ACCEPTED
13-14-00700-CV
THIRTEENTH COURT OF APPEALS
CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS
5/7/2015 4:48:57 PM
DORIAN RAMIREZ
CLERK
CAUSE NO. 13-14-00700-CV
CONSOLIDATED WITH
CAUSE NO. 13-15-00119-CV FILED IN
13th COURT OF APPEALS
CORPUS CHRISTI/EDINBURG, TEXAS
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS5/7/2015 4:48:57 PM
FOR THE THIRTEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
DORIAN E. RAMIREZ
Clerk
SITTING AT CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG, TEXAS
HARLINGEN MEDICAL CENTER,
LIMITED PARTNERSHIP APPELLANT
VS.
ROSA ANDRADE, AS NEXT FRIEND OF
MARY HELEN ANDRADE, A MINOR CHILD, ET AL APPELLEES
APPELLANT’S BRIEF
ON APPEAL FROM CAUSE NO. 2014-DCL-1353-G
IN THE 404TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COUNTY OF
CAMERON COUNTY, TEXAS
Scott Clark
Roger W. Hughes
Will Hughes
ADAMS & GRAHAM, L.L.P.
P. O. Drawer 1429
Harlingen, TX 78551-1429
ORAL ARGUMENT
IS REQUESTED
Attorneys for Appellant
IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL
I. Appellant
Appellant Counsel
Harlingen Medical Center, Limited Mr. Scott T. Clark
Partnership sclark@adamsgraham.com
Mr. Roger W. Hughes
rhughes@adamsgraham.com
ADAMS & GRAHAM, L.L.P.
P. O. Drawer 1429
Harlingen, TX 78551-1429
Phone: (956) 428-7495
Fax: (956) 428-2954
II. Appellees:
Appellees Counsel
Rosa Andrade, as next friend of Mr. F. Leighton Durham, III
Mary Helen Andrade, a Minor Child, ldurham@texasappeals.com
et al. KELLY, DURHAM & PITTARD, L.L.P.
P.O. Box 224626
Dallas, Texas 75222
Ms. Laura E. Gutierrez Tamez
ltamez@herreralaw.com
THE HERRERA LAW FIRM, INC.
111 Soledad Street, Suite 1900
San Antonio, TX 78205-2240
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page:
IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
NOTE REGARDING CITATIONS TO THE RECORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
STATEMENT OF THE CASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
ISSUES PRESENTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
STATEMENT OF FACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
I. Procedural background and nature of the case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
II. Ralph Cross’s report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
III. Dr. C. Warren Adams’s report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
IV. Dr. Daniel DeBehnke’s report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
V. Gerald “Craig” Felty’s report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
ARGUMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
I. Legal standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
II. The reports are insufficient on causation because they fail
to explain how meeting the standard of care to accomplish
a transfer would have resulted in a successful transfer. . . . . . . . . . . 11
iii
III. Caselaw demonstrates the deficient nature of the causation
opinions expressed in the reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
IV. Causation cannot be supplied by appellees’ non-physician
experts, Ralph Cross and Craig Felty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
V. The hospital cannot be blamed for Dr. Lopez’s decision
not to perform surgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
VI. Because appellees already had a thirty-day extension, this case
should be remanded for dismissal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
CONCLUSION AND PRAYER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
iv
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
Page:
Cases:
American Transitional Care Ctrs. of Tex., Inc. v. Palacios,
46 S.W.3d 873 (Tex. 2001) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Austin Heart, P.A. v. Webb, 228 S.W.3d 276
(Tex, App.–Austin 2007, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 13-15
Baptist Mem’l Hosp. Sys. v. Sampson,
969 S.W.2d 945 (Tex. 1998) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Bowie Mem’l Hosp. v. Wright, 79 S.W.3d 48 (Tex. 2002) . . . . . . 10, 12, 14-16, 22
Christus Spohn Health Sys., Corp. v. Trammell, No. 13-09-19-CV,
2009 Tex. App. LEXIS 6329
(Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2009, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 13, 14
Clark v. HCA, Inc., 210 S.W.3d 1
(Tex. App.–El Paso 2005, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Collini v. Pustejovsky, 280 S.W.3d 456
(Tex. App.–Fort Worth 2009, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Costello v. Christus Santa Rosa Health Care, 141 S.W.3d 245
(Tex. App.–San Antonio 2004, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Espalin v. Children’s Med. Ctr. of Dallas, 27 S.W.3d 675
