COURT OF APPEALS
EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
EL PASO, TEXAS
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No. 08-13-00253-CV
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IN THE INTEREST OF: J.A., JR., Appeal from
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A MINOR CHILD. 233rd District Court
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of Tarrant County, Texas
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(TC # 233-484891-10)
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OPINION
This is an appeal from a Rule 13 sanctions order and an order dismissing a petition to
modify in a suit affecting the parent-child relationship. We begin by emphasizing that we are
hampered in our review because we do not have a Reporter’s Record, nor do we have the benefit
of findings of fact and conclusions of law. Appellee Mother has not favored us with a brief.
FACTUAL SUMMARY
J.A., Sr. is the biological father of J.A., Jr. and the petitioner in a suit affecting the parent-
child relationship filed September 21, 2010.1 Father sought appointment as the joint managing
conservator with the right to determine the primary residence of the child. The court signed an
agreed order on October 6, 2010 by which the parties were named joint managing conservators
1
The couple was not married but lived together with the child from the time of his birth. Father filed suit to
establish conservatorship because he feared Mother would relocate to her home state of Oregon.
with Mother was designated as the parent having the exclusive right to determine the primary
residence of the child with a geographic restriction to Tarrant and contiguous counties.
In October 2012, the Office of the Attorney General initiated a child support review.
Mother filed a waiver of service and agreed to appear. Father filed a general denial and did not
appear at the negotiation conference which occurred on October 11, 2012. On April 10, 2013,
the court conducted a hearing on the confirmation of a Non-Agreed Child Support Review Order
issued pursuant to Chapter 233 of the Texas Family Code. The Clerk’s Record indicates that
Mother and Father attended this hearing and agreed to the order, entered that same day, which
increased Father’s child support and health care obligations.
On April 30, 2013, a mere twenty days later, Father filed a petition to modify in which he
sought appointment as the joint managing conservator with the exclusive right to determine the
primary residence of the child. Shortly thereafter, Mother filed an answer and a motion for Rule
13 sanctions, contending that the suit was groundless, brought in bad faith, and filed frivolously
and for purposes of harassment. A hearing on the motion for sanctions was ultimately scheduled
for July 1. Father’s counsel filed a motion for continuance on June 24 because of a conflicting
trial setting. But the record does not reflect that counsel set a hearing on the motion, nor is there
any indication that the trial court ever considered it, and the record is devoid of an order. In any
event, neither Father nor his attorney appeared and a sanctions order was entered. Father’s
motion to modify was dismissed and as a further sanction, he was ordered to pay $2500 in
attorney’s fees to Mother’s counsel. The order does not state the particulars of the court’s
reasoning for granting sanctions. Father did not request findings of fact or conclusions of law,
nor did he file any objection to the court’s failure to articulate its reasoning.
2
Father brings four issues for review. In Issue One, he queries whether the trial court
erred in dismissing his petition for modification. Issue Two complains that Father was not
accorded the presumption that the pleading was filed in good faith while Issue Three asserts error
in the trial court’s failure to state the particulars of its reasons for imposing sanctions. Issue Four
complains of the court’s action in accepting and setting for hearing the motion for sanctions
without a certification of conference or an agreed date for hearing. He does not challenge the
amount of the sanctions awarded.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a trial court’s determination of Rule 13 sanctions for an abuse of discretion.
GTE Communications v. Tanner, 856 S.W.2d 725, 730 (Tex. 1993) (applying abuse of discretion
standard to review of Rule 13 sanctions). A trial court abuses its discretion when it acts in an
arbitrary or unreasonable manner without reference to any guiding principles. Bowie Mem’l
Hosp. v. Wright, 79 S.W.3d 48, 52 (Tex. 2002). When imposing sanctions under Rule 13, the
trial court’s discretion is “limited only by the requirement that its order be just and that the
sanction imposed be directly related to the harm done by the sanctioned conduct.” Bradt v.
Sebek, 14 S.W.3d 756, 761 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, pet. denied.).
We also review decisions related to a suit affecting the parent child relationship under the
abuse of discretion standard. See Arredondo v. Betancourt, 383 S.W.3d 730, 734 (Tex.App.--
Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.); see also In re I.R.H., No. 04-12-00366-CV, 2013 WL
1850778, at *2 (Tex.App.--San Antonio May 1, 2013, pet. denied) (“A trial court’s order of
dismissal [of a petition to modify parent-child relationship] is also reviewed for abuse of
discretion.”). Under this standard, the reviewing court must uphold the trial court’s ruling if it
can find any basis in the record to support the ruling. In re I.R.H., 2013 WL 1850778 at *2.
