a warrant check, which came back clear.
(3RR at 26). During the check, the officer learned Appellant had previously been
arrested on felony drug charges. (3RR at 63). Officer Carmona returned to the car
and asked Appellant to step out of the vehicle for officer safety. (3RR at 50). He
asked Appellant where he was coming from and where he was going. (3RR at 26–
2
27). Appellant answered that he was leaving work and heading home, but his
answers were inconsistent with his current location and direction of travel, and
they contradicted the fact that Officer Carmona had just witnessed him drive away
from the suspected drug house. (3RR at 27). Officer Carmona also noticed
Appellant was very nervous during the stop; considering he had observed
Appellant leaving the suspected drug house, Appellant’s prior drug arrest, his
suspicious answers about where he was coming from, and Appellant’s
nervousness, Officer Carmona asked Appellant if he had any narcotics on him.
(3RR at 27–28). Appellant denied having anything illegal and, without being
asked, offered his consent to search him and his vehicle. (3RR at 27–28). As
Officer Carmona was performing his initial pat-down, Appellant reached for his
back left pocket several times; after the third time he did this, Officer Carmona
stopped the pat-down and asked Appellant again whether he had any narcotics on
him. (3RR at 28–29). At that time Appellant admitted he had cocaine in his back
pocket. (3RR at 29). Officer Carmona removed a small baggie of white powder,
detained Appellant in handcuffs, and called for an investigator to test the
substance. (3RR at 29). A crime scene investigator arrived within twenty minutes,
and Appellant was formally arrested when the substance field tested positive for
cocaine. (3RR at 29–30).
3
Appellant pleaded not guilty and a jury trial began on August 27, 2014,
nearly three years after the date of the initial stop. (3RR at 8–9). The age of the
case was addressed on direct examination and the officer agreed it would be
helpful to have his report to refer to because the arrest took place so long ago.
(3RR at 17). On cross-examination, Appellant began asking questions about the
age of the case and alluded to how that has affected the officer’s memory, but the
trial court interrupted and asked the attorneys to approach. (3RR at 37). The trial
court admonished Appellant that he would not be permitted to exploit the age of
the case to challenge the officer’s memory because the significant delay in coming
to trial had been caused by Appellant. (3RR at 37). Appellant returned to counsel
table and resumed another line of questioning. (3RR at 37).
The State called three witnesses including one of the arresting officers, the
crime scene investigator who field tested the cocaine, and the toxicologist who re-
tested the cocaine in the Bexar County Crime Lab. Officer Carmona was
patrolling with a partner the day Appellant was arrested, however his partner was
unavailable to testify by the time the case came to trial because he was out of the
country on military leave. (3RR at 24). Appellant’s motion to suppress was
carried with the trial and argued after the testimony of Officer Carmona and the
CSI officer. (3RR at 61). Appellant argued suppression was required because the
purpose for the traffic stop concluded the moment Officer Carmona received a
4
clear warrant check on Appellant’s license, and that the investigative detention
transformed into a custodial arrest when Appellant was asked to step out of the
vehicle. (3RR at 66). After a thorough review of the record, the trial court denied
Appellant’s motion to suppress. (3RR at 71, 88). Appellant then requested an
Article 38.23 jury instruction, which the trial court reluctantly granted after
extensive argument. (3RR at 106–20; 4RR at 5).
The jury returned a verdict of guilty and Appellant was sentenced to four
years’ probation. He appeals his conviction now arguing there was no reasonable
suspicion to prolong the traffic stop and that the trial court’s limitation of his cross-
examination was reversible error. (Appellant’s Brief at 4–5).
SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT
Appellant’s argument that the purpose for the traffic stop was complete
before the officer asked him about his intended destination fails because the officer
was still engaged in routine traffic stop procedures at that time, thus Appellant’s
consent was volunteered during a lawful investigative detention. However, even if
the purpose for the traffic stop had been complete, the detention would not have
been unlawful because the officer had sufficient reasonable suspicion to prolong
the stop.
Appellant’s second point of error was not properly preserved for appeal,
however it would fail on the merits had it been properly preserved because the
minor limitation merely prevented Appellant from misleading the jury by
5
exploiting the time lapse in the case, which he himself created, and there is no
reversible error under the Van Arsdall and Shelby analysis.