(Tex. App.–Dallas 2000, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Estorque v. Schafer, 302 S.W.3d 19
(Tex. App.–Fort Worth 2009, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Fung v. Fischer, 365 S.W.3d 507
(Tex, App.–Austin 2012, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10, 13-15
HealthSouth of Houston, Inc. v. Parks, 329 S.W.3d 885
(Tex. App.–Beaumont 2010, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
v
Hutchison v. Montemayor, 144 S.W.3d 614
(Tex. App.–San Antonio 2004, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10
In re Covenant Health Sys., 223 S.W.3d 423
(Tex. App.–Amarillo 2006, orig. proc.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Jones v. King, 255 S.W.3d 156
(Tex. App.–San Antonio 2008, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 12, 18
Leland v. Brandal, 257 S.W.3d 204 (Tex. 2008) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Lenger v. Physician’s Gen. Hosp.,
455 S.W.2d 703 (Tex. 1970) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Rio Grande Reg’l Hosp. v. Ayala, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 7175
(Tex. App.–Corpus Christi August 24, 2012, pet. denied) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Schrapps v. Pham, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 7781
(Tex. App.–Beaumont May 3, 2012, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 19
Tenet Hospitals, Ltd. v. Love, 347 S.W.3d 743
(Tex. App.–El Paso 2011, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 17
Tenet Hosps., Ltd. v. Barnes, 329 S.W.3d 537
(Tex. App.–El Paso 2011, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Tenet Hosps., Ltd. v. De la Riva, 351 S.W.3d 398
(Tex. App.–El Paso 2011, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Women’s Clinic of S. Tex. v. Alonzo, No. 13-10-00159-CV,
2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 2177
(Tex. App.–Corpus Christi March 24, 2011, pet. denied) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
State Rules:
TEX. R. APP. P. 39.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
State Statutes:
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §74.351 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
vi
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §74.351(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §74.351(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §74.351(r)(5)(C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §74.351(r)(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §74.403(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
TEX. OCC. CODE ANN. §301.002(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
vii
NOTE REGARDING CITATIONS TO THE RECORD
This is a consolidated appeal. The Clerk’s Record from appellate cause number
13-14-700-CV, which was filed by the District Clerk on December 12, 2014, is
identified by appellant as “I C.R..” The Clerk’s Record from appellate cause number
13-15-119-CV, which was filed by the District Clerk on March 24, 2015, is identified
by appellant as “II C.R..”
The Reporter’s Record for the hearing held October 30, 2014 from appellate
cause number 13-14-700-CV is identified as “I R.R..” The Reporter’s Record for the
hearing held February 17, 2015 from appellate cause number 13-15-119-CV is
identified as “II R.R..”
viii
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
This is an expert report appeal in a health care liability claim. Appellees
asserted medical negligence wrongful death claims against appellant Harlingen
Medical Center (HMC) and Drs. David Yardley, Nataraj Desai, Shereef Hilmy, and
Ruben Lopez. I C.R. 6-23. HMC filed a Motion to Dismiss for Insufficient Expert
Reports, and appellees filed a response. I C.R. 45, 128. The trial court granted
HMC’s motion and allowed appellees a thirty day extension with regard to the
experts’ qualifications to render an opinion concerning the standard of care applicable
to HMC, and otherwise denied HMC’s motion. I C.R. 300. HMC timely filed a
Notice of Appeal. I C.R. 304. Appellees’ obtained an additional report and HMC
filed a Second Motion to Dismiss. II C.R. 246. The trial court denied HMC’s Second
Motion to Dismiss, and HMC timely filed another Notice of Appeal. II C.R. 377, 378.
HMC filed an unopposed motion to consolidate the two appeals, and that motion was
granted.
ix
STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT
Appellant believes oral argument would be beneficial to the court and would
permit the parties to address questions the panel may have regarding the issues
presented by this case, and the decisional process would be significantly aided by oral
argument. TEX. R. APP. P. 39.1.
ISSUES PRESENTED
George Andrade presented at Harlingen Medical Center with a dissected aorta.