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DISMISSAL OF PETITION TO MODIFY PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP
In Issue One, Father challenges the trial court’s order dismissing his petition after the
sanctions hearing at which neither he nor his counsel was present. The grounds for dismissal as
alleged by Mother were the same grounds as the motion for sanctions:
Petitioner, [Father] filed a Petition to Modify Parent-Child Relationship on April
30, 2013 that is baseless, brought in bad faith and filed frivolously and designed
to harass Respondent, [Mother].
Was A Supporting Affidavit Required?
We begin with the question of whether Father’s petition was filed pursuant to Section
156.101 or Section 156.102 of the Texas Family Code. Section 156.101 provides the grounds
under which a court may modify an order that appoints the conservator of a child, establishes the
terms and conditions of conservatorship, or provides for possession or access to a child.
TEX.FAM.C ODE ANN. § 156.101(a) (West 2014). Under Section 156.102, a party seeking
modification of the exclusive right to determine the primary residence of a child within one year
of a prior order is required to execute an affidavit containing, with supporting facts, one of three
specific allegations:
(1) that the child’s present environment may endanger the child’s physical health
or significantly impair the child’s emotional development;
(2) that the person who has the exclusive right to designate the primary residence
of the child is the person seeking or consenting to the modification and the
modification is in the best interest of the child; or
(3) that the person who has the exclusive right to designate the primary residence
of the child has voluntarily relinquished the primary care and possession of
the child for at least six months and the modification is in the best interest of
the child.
TEX.FAM.C ODE ANN. § 156.102(b) (West 2014). Subsection (c) provides:
(c) The court shall deny the relief sought and refuse to schedule a hearing for
modification under this section unless the court determines, on the basis of the
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affidavit, that facts adequate to support an allegation listed in Subsection (b) are
stated in the affidavit. If the court determines that the facts stated are adequate to
support an allegation, the court shall set a time and place for the hearing.
Father did not attach an affidavit to his motion. The motion to dismiss does not list this
provision as a basis for dismissal and, as we have noted, we do not have a court reporter’s record
of the hearing.
The simple question we must first address is which order is controlling for the purpose of
determining the timing of the modification action. If the 2010 order -- which specifies the terms
and conditions of conservatorship -- controls, then Father did not need to attach an affidavit. But
if the child support review order controls, then the affidavit was required.
This court has addressed the issue in Giron v. Gonzalez, 247 S.W.3d 302 (Tex.App.--
El Paso 2007, no pet.). There, the couple participated in a negotiation conference on March 31,
2004 and subsequently entered into an agreed child support review order which was signed on
April 5, 2004.
This order was not limited to child support. The parties were appointed joint managing
conservators with Giron designated as having the exclusive right to determine the children’s
primary residence. The order provided for a modified standard possession schedule. Gonzalez
filed for divorce in September 2004, requesting sole managing conservatorship. Giron defaulted
and Gonzalez was appointed the sole managing conservator with the exclusive right to designate
the children’s primary residence. Giron brought a restricted appeal. The court noted that
because Gonzalez sought to modify the designation of the primary residence within one year of
the agreed order, he was required to attach a support affidavit. He failed to do so. Finding that
error was apparent on the face of the record because there was no evidence to support the
modification, the order was reversed and remanded.
5
The Eastland Court of Appeals has also addressed the applicability of a child support
review order in this context. See In re J.I.O., No. 11-05-00369-CV, 2007 WL 1644579
(Tex.App.--Eastland Jun. 7, 2007, no pet.). There, the review order entered on February 18,
2004, designated the parties as joint managing conservators with Mother having the right to
determine primary residence of the child. A divorce decree was entered on September 3, 2004
confirming and continuing “in full force and effect” the child support review order. Father filed
a modification suit on November 22, 2004, seeking to be named the conservator with the right to
determine the primary residence of J.I.O. The court found that an affidavit was required because
the modification action was filed within one year of both the child support review order and the
divorce decree.