ARGUMENT
Issue I: Whether the trial court erred in finding reasonable suspicion to
prolong Appellant’s detention
Standard of Review
The reasonableness of a Fourth Amendment search or seizure is a mixed
question of law and fact and is reviewed de novo. Kothe v. State, 152 S.W.3d 54,
62–63 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). In mixed questions of law and fact, the reviewing
court conducts its reasonableness analysis by applying the law de novo, giving
great deference to the factual findings made by the lower court and viewing those
facts in a light most favorable to the ruling. Kothe, 152 S.W.3d at 62–63.
Applicable Law
Both the United States Constitution and the Texas Constitution provide
protection from unreasonable searches and seizures. U.S. CONST. amend. IV; Tex.
Const. art. I, § 9. Search and seizure law has been extensively developed
beginning with the landmark decision in Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S.1 (1968) in which
the United States Supreme Court analyzed the legality of traffic stops in a Fourth
Amendment context by outlining a two-prong approach: (1) whether the officer’s
actions were legal at inception; and (2) whether the search or seizure was
reasonably related in scope to the initial purpose of the stop. Id. at 20. Neither
6
Terry nor its progeny provide a specific time limit for investigative detentions, but
instead focus on whether the officer has concluded the purpose of the initial traffic
stop. Id. Cases following Terry have specifically held that certain actions by an
officer are inherently reasonable parts of a traffic stop including driver license and
warrant checks, and inquiries about vehicle registration, insurance, travel plans,
and ownership of the vehicle. St. George v. State, 197 S.W.3d 806, 817 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 2006) pet. granted and aff’d by 237 S.W.3d 720 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2007) (citing numerous cases holding that these and similar inquiries serve a
valid law enforcement purpose during routine traffic stops). If during the course of
a lawful traffic stop an officer develops reasonable suspicion of additional criminal
activity, the officer may lawfully prolong the detention in order to confirm or
dispel this newly-developed reasonable suspicion. Id. at 810. The Court of
Criminal Appeals has found ―[r]easonable suspicion exists if the officer has
specific articulable facts that, when combined with rational inferences from those
facts, would lead him to reasonably suspect that particular person has engaged or is
(or soon will be) engaging in criminal activity.‖ Garcia v. State, 43 S.W.3d 527,
530 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). This is commonly referred to as the totality of the
circumstances.
Analysis
7
The trial court’s denial of Appellant’s motion to suppress was proper
because the initial detention was based on a valid traffic stop and the officer
developed reasonable suspicion of additional criminal activity during the course of
the traffic stop.
I. The initial detention was based on a valid traffic stop.
In the context of a traffic stop, the Supreme Court has held that the first
Terry prong is satisfied and the detention is lawful where the officer stops the
vehicle and its occupants for a vehicular violation without any suspicion of
additional criminal activity. Arizona v. Johnson, 555 U.S. 232, 327 (2009);
Vafaiyan v. State, 279 S.W.3d 374, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (―Officers’
observations of the traffic violation were sufficient to constitute probable cause for
the stop.‖). In the current case, Officer Carmona stopped Appellant for operating a
vehicle with an expired registration, which is a violation of the Texas
Transportation Code. (3RR at 22–23). TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 502.407 (West
Supp. 2014). Appellant admitted he knew his registration was expired, but
explained he did not have the money to renew it. (3RR at 25). Because the stop
was based on a valid traffic violation, the first prong of Terry is satisfied.
II. Officer Carmona developed reasonable suspicion of additional criminal
activity during the stop.
8
Because an investigative detention can last only as long as necessary to
effect the purpose of the stop, once the purpose of the stop has been satisfied, the
detention must end. Davis v. State, 947 S.W.2d 240, 243 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
However, if during the traffic stop, the officer develops additional reasonable
suspicion supported by articulable facts that the person detained is, has been, or
soon will be engaged in criminal activity, a continued investigative detention is
constitutionally permissible. Terry, 392 U.S. at 21–22 (1968); United States v.
Brigham, 382 F.3d 500, 512 (5th Cir. 2004).
The trial court identified a combination of factors that led the officer to
develop reasonable suspicion to continue the investigative detention: Appellant
was seen leaving a suspected drug house; Appellant was very nervous during the
traffic stop; and Appellant’s answers to the officer’s questions caused the officer to
suspect he was lying because the route he was driving did not match his story. (CR
Supp. at 5–6). Appellant dissects the record to examine each of these factors in a
vacuum; he systematically identifies perceived weaknesses and speculates about
various possible alternative explanations for the existence of each factor. This
method of analysis obliterates the very meaning of totality of the circumstances.