Cardiovascular surgeon Dr. Ruben Lopez recommended that Andrade be transferred
to Memorial Hermann Hospital in Houston, but Andrade was rejected by Memorial
Hermann for financial reasons. HMC tried three other hospitals, but none would
accept Andrade. Andrade died at HMC, and his family sued HMC for failing to
provide a transfer or surgery at HMC. HMC challenges the expert reports presented
by appellees and raises the following issues:
1) Whether the opinions expressed by appellees’ physician experts about
causation were impermissibly conclusory and speculative, because
a) they concede Andrade lacked insurance or other financial resources and
at least two hospitals had expressly rejected Andrade because he lacked
financial resources;
x
b) they fail to identify an adequate facility or surgeon that would have
accepted Andrade as a transfer patient, or to explain why any such
facility or surgeon would have accepted him;
c) they fail to explain how Andrade could be physically transferred to
another facility given his medical condition and lack of financial
resources;
d) they fail to otherwise explain how, by meeting the standard of care,
HMC would have been able to accomplish a transfer for Andrade.
2) Whether appellees’ non-physician experts are disqualified from offering the
required opinion on causation.
3) Whether appellees’ expert reports sufficiently support a claim that HMC should
have compelled Dr. Lopez or some other surgeon to operate on Andrade by
stating the standard of care for such a claim, how that standard was breached,
or how such a breach caused Andrade’s death.
xi
STATEMENT OF FACTS
I. Procedural background and nature of the case
Appellees filed wrongful death and survival claims against appellant HMC and
Drs. David Yardley, Nataraj Desai, Shereef Hilmy, and Ruben Lopez, arising from the
death of George Andrade. I C.R. 6. Andrade was diagnosed at HMC with an aortic
dissection. I. C.R. 48, 119. Cardiothoracic surgeon Dr. Ruben Lopez declined to
operate on Andrade and recommended a transfer to Memorial Hermann in Houston.
I C.R. 49, 119. However, Memorial Hermann declined the transfer because Andrade
could not meet its funding demands. I C.R. 48, 91, 119. HMC’s staff tried to transfer
Andrade to three other hospitals in San Antonio and Galveston, but could not find a
hospital and surgeon that would accept Andrade. I C.R. 50-51, 92, 119; II C.R. 360-
61. Andrade died at HMC. I C.R. 120.
Appellees presented expert reports from Dr. C. Warren Adams, Dr. Daniel
DeBehnke, and non-physician Ralph Cross. I C.R. 47, 71, 117. HMC filed a Motion
to Dismiss, alleging that appellees’ expert reports were insufficient. I C.R. 103. After
an oral hearing, the trial court issued an Order that granted HMC’s motion with regard
to the qualifications of appellees’ experts to render an opinion regarding the standard
of care applicable to HMC, and granted a 30-day extension to serve a supplemental
report from an expert qualified on the standard of care applicable to HMC. I R.R. 76,
I C.R. 300, Appx. 1. The Order denied HMC’s Motion to Dismiss in all other
1
respects. I C.R. 300.
Appellees then obtain an additional report from Gerald “Craig” Felty, a
registered nurse. II C.R. 359. HMC filed a Second Motion to Dismiss based on the
insufficiency of appellees’ expert reports. II C.R. 246. This motion was denied
outright. II C.R. 377, Appx. 2.
II. Ralph Cross’s report
Ralph Cross’s report identifies him as a health care administrator. I C.R. 117,
Appx. 3. Mr. Cross’s report states that George Andrade arrived at the emergency
department of Harlingen Medical Center at 15:32 on December 18, 2011. I C.R. 118.
At 22:18 on the 18th, Dr. Yardley indicated Andrade had a dissected aorta. I C.R.
119. At 13:30 on December 19 Dr. Lopez1 recommended that Andrade be transferred
to Memorial Hermann Hospital in Houston. I C.R. 119. However, Memorial
Hermann denied the transfer because Andrade did not have the necessary funds. I
C.R. 119.
On December 20 HMC again tried to transfer Andrade to Memorial Hermann,
but the transfer was again declined. I C.R. 119. Then HMC contacted the University
of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, but that hospital said it did not have capacity
to accept Andrade. I C.R. 119. HMC also tried to transfer Andrade to Methodist
1
Ralph Cross’s report incorrectly identifies Dr. Lopez as an “emergency physician.” As
the reports of Dr. Adams and Dr. DeBehnke acknowledge, Dr. Lopez is a cardiovascular
surgeon. I C.R. 56, 99.