The child support review order here is far more limited. It contains the following:
INFORMATION PURSUANT TO TEXAS FAMILY CODE § 105.006
233RD JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT, TARRANT County, Texas
23348489110
PRIMARY JOINT MANAGING or MANAGING CONSERVATOR / OBLIGEE
INFORMATION:
Name: [Mother]
Residence Address: **************
Mailing Address (if different): **************
Social Security Number: **************
Driver License Number: **************
Home Phone: **************
Employer: **************
Employment Address: **************
Work Phone: **************
JOINT MANAGING or POSSESSORY CONSERVATOR / OBLIGOR INFORMATION:
Name: [Father]
Residence Address: **************
Mailing Address (if different): **************
Social Security Number: **************
Driver License Number: **************
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Home Phone: **************
Employer: **************
Employment Address: **************
Work Phone: **************
Expected termination date of obligation to pay child support and of orders for possession of, or
access to, a child is the 6th day of May 2027 (expected emancipation date of all minors).
The Court bas not ordered that special restrictions be placed on the distribution of this
information pursuant to Texas Family Code§ 105.006(c).
Other than reiterating the custodial designations, the order does not address any specifics,
nor does it incorporate the prior order by reference. We therefore conclude that the modification
action was not filed within one year of the order sought to be modified and that no affidavit was
required. That leaves for discussion the tension between the propriety of the dismissal sanctions
and the general rule that the moving party may not be defaulted.
Was the Dismissal Proper?
This court has considered the issue previously in a modification proceeding where the
facts were identical save for the Rule 13 pleadings. In Slaughter v. Clement, 64 S.W.3d 448
(Tex.App.--El Paso 2001, no pet), a modification hearing was set for trial in Odessa when
Slaughter’s attorney, H. Thomas Hirsch, was due in court in Midland for jury selection in a
felony criminal trial. We recited the parties’ versions of the facts. Hirsch was notified the
Friday before the scheduled Monday modification hearing and attempted to contact Clement’s
attorney, Sydney Weaver, between 4 and 5 that afternoon. No one was in the office and Weaver
had an unlisted home telephone number. He called her office again Monday morning and left a
voice message advising of the conflict and that the modification trial would have to be passed.
He went to the Ector County Courthouse on other matters and encountered the trial judge who
would preside over the modification. Hirsch explained the conflict and that he had attempted to
notify Weaver. The judge did not appear to oppose passing the setting and Hirsch left for
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Midland.
Weaver’s version differed. According to her, one of Hirsch’s employees called the
district clerk’s office Monday morning and left a message about the 9 a.m. hearing. The caller
indicated that the hearing would be cancelled, that Weaver was aware of Hirsch being out of
town, and that Weaver had agreed to cancel the setting. Weaver and Clement were first
informed of the message when they arrived at the courthouse for the hearing. Judge McCoy
attempted to locate Hirsch to discern exactly what the conflict was and how to resolve the
situation. When Hirsch was reached around 10 a.m., he informed the court and Weaver that the
criminal matter had pled out earlier that morning. Hirsch was given the opportunity to return to
Odessa for the trial later that morning. Around 11 a.m., the court noted for the record that Hirsch
had failed to appear, and that he had previously informed the court and Weaver that he would not
appear for the hearing that day. The matter was called for trial to the bench. Responsive
testimony and documentary evidence was received from Clement concerning the relief Slaughter
had requested. Testimony was also presented concerning attorney’s fees.
The trial court denied Slaughter’s petition for modification and awarded attorney’s fees to
Weaver. Slaughter appealed, alleging that a plaintiff/petitioner may not be defaulted; instead the
court may only, after notice and hearing, dismiss her suit for failure to appear. We agreed.
Citing Smock v. Fischel, 146 Tex. 397, 207 S.W.2d 891, 892 (1948); Burger v. Young, 78 Tex.
656, 15 S.W. 107, 107 (1890); and State v. Herrera, 25 S.W.3d 326 (Tex.App.--Austin 2000, no
pet.), we noted that the trial court may not adjudicate the merits of a plaintiff’s claim when she
fails to appear for trial, but may only dismiss the claim for want of prosecution. The trial court’s
authority to dismiss for want of prosecution stems from Rule 165a of the Texas Rules of Civil
Procedure as well as the court’s inherent power. Villarreal v. San Antonio Truck & Equipment,
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994 S.W.2d 628, 630 (Tex. 1999). Whether a court proceeds under Rule 165a or acts pursuant to
its inherent authority, it may not dismiss a suit without providing the moving party notice and an
opportunity to be heard. Id. We held that these same tenets apply under the Family Code to a
suit for modification. Consequently, we reversed and rendered.