Indeed, the Court of Criminal Appeals has recognized that ―there may be instances
when a person’s conduct viewed in a vacuum, appears purely innocent, yet when
viewed in light of the totality of the circumstances, those actions give rise to
9
reasonable suspicion.‖ See Vafaiyan, 279 S.W.3d at 380 (quoting Woods v. State,
956 S.W.2d 33, 38 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)). The following analysis discusses
each factor relied upon by the officer and how it contributed to the totality of the
circumstances.
A. Appellant was seen leaving a suspected drug house.
Appellant argues, ―At no point during his testimony did Carmona ever state
that this was a known drug house . . . . he only suspected it to be a drug house.‖
(Appellant’s Brief at 12, 14). First, Appellant’s argument misconstrues what the
law requires for reasonable suspicion; and second, the officer provided specific
facts leading him to characterize the house as a drug house, thus his suspicion was
more than a mere ―unsubstantiated hunch.‖
The legal principle of reasonable suspicion does not require an officer to
know something; rather he must have a reasonable belief that criminal activity is
afoot. Terry, 392 U.S. at 24–25. In forming this belief, ―he may rely on his own
training and experience to draw inferences and make deductions that might well
elude an untrained person.‖ Vafaiyan, 279 S.W.3d at 380 (citations omitted).
Officer Carmona testified that he was aware of the reputation of the house as a
place where narcotics were sold because he worked in that district, interacted with
the citizens there, and was aware of numerous complaints about the house from
neighbors. (3RR at 20–21). He also testified about his personal observations of
10
activities at the house further indicating the sale of narcotics: several cars coming
and going, high foot traffic to and from the house, people going inside and staying
mere minutes before leaving or knocking on the door and leaving without entering
the house at all. (3RR at 21). All of this information considered together led the
officer to reasonably believe narcotics were being sold out of the house and this
reasonable belief was one of several factors upon which he relied in forming
reasonable suspicion of criminal activity.1
B. Appellant’s was very nervous during the traffic stop.
Officer Carmona testified that Appellant appeared to be very nervous during
the stop. (3RR at 38). The Court of Criminal Appeals has repeatedly held,
―Although nervousness alone is not sufficient to establish reasonable suspicion for
an investigative detention, it can do so in combination with other factors.‖ Hamal
v. State, 390 S.W.3d 302, 308 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (citation omitted); see also
Neal v. State, 256 S.W.3d 264, 281 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (finding reasonable
suspicion based on the defendant’s nervousness combined with the fact that his
location, general description, and vehicle matched the description of the suspect
1
Appellant dedicates several pages of his brief to three additional points that are not substantively addressed by the
State because they are irrelevant to the present analysis. First, he argues that the officer’s perception of the house
was insufficient to ―justify his stop of Appellant.‖ (Appellant’s Brief at 16). Indeed that argument is correct,
however because Officer Carmona initiated the traffic stop for a violation of the transportation code, this argument
is off-point. Second, he enumerates for the Court several things Officer Carmona did not see, however none of these
―non-observations‖ diminish the reasonableness of his suspicions based on the factors he did have knowledge of.
(Appellant’s Brief at 18–19). Finally, he recounts the law surrounding an officer’s reliance on anonymous callers in
developing reasonable suspicion to justify an initial stop and detention. (Appellant’s Brief at 20). Again, because
the initial detention in this case was predicated upon Appellant’s violation of the transportation code, this analysis is
likewise irrelevant.
11
police were looking for); St. George v. State, 237 S.W.3d 720, 726 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2007) (ruling officers’ later discovery that a suspect had misidentified
himself did not mitigate the fact that they improperly relied solely on his
nervousness at the time of detention); Holladay v. State, 805 S.W.2d 464, 473
(Tex. Crim. App. 1991) overruled in part on other grounds as stated in Hunter v.
State, 955 S.W.2d 102, 106 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (ruling that no single factor
alone can support a finding of reasonable suspicion, but nervousness considered
with other factors can support reasonable suspicion).