2
Hospital and University Hospital in San Antonio, but those attempts were also
unsuccessful. I C.R. 119. Cross wrote in his report that no further attempts were
made to transfer on December 21st. I C.R. 119. Mr. Andrade died at 6:00 am on
December 22. I C.R. 120.
Cross opined that HMC and its agents violated the standard of care by failing
to obtain Andrade’s consent for transfer, failing to obtain complete medical charts and
physician certifications2, failing to follow hospital guidelines for transfer, failing to
make every effort to seek other facilities, failing to have sufficient knowledge of the
patient, failing to seek further orders and physician involvement for the transfer, and
failing to follow the chain of command “when it became evident Memorial Hermann
was demanding several thousand dollars to accept Mr. Andrade for treatment, and Dr.
Desai was negligently failing to answer calls from Methodist Hospital.” I C.R. 122.
Cross did not offer an explanation of how any of these alleged breaches of the
standard of care prevented the four hospitals contacted from accepting Andrade for
transfer and surgery, nor of how complying with the standard of care would have
caused these or any other hospitals to accept him for a transfer. I C.R. 117-123.
III. Dr. C. Warren Adams’s report
2
Appellees’ counsel acknowledged at the first hearing that Dr. Lopez did sign a
physician certification form, but counsel faulted him for not filling out the rest of the
form. I RR. 41. None of the expert reports mentioned anything about whether Dr. Lopez
had failed to fill out the entire form, or about any effect such failure may have had.
3
Dr. Adams states that he is board-certified in cardiovascular surgery, thoracic
surgery, and general-trauma care. I C.R. 47, Appx. 4. His report explains that a Type
1 aortic dissection like that experienced by Andrade is a tear in the wall of the aorta.
I C.R. 48. He says the standard of care is emergent surgical repair to prevent rupture
and death. I C.R. 48. He says “[p]atients who receive surgical repair within 24-48
hours can result in a better outcome as this dissection can be repaired. Without
surgical treatment within 72 hours, rupture of the aorta in a Type 1 dissection can
cause immediate bleeding into the pericardium, mediastinum, or free rupture into the
thoracic cavities.” I C.R. 48.
Like Cross’s report, Dr. Adams’s report notes that a transfer to Houston was
recommended, but Andrade was rejected for financial reasons. I C.R. 48. Dr. Lopez
commented that “no one would accept him because he’s unfunded.” I C.R. 48. Dr.
Adams’s report also notes the repeated unsuccessful attempts to transfer Andrade to
UTMB in Galveston and to Methodist Hospital in San Antonio. I C.R. 50, 51.
Methodist Hospital told HMC there was “no accepting surgeon.” I C.R. 51. Dr.
Adams’s opinions regarding breaches of the standard of care by HMC are similar to
those of Ralph Cross - that HMC failed to obtain physician signatures for the transfer,
failed to notify the physicians of the declined transfers, failed to coordinate physician-
to-physician communication, and failed to contact supervisors about the inability to
effectuate a transfer. I C.R. 61-62.
4
Appellees’ counsel identified Dr. Adams at the oral hearings as their expert on
causation. I R.R. 28, 66; II R.R. 12, 13. Regarding causation, Dr. Adams’s report
stated:
[t]hose patients, like Mr. Andrade and his comorbidities, who receive
immediate medical treatment with beta blockade while undergoing
timely preparation for cardiovascular surgical intervention have superior
and better outcomes as this dissection in reasonable medical probability,
will more likely than not, be halted and repaired.
Harlingen Medical Center and its staff’s delay . . . in arranging for an
emergent and proper transfer of Mr. Andrade to a tertiary center as
ordered by physicians as outlined above and in a timely manner resulted
in progression of the dissection, with the known complication of rupture
and death. . . . [H]ad Harlingen Medical Center and its staff arranged for
treatment at its hospital or an emergent transfer to a tertiary center in a
timely manner, Mr. Andrade, based upon a reasonable medical
probability, would have more likely than not survived. I C.R. 62.