Slaughter was predicated upon Rule 165a. We must now consider whether the rationale
of Slaughter applies when a party seeks dismissal under Rule 13 and the party opposite fails to
appear. Mother’s motion for sanctions specifically sought dismissal of the modification
pleadings. Father’s attorney had notice of the hearing and filed a motion for continuance. We
cannot discern from the record whether he set the motion for hearing and the pleading itself does
not contain a notice of hearing. Without a Reporter’s Record we have no way of determining
whether the motion was ever brought to the trial court’s attention. We do have, however, an
order by which the trial court specified that the suit was dismissed pursuant to Rule 13, which
provides:
...If a pleading, motion or other paper is signed in violation of this rule, the court,
upon motion or upon its own initiative, after notice and hearing, shall impose an
appropriate sanction…
The court had before it a motion for sanctions seeking dismissal. Notice was given and a hearing
was held. Father’s suit was not dismissed on the merits by default; it was dismissed for violating
Rule 13. We thus conclude that Slaughter does not apply and that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion. We overrule Issue One.
IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS
In Issues Two and Three, Father contends that the trial court’s order imposing sanctions
did not comply with the requirements of Rule 13. Issue Two complains that Father was not
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given the presumption of good faith or the opportunity of discovery. 2 Issue Three asserts that the
trial court’s failure to state with particularity the good cause underlying its finding that the
petition was groundless and filed in bad faith or for the purpose of harassment is reversible error.
Applicable Law
Rule 13 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure grants a trial court the authority to address
frivolous filings. Under this rule, a court shall impose an appropriate sanction available under
Rule 215.2(b) upon a party and/or its representative when the court finds that a pleading, motion,
or other paper is groundless and filed in bad faith or for the purpose of harassment. Rule 13
prescribes that no sanction shall be imposed “except for good cause, the particulars of which
must be stated in the sanction order.” Id. Sanctions available under Rule 215.2(b) include the
dismissal with or without prejudice of all or part of an action and the payment of attorney’s fees.
See TEX.R.C IV.P. 215.2(b)(5)(8).
Was Father Denied the Good Faith Presumption or Prevented from Discovery?
We are mindful that a trial court may impose costs, including attorney’s fees and
expenses, in a suit affecting the parent-child relationship. See TEX.FAM.CODE §§ 106.001 and
106.002. A trial court has additional authority to impose attorney’s fees and costs against the
movant “if the court finds that a suit for modification is filed frivolously or is designed to harass
a party[.]” Id. § 156.005. Unlike Rule 13, section 156.005 does not require the court to state
with particularity the cause upon which its finding are based. Id. But the order here is clearly
based upon Rule 13. See In re A.S.M., 172 S.W.3d 710 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 2005, no pet.).
This issue cannot be decided in Father’s favor based on the record before us. Without a
Reporter’s Record we cannot ascertain whether Mother presented sufficient evidence to rebut the
2
Rule 13 specifies that “Courts shall presume that pleadings, motions, and other papers are filed in good faith.”
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presumption of good faith.3 Nor does the record reveal that Father attempted any discovery
before the hearing. There is no indication that Father filed a motion for new trial or a motion to
reinstate based on these allegations. Any error having been waived, we overrule Issue Two.
Does the Failure to Articulate “Good Cause” Require Reversal?
Sanctions may be imposed under Rule 13 only for “good cause, the particulars of which
must be stated in the sanction order.” This requirement is mandatory. Campos v. Ysleta General
Hosp., Inc., 879 S.W.2d 67, 69 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1994, writ denied.) (“There is no doubt that
TEX.R.C IV.P. 13 requires such specific findings[.]”). A trial court abuses its discretion by
failing to comply with this requirement. Gomer v. Davis, 419 S.W.3d 470, 477 (Tex.App.--
Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, no pet.); Campos, 879 S.W.2d at 70. Here, the trial court’s sanction
order notes only that Mother’s Rule 13 Motion was “well taken.” The order provides no further
insight into the trial court’s reasoning for dismissing Father’s action. As the moving party,
Mother had the burden of showing that Father’s petition was groundless and filed in bad faith or
to harass. Elkins v. Stotts-Brown, 103 S.W.3d 664, 669 (Tex.App.--Dallas 2003, no pet.). But
without a Reporter’s Record or findings of facts, we have nothing to review.
Failing to fully comply with the particularity requirement of Rule 13 does not
automatically warrant reversal. The intermediate courts of appeals are divided on whether error
may be waived.4 Campos, 879 S.W.2d at 70. But this court has clearly spoken on the issue:
3
In Father’s pleading filed twenty days after his child support obligations were increased, he sought to be appointed
as the joint managing conservator with the exclusive right to designate the child’s primary residence. One
reasonable inference is that he sought relief that would significantly alter or eliminate the child support obligations
to which he had just agreed.