In addition to Appellant’s nervousness, Officer Carmona observed Appellant
leaving a suspected drug house and believed Appellant was lying about his
reported route because his current location was inconsistent with his story. (3RR
at 27). Moreover, although it was not presented to the jury, the officer was aware
Appellant had a prior felony drug arrest, which further strengthened his reasonable
suspicion. See Hamal, 390 S.W.3d at 308 (―[A] prior criminal record does not by
itself establish reasonable suspicion but is a factor that may be considered.‖).
These facts taken together along with inferences and deductions made by the
officer based on his training and experience support a finding of reasonable
suspicion to continue the investigative detention. Id. (finding nervousness and
prior criminal history relevant to the reasonable suspicion determination).
12
C. Appellant’s statements about his intended route were inconsistent with
his current location and the fact that he was observed driving away from the
suspected drug house.
When asked where he was coming from, Appellant said he was leaving work
and heading home. (3RR at 26–27). Appellant’s answer caused Officer Carmona
to suspect he was lying for two reasons. First, the officer had just witnessed him
driving away from a suspected drug house. (3RR at 27). Second, the area where
Appellant was pulled over was not on a likely route between his place of
employment and his house. (3RR at 27). The officer testified about State’s
Exhibit 3, which was a satellite image of a large geographic area including the
location of the suspected drug house, the intersection where Appellant passed in
front of Officer Carmona’s car, and the gas station where the traffic stop occurred.
(5RR at 7). Officer Carmona explained that Appellant’s job was located outside
the frame of the map to the northeast, and his house was located outside the frame
of the map to the northwest. (3RR at 54–55). The trial court was very familiar
with the area in question and agreed that the officer was justified in being
suspicious about Appellant’s stated route. (3R at 73–74).
Appellant’s brief spends a great deal of time rebuking Officer Carmona’s
lack of personal knowledge about Appellant’s preferred route home (Appellant’s
Brief at 26–29), but again, an officer may develop reasonable suspicion (or
13
probable cause for that matter) even where he does not know there is criminal
activity. The standard is reasonable suspicion—not beyond a reasonable doubt.
See e.g., Lalande v. State, 676 S.W.2d 115, 117–18 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984)
(―Neither is the State required to prove the propriety of the search beyond a
reasonable doubt in a hearing upon a motion to suppress evidence.‖); Rumbaugh v.
State, 629 S.W.2d 747, 751 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982) (dictating the standard that
even when a search is based on consent, the burden of proof is by clear and
convincing evidence, not beyond a reasonable doubt).
Officer Carmona developed reasonable suspicion based on his training and
experience gained through working ―at least 100 narcotics arrests‖ (3RR at 51); his
knowledge that the house Appellant was seen leaving was a suspected drug house
(3RR at 19–21); Appellant’s prior felony drug arrest (3RR at 63); Appellant’s
excessive nervousness during the stop (3RR at 26); and the officer’s suspicions
that Appellant was lying based on the inconsistencies surrounding his driving route
(3RR at 26–27). All of these specifically articulated facts considered together were
sufficient to show ―an objectively justifiable basis for the detention.‖ Wade v.
State, 722 S.W.3d 661, 668 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (citation omitted).
III. The purpose for the stop had not been concluded prior to questioning
Appellant about his intended destination; however even if the purpose for the
14
stop had been concluded prior to that moment, the brief delay did not make the
detention unlawful because it was based on reasonable suspicion.
Appellant argues in the alternative that the State failed to meet its burden to
demonstrate that the traffic stop had not yet concluded prior to Officer Carmona’s
questions about Appellant’s intended destination. (Appellant’s Brief at 30). He
asserts that ―the moment that Officer Carmona returned to Appellant’s vehicle to
return his license and insurance, the purpose for the traffic stop was complete.‖
(Appellant’s Brief at 31). This argument fails for several reasons.
First, Appellant inappropriately asks this Court to disregard the trial court’s
careful consideration and detailed review of the record. See Gonzales v. State, 369
S.W.3d 851, 854 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (affording almost total deference to the
trial court’s determination of historical facts when those facts are supported by the
record and affording the prevailing party ―the strongest legitimate view of the
evidence and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from that evidence‖
(internal quotations omitted)). The officer testified that he did not give a citation
because he issued a verbal warning; the matter of precisely when the verbal
warning was given was never addressed during the officer’s testimony. (3RR at
39, 52). Nevertheless, during his argument on the motion to suppress, Appellant
misrepresented the evidence to the court saying, ―based on Officer Carmona’s
testimony, he’d given him a warning and his warrant check came back clear.‖
15
(3RR at 62). The trial court was dubious about the characterization of the evidence
and reserved its ruling on the matter until after lunch so that it could review the
officer’s testimony and carefully consider the order of events. (3RR at 71–74).
After its review, the trial court ruled: ―I went through the whole record and
based on what we pulled out of there, I’m going to deny your motion.‖ (3RR at
88). Appellant’s argument now asks this Court to reject the trial court’s careful
analysis and conclusion about the order of events and find that the purpose for the
traffic stop had been concluded. Such a finding is not supported by the record and
would require this Court to disregard the deference given to trial court’s findings of
historical fact. E.g., Gonzales, 369 S.W.3d at 854 (revering the almost total
deference given to a trial court’s determination of historical facts).
Next, the evidence supports the trial court’s finding that the traffic stop was
not yet complete because the officer was still asking questions that have been held
to be a presumptively routine part of traffic stops. See United States v. Brigham,
382 F.3d 500, 508 (5th Cir. 2004) (holding inquiries into ―the purpose and itinerary
of a driver’s trip‖ are within the scope of an investigation into a traffic stop); St.
George, 197 S.W.3d at 817 (―the detaining officer may also question the vehicle’s
occupants regarding their identities, travel plans, and ownership of the vehicle‖).
Questions about vehicle registration, ownership, travel plans, and computer checks
on the driver, vehicle, and insurance ―serve a valid traffic and general law
16
enforcement purpose‖ because they alert officers to known dangers about the
suspect and the status of the car. Kothe v. State, 152 S.W.3d 54, 64, n.63 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2004). It was during these routine questions that Officer Carmona
conclusively developed reasonable suspicion that Appellant was engaging in
criminal activity, and based on that reasonable suspicion, he simply asked whether
Appellant had any narcotics on him. (3RR at 27). In response, Appellant not only
denied having anything on him, but also volunteered his consent to be searched,
and ultimately admitted to being in possession of cocaine. (3RR at 27–28).
Appellant’s alternative argument fails because the officer was still engaged in the
presumptively normal procedure of a routine traffic stop when Appellant
volunteered to let the officers conduct the search, and he points to no evidence that
the purpose for the stop was complete prior to Appellant’s voluntary consent to
search.
Finally, assuming arguendo the officer had already given Appellant the
warning, and that instead of Appellant volunteering his consent, the officer had
requested it, the detention still would not have been unlawful because an officer
―may request consent to search a vehicle after the purpose of the traffic stop has
been accomplished, as long as the request is reasonable under the circumstances
and the officer has not conveyed a message that compliance with the officer’s
17
request is required.‖ Haas v. State, 172 S.W.3d 42, 50 (Tex. App.—Waco 2005,
pet. ref’d).
In Haas, the appellate court found detention that was delayed for twenty-five
minutes after the officer had issued warnings for traffic violations was not
unlawful because during the stop the officer had developed sufficient reasonable
suspicion to request consent to run a K-9 sniff around the defendant’s car. Id. The
officer was somewhat suspicious of Haas from the beginning of the stop and that
suspicion grew throughout the encounter. Id. The same thing occurred in this
case. Officer Carmona’s suspicion was initially piqued when he observed
Appellant leaving the suspected drug house and that suspicion grew throughout the
stop based on Appellant’s unusual nervousness, the fact that he had a prior felony
drug offense, and his inconsistent statements about where he was coming from,
thus giving Officer Carmona sufficient reasonable suspicion to prolong the
investigative detention. Compare Brigham, 382 F.3d at 512 (reiterating the fact-
intensive nature of reasonable suspicion analysis and finding prolonged
investigative detention is lawful when the investigation is efficiently conducted
and supported by reasonable suspicion), with St. George, 237 S.W.3d at 726 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2007) (ruling the officers did not have sufficient reasonable suspicion
to detain the defendant beyond the initial traffic stop, but limiting its ruling by
clarifying, ―We do not intend to create a bright line rule that would automatically
18
make an investigative detention unreasonable the moment that the initial reason for
the traffic stop ends.‖).
Following the denial of his motion to suppress, Appellant requested an
Article 38.23 jury instruction to let the jury determine for itself whether the
evidence was illegally obtained; after extensive argument on the issue, the trial
court included the instruction in the jury charge, giving Appellant a ―second bite at
the apple.‖ (4RR at 8; 3RR at 119). The jury concluded the evidence had not been
illegally obtained and returned a verdict of guilty. (4RR at 51–52). Appellant now
asks this Court to disregard the findings of both the trial court and the jury and
hold that the evidence was illegally obtained and therefore subject to suppression.