4
Compare Alexander v. Alexander, 956 S.W.2d 712, 714 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, pet. denied);
Bloom v. Graham, 825 S.W.2d 244, 247 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 1992, writ denied); Powers v. Palacios, 771 S.W.2d
716, 719 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 1989, writ denied); Gomer, 419 S.W.3d at 478 (noting if sanctioned party “does
not object to the form of the sanctions order, that party waives any objection to the absence of bad faith or
harassment finding.”) with GTE Communications Systems Corp. v. Curry, 819 S.W.2d 652, 654 (Tex.App.--San
Antonio 1991, orig. proceeding); Zarsky v. Zurich Management, Inc., 829 S.W.2d 398, 399 (Tex.App.--Houston
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Having found error which was preserved, we must now decide what remedy is
appropriate here. Existing case law is not dispositive on the point, but enlightens
us by analogizing the finding of Rule 13 “particulars” to findings of fact and
conclusions of law under TEX.R.C IV.P. 269 and 270:
A rule of civil procedure is interpreted by the same rules that govern
statutes. When a rule is clear and unambiguous, we construe the language
according to its literal meaning. [Citations omitted]. The language
contained in rule 13 is clear and unambiguous. The rule provides that no
sanctions may be imposed except for good cause and that the trial court
must enumerate the particulars of the good cause in the sanction order.
The requirement that the court state its findings in the order is in lieu of
the traditional findings of fact and conclusions of law which normally are
filed in a trial on the merits in a non-jury case. These findings enable the
appellate court to review the order in light of the facts found by the trial
court. Without the findings required by Rule 13, effective review of the
sanctions is unavailable because the sanctioned party would be unable to
overcome the presumption that the trial court found necessary facts in
support of its judgment. Curry, 819 S.W.2d at 653-54. [Emphasis added].
We have previously been asked to take appropriate action where the trial court
has not filed findings of fact and conclusions of law, where requested by
Appellant and where necessary for a meaningful review of the judgment. In that
situation, we abated the appeal and remanded to the trial court for entry of
findings of fact and conclusions of law. Rothwell v. Rothwell, 775 S.W.2d 888,
890 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1989, no writ). We have done the same in a criminal
case where the trial court failed to file mandatory findings after a Jackson v.
Denno hearing on the voluntariness of defendant’s confession. Avila v. State, 856
S.W.2d 260, 262 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1993, no pet.). We find these cases very
similar to the one here, and further find that abatement will best expedite a
meaningful review of the trial court’s decision on sanctions.
Campos, 879 S.W.2d at 70-71. In the case at hand, Father made neither a timely objection to the
form of the sanctions order nor did he file a request for findings of fact and conclusions of law as
permitted by Rule 296. In accordance with the authorities cited above and this court’s own
determination in Campos, we conclude Appellant has waived error.
[14th Dist.] 1992, no writ); Kahn v. Garcia, 816 S.W.2d 131, 133 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1991, orig.
proceeding); Watkins v. Pearson, 795 S.W.2d 257, 260 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1990, writ denied). This
case was transferred to us from the Second Court of Appeals and pursuant to T EX.R.APP .P. 41.3, We must decide
the case in accordance with its precedent. We have found no opinions from the Fort Worth Court of Appeals on this
specific issue.
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VIOLATION OF TARRANT COUNTY LOCAL RULES
Finally, in Issue Four, Father complains that the trial court violated Tarrant County Local
Rules sections 12.2 and 12.3, respectively, when it scheduled the sanctions hearing (1) without a
certificate of conference, and (2) despite the moving party’s failure to attempt to secure agreed
dates for the hearing. See Tx.R. TARRANT C TY. Rule 4.01(12.2 and 12.3).
To preserve a complaint for appellate review, the record must show that the complaint
was made first to the trial court in the form of a timely request, objection or motion. See
TEX.R.APP.P. 33.1(a)(1). In the event a party fails to first bring the complaint to the trial court,
“error is not preserved, and the complaint is waived.” In re P.M.G., 405 S.W.3d 406, 414
(Tex.App.--Texarkana 2013, no pet.). Because Appellant failed to bring his complaints to the
attention of the trial court, these issues were not preserved for appeal. We overrule Issue Four
and affirm the judgment of the trial court.
August 21, 2015
ANN CRAWFORD McCLURE, Chief Justice
Before McClure, C.J., Rodriguez, and Hughes, JJ.
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