See Johnson v. State, 803 S.W.2d 272, 287 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (stating an
appellate court ―is not at liberty to disturb any finding which is supported by the
record‖ and acknowledging the trial court’s role as sole factfinder in a suppression
hearing).
Conclusion
Appellant’s first point of error and alternative arguments fail because the
traffic stop was valid, the basis for Officer Carmona’s suspicion was developed
prior to the time Appellant claims the purpose for the stop was concluded, and any
prolonged detention was supported by reasonable suspicion based on specifically
articulated facts observed by the officer in light of his training, knowledge and
19
experience. Both the trial court and the jury found every action taken by Officer
Carmona was supported by probable cause (the traffic stop) or reasonable
suspicion (the prolonged detention, if any), and the record contains no evidence of
any unlawful seizure, coercion, or ―flagrant initial misconduct.‖ (Appellant’s Brief
at 34).
Issue II: Whether the trial court erred by limiting Appellant’s cross-
examination of the arresting officer
Standard of Review
A trial court’s limitation of cross-examination is reviewed for abuse of
discretion. Matchett v. State, 941 S.W.2d 922, 940 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)
superseded by statute on other grounds as stated in Van Nortrick v. State, 227
S.W.3d 706, 709 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). ―An abuse of discretion occurs when
the trial court acts without reference to any guiding rules or principles.‖ Dinh Tan
Ho v. State, 171 S.W.3d 295, 304 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet.
ref’d) (citing Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990)).
Applicable Law
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution contains the right of
an accused to confront witnesses against him in a criminal prosecution. U.S.
CONST. amend. VI. It has been held that ―the main and essential purpose of
confrontation is to secure for the opponent the opportunity of cross-examination.‖
20
Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 678 (1986) (citation, internal quotations,
and emphasis omitted). The right to cross-examine witnesses is profound, but not
absolute, and the trial court has the discretion to limit the scope of cross-
examination for reasons such as ―harassment, prejudice, confusion of the issues,
the witness’ safety, or interrogation that is repetitive or only marginally relevant.‖
Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. at 679. Furthermore, ―[t]he trial court has considerable
discretion in determining how and when bias may be proved, and what collateral
evidence is material for that purpose.‖ Dinh Tan Ho, 171 S.W.3d at 304 (citation
omitted). Even where a defendant’s right to cross examination has been limited,
there is no constitutional violation if (1) the possible bias has been made clear to
the factfinder; and (2) the cross examination was otherwise fully developed.
Carmona v. State, 698 S.W.2d 100, 104 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985).
As with any other issue on appeal, the point of error must have been
preserved at trial with a timely and specific objection. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1. When
a defendant is prevented from questioning a State’s witness about a general subject
that may impact the credibility of the witness, the defendant need not make an
offer of proof, but instead may merely show on the record what he wished to
question the witness about and why the testimony should have been admitted into
evidence. Virts v. State, 739 S.W.2d 25, 29 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987). When a
21
defendant’s cross-examination was limited at trial and the error was properly
preserved, the courts have developed a three-prong harm analysis.
First, the reviewing court must assume the ―damaging potential of the cross-
examination were fully realized.‖ Shelby v. State, 819 S.W.2d 544, 547 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1991) (citing Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 684 (1968)). This means it
must assume the jury was fully informed of the testimony sought to be introduced.
Id. at 550. Second, mindful of the first assumption, the reviewing court must
review the error considering the following: (1) the importance of that witness’
testimony to the State’s case; (2) whether the testimony was cumulative; (3) ―the
presence or absence of evidence corroborating or contradicting the testimony of the
witness on material points‖; (4) whether cross-examination was otherwise
extensively permitted; and (5) the overall strength of the State’s case. Id. at 547
(citing Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 684 (1968)). The third and final prong requires
the court to determine ―if the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.‖ Id.
(citing Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24 (1967)).
Analysis
First, this issue is not properly before this Court because Appellant made no
objection at trial to preserve error, and he did not explain on the record what
testimony or evidence he was precluded from introducing. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1;
Virts, 739 S.W.2d at 29. Early in his cross-examination, Appellant began asking
22
questions that were intended to establish a foundation upon which he could attack
the officer’s credibility based on the passage of time since the arrest. (3RR at 36).
Anticipating Appellant’s aim, the trial court asked the parties to approach and
instructed Appellant that it was limiting his cross-examination on that subject.
(3RR at 37). Because the delay had been caused by Appellant, the trial court
disallowed him from capitalizing on a state of affairs he caused and using it as a
means of attacking the credibility of the officer. (3RR at 37). Appellant neither
objected nor attempted to explain why this testimony was important; he did not
make any effort to overcome the limitation. (3RR at 37). Appellant simply
returned to counsel table and resumed his cross-examination with questions about
the facts surrounding the traffic stop. (3RR at 37). Because Appellant neither
objected to the limitation nor stated for the record why the testimony was pertinent
to his case, the issue was not preserved for appeal. However, even if Appellant
had properly preserved the error, his appellate argument fails on substantive
grounds under the three-prong harm analysis in Shelby, 819 S.W.2d at 547.
I. Importance of the witness’s testimony to the State’s case
Officer Carmona’s partner, although present for the stop, was out of the
county on military deployment by the time the case finally came to trial, thus the
Officer Carmona’s testimony was critical to the State’s case as he was the only
witness able to testify at that time about the stop. (Appellant’s Brief at 46).
23
II. Whether the testimony was cumulative
The testimony sought to be covered by Appellant was cumulative. First, the
fact that the stop occurred ―back in 2011‖ was mentioned throughout the trial no
less than twenty times.2
Second, although not permitted to challenge the officer’s credibility based
on the amount of time that had passed since the date of the offense, Appellant was
permitted to cross-examine the witness on other grounds which questioned his
credibility: Officer Carmona testified that Appellant’s hand was shaking from
nervousness, but that detail was not included in the offense report (3RR at 38);
Appellant represented to the court in a side bar at the bench that he was preserving
factual discrepancies in the testimony and report for a potential 38.23 jury
instruction (3RR at 40); Appellant attempted to show the officer’s testimony
conflicted with the contents of his report regarding when Appellant was removed
from the car (3RR at 42); Appellant pointed out the officer mistakenly referred to
the car as a Scion when it was actually a Saturn Ion (3RR at 47); the officer had
never worked in the narcotics unit and his only experience with narcotics offenses
was as a patrol officer (3RR at 49).
Any possible bias was exposed by Appellant’s cross-examination, which
was fully developed other than the minor limitation on his questions about the time
2
3RR at 8, 9, 13, 16, 17, 24, 25, 36, 37, 49, 51, 77, 79, 83, 91, 92; 4RR at 40, 47.
24
lapse, therefore the trial court’s restriction on Appellant’s cross-examination was
not error. See Carmona, 698 S.W.2d at 104 (finding no constitutional error if the
bias was made clear to the jury and the cross-examination was otherwise fully
developed); Dinh Tan Ho, 171 S.W.3d at 304 (granting the court considerable
discretion to determine what evidence is material to proving credibility and
controlling how and when it may be proven).
III. Whether there was corroborating or contradicting testimony on
material points
Appellant asserts that because Officer Carmona was the only officer
available to testify, ―there was no evidence corroborating his testimony.‖
(Appellant’s Brief at 46). In fact, Officer Carmona’s testimony was corroborated
by every other witness. After Appellant admitted he had cocaine in his back
pocket, Officer Carmona called for a crime scene investigator to field test the
substance. (3RR at 77). That investigator corroborated Officer Carmona’s
testimony about the date and location of the stop, and the identity of Appellant.
(3RR at 78–80). The State also called the forensic scientist who performed the
laboratory analysis of the substance that was previously field tested. (3RR at 89).
He corroborated Officer Carmona’s testimony about the San Antonio Police
Department case number and its correlation to the substance he tested in the lab
and that the substance was identified as cocaine. (3RR at 91–92, 98).
25
Appellant rested without calling any witnesses and he offered no testimony
to contradict the testimony of Officer Carmona or the other witnesses for the State.
(3RR at 105).
IV. The extent of the cross examination otherwise permitted
Appellant concedes, ―Defense counsel was otherwise fully permitted to
cross-examine the witness.‖ (Appellant’s Brief at 46).
V. The overall strength of the prosecution’s case
If Officer Carmona’s testimony were completely excluded, the prosecution
would have been unable to proceed to trial because the other officer present during
the traffic stop had been deployed with the military by the time the case finally
came to trial. (3RR at 24). However, because the other officer’s absence was
temporary and was only an issue because of Appellant’s delay tactics in bringing
the case to trial, the analysis of this factor should focus on the evidence, rather than
which of the two officers actually presented the testimony. Cf. Hess v. State, 953
S.W.2d 837, 840–41 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1997, pet. ref’d) (overruling
defendant’s point of error because the error was caused by the defendant during
trial). The State’s case was overall a strong case: there was a valid traffic stop,
voluntary consent to search given during the course of an investigative detention,
admission by Appellant that he had cocaine in his back pocket, and testimony from
26
the crime scene investigator and forensic scientist that the substance was in fact
cocaine.
V. Harmless beyond a reasonable doubt
The final prong considers the above factors and determines whether the
limitation on Appellant’s cross-examination was harmless error beyond a
reasonable doubt. In Baldree v. State, 248 S.W.3d 224 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2007, pet ref’d), the Houston court of appeals found that the trial court
committed error by prohibiting counsel from impeaching a witness, however, it
concluded that because the excluded evidence was later presented to the jury, the
initial exclusion of the testimony was harmless. Baldree, 248 S.W.3d at 231; see
also Mosley v. State, 983 S.W.2d 249, 258 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (finding that
evidence similar to previously excluded evidence mitigated any harm that would
otherwise have been suffered by the initial exclusion). Similarly in this case,
Appellant was not permitted to cross-examine the officer about the effect of the
passage of time on his memory, but Appellant challenged the officer’s ability to
recall details through questioning on other grounds, such as discrepancies between
his report and his testimony, and his misstatement about the type of car driven by
Appellant. (3RR at 38, 47).
Conclusion
27
Appellant’s second point of error should be overruled first because it was
not properly preserved at trial, and second even if the issue had been preserved,
there was no error in the limitation. Furthermore, if there was any error in the
limitation, it was harmless because the ―excluded‖ testimony was presented to the
jury numerous other times and Appellant was permitted to challenge the officer’s
memory and credibility on other grounds.
CONCLUSION
The purpose of the traffic stop had not yet been concluded when the officer
asked Appellant about his intended destination, thus Appellant’s consent was
offered during a lawful investigative detention based on a valid traffic stop. Even
if the purpose for the traffic stop was concluded at the moment alleged by
Appellant, the prolonged detention was not unlawful because it was based on
sufficient reasonable suspicion. The record supports the trial court’s finding that
the evidence was lawfully obtained and therefore not subject to suppression.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it limited Appellant’s cross-
examination because the minor limitation merely prevented Appellant from
misleading the jury by exploiting the time lapse, which he caused, between the stop
and the date of trial. Also, he was permitted to challenge the officer’s credibility
on multiple other grounds, and was otherwise fully able to develop his cross-
examination.
28
PRAYER
WHEREFORE, PREMISES CONSIDERED, the State of Texas submits that
the judgment of the trial court should, in all things, be AFFIRMED.
Respectfully submitted,
Nicholas ―Nico‖ LaHood
Criminal District Attorney
Bexar County, Texas
/s/ Amanda C. Byrd
Amanda C. Byrd
Assistant Criminal District Attorney
Bexar County, Texas
Paul Elizondo Tower
101 West Nueva Street
San Antonio, Texas 78205
Phone: (210) 335-2157
Email: Amanda.Byrd@Bexar.org
State Bar No.: 24081811
Attorneys for the State of Texas
29
CERTIFICATE OF COPLIANCE AND SERVICE
I, Amanda C. Byrd, herby certify that the total number of words in
Appellee’s brief is 6,530. I also certify that on July 6, 2015 a true and correct copy
of the above and foregoing brief was emailed to Appellant’s attorney, Robert A.
Jimenez, at Robert@DMCAUSA.com.
/s/ Amanda C. Byrd
Amanda C. Byrd
Assistant Criminal District Attorney
Attorney for Appellant
Robert A. Jimenez
800 Dolorosa Street, Suite 100
San Antonio, Texas 78207
Phone: (210) 354-1844
Fax: (210) 212-2116
Email: Robert@DMCAUSA.com
State Bar No.: 24059125
30
Francisco Javier Gonzalez v. State
Combined Opinion