IV. Dr. Daniel DeBehnke’s report
Dr. Daniel DeBehnke’s report states he is board certified in emergency
medicine and has worked as a medical director. I C.R. 71, Appx. 5. Like Cross and
Dr. Adams, Dr. DeBehnke notes that Dr. Lopez recommended Andrade be transferred
for surgical repair. I C.R. 90. Dr. DeBehnke also notes that Memorial Hermann
rejected Andrade for financial reasons and Dr. Lopez commented that “no one would
accept him because he’s unfunded.” I C.R. 91. Dr. DeBehnke also notes that UTMB
in Galveston and Methodist Hospital in San Antonio also refused the transfer. I C.R.
92. A transfer was then attempted to University Hospital, but they declined Andrade
because he was out of the county and had no insurance. I C.R. 92.
5
Dr. DeBehnke’s opinions about breaches of the standard of care by HMC were
like those of Ralph Cross and Dr. Adams - that HMC had failed to obtain a physician
certification or facilitate a physician-to-physician call, failed to provide all medical
records, failed to obtain advanced patient consent, failed to prioritize transfer needs,
failed to invoke the chain of command and contact hospital administrators when
obstacles to transfer were encountered, failed to communicate with the patient about
alternatives and options, and failed to work on the transfer during overnight hours.
I C.R. 97-98.
Regarding causation, Dr. DeBehnke’s report states:
Mr. Andrade’s ultimate aorta rupture and subsequent death would not
have occurred had Harlingen Medical Center and its nursing case
managers, house supervisors[,] and hospital administration not breached
the standard of care by failing to provide surgical treatment by its
medical staff within its advertised capabilities of the facility and
surgeons on call and failure to implement and complete an (sic) two
emergent transfer orders to provide the opportunity to (sic) surgical
treatment at another facility in a timely manner. HMC and its
employee’s delays adversely affected Mr. Andrade and was (sic) a
proximate cause of a downward clinical spiral in his condition to include
lack of adequate hospital management resulting in his death. ” I C.R.
101-102.
V. Gerald “Craig” Felty’s report.
Like appellees’ other experts, Felty noted that Dr. Lopez had recommended
Andrade be transferred to another facility for surgical repair of his aortic dissection.
II C.R. 360, Appx. 6. Felty also notes the unsuccessful efforts by HMC to arrange a
transfer to Memorial Hermann in Houston, UTMB in Galveston, Methodist Hospital
6
in San Antonio, and finally University Hospital. II C.R. 360-361. Felty also notes the
reasons these hospitals gave for rejecting the transfer, i.e., that Andrade was
“unfunded,” that they had “no surgeon available” or no capacity, and that Andrade had
no insurance. II C.R. 360-361. Memorial Hermann quoted a charge of $67,064 for
Andrade’s family. II C.R. 366.
Felty’s opinions regarding breaches of the standard of care echoed those of
appellees’ other experts. Felty said HMC breached the standard of care by failing to
obtain a physician-to-physician call, failing to obtain a physician certification, failing
to obtain appropriate data to communicate to the receiving hospital, failing to work
on the transfer during overnight hours, failing to invoke the chain of command, failing
to keep the physician up to date, and failing to obtain advanced consent for a transfer.
II C.R. 367.
Although Felty is not a physician and therefore disqualified by the statute3 from
offering an opinion on causation, he nevertheless attempts to offer a comment on
causation at the end of his report, stating “[i]f the nurses had complied with the
standard of care, in reasonable probability, Andrade would have been placed and
would have received the surgery he needed.” II C.R. 367. He did not explain how
any additional efforts by the nurses would have resulted in Andrade being “placed”
3
See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §74.403(a) (Vernon 2011) (a person may
qualify as an expert witness on the issue of the causal relationship only if the person is a
physician).
7
and receiving successful surgery.
SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT
Appellees claim that Andrade needed to be transferred to a hospital with
adequate facilities and a surgeon available to provide the surgery he needed. To prove
causation, they must identify such a hospital with such a surgeon, and explain how
compliance by HMC with the standard of care for transfers would have gotten
Andrade into such a hospital. But nowhere do appellees’ experts identify any hospital
that would have accepted Andrade as a transfer patient, nor do they identify a surgeon
that could have operated on him at such a transfer facility, nor do they explain how
Andrade would be transported from HMC to a transfer facility, given his medical
needs and lack of funding. The reports repeatedly suggest Andrade would have
survived if he had been accepted as a transfer patient and received surgery, but they
skip over the essential step of explaining what hospital and surgeon were going to
accept him and how he was going to get there. Their reports require the reviewing
court to infer and speculate that a successful transfer would have been accomplished
if HMC had met the standard of care in their efforts to transfer him. The legal
standards for expert reports do not permit such speculation and inferences, but rather
require the reports to explain how the alleged breaches of the standard of care caused
the injuries alleged and to link the experts’ opinions to the facts of the case.
Appellees briefly complain that HMC should have somehow seen to it that Dr.
8
Lopez or some other surgeon performed the surgery at HMC, but they do not contend
or demonstrate that Dr. Lopez was under the control of HMC or was anything other
than an independent contractor as physicians in Texas generally are. Nor do appellees
demonstrate that Dr. Lopez or any other locally available surgeon had the requisite
skill to repair a Type 1 aortic dissection.
Appellees already received the one thirty-day extension permitted by the statute
to cure deficiencies in their reports. Therefore, they are not entitled to another
extension, and dismissal with prejudice is appropriate.
ARGUMENT
I. Legal standards
A claimant in a health care liability claim must supply an expert report that
addresses the applicable standards of care, the manner in which the health care
provider failed to meet those standards, and the causal relationship between that
failure and the injury, harm, or damages claimed. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE
ANN. §§74.351(a), 74.351(r)(6) (Vernon Supp. 2014). The causal connection in a
medical malpractice case must be made beyond the point of conjecture and must show
more than a “possibility.” Fung v. Fischer, 365 S.W.3d 507, 530 (Tex, App.–Austin
2012, no pet.); citing Lenger v. Physician’s Gen. Hosp., 455 S.W.2d 703, 706 (Tex.
1970). Liability in a medical malpractice suit cannot turn on speculation or
conjecture. Lenger, 455 S.W.2d at 706; Hutchison v. Montemayor, 144 S.W.3d 614,
9
618 (Tex. App.–San Antonio 2004, no pet.).
Even the “fair summary” required for a chapter 74 expert report must contain
sufficiently specific information to demonstrate causation beyond mere conjecture.
Hutchison, 144 S.W.3d at 618. Nor may causation be inferred. Christus Spohn
tHealth Sys., Corp. v. Trammell, No. 13-09-19-CV, 2009 Tex. App. LEXIS 6329 at
*7 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2009, no pet.) (memo. op.). The expert must explain
the basis of his statements to link his conclusions to the facts. Bowie Mem’l Hosp. v.
Wright, 79 S.W.3d 48, 52 (Tex. 2002); Jones v. King, 255 S.W.3d 156, 159 (Tex.
App.–San Antonio 2008, no pet.). The report must explain how the alleged breach of
the standard of care caused the injuries alleged. Bowie, 79 S.W.3d at 53; Jones, 255
S.W.3d at 159. A court may not fill in gaps in a report by drawing inferences or
guessing what the expert meant or intended. Fung, 365 S.W.3d at 530; Austin Heart,
P.A. v. Webb, 228 S.W.3d 276, 279 (Tex, App.–Austin 2007, no pet.). Instead, the
report must contain the required information within its four corners. Bowie Mem’l
Hosp., 79 S.W.3d at 53.
An expert report is insufficient when it contains only a series of repetitious,
conclusory statements regarding causation. Collini v. Pustejovsky, 280 S.W.3d 456,
467 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 2009, no pet.); Jones, 255 S.W.3d at 159. An opinion
based on one assumption or conclusion built upon another is not sufficient. Trammell,
2009 Tex. App. LEXIS 6329 at *6.
10
The only information relevant to the court’s inquiry is the information within
the actual expert reports. American Transitional Care Ctrs. of Tex., Inc. v. Palacios,
46 S.W.3d 873, 878 (Tex. 2001).
II. The reports are insufficient on causation because they fail to explain how
meeting the standard of care to accomplish a transfer would have resulted
in a successful transfer.
The expert reports in this case are insufficient on the element of causation. The
reports say that more should have been done to accomplish a transfer, and that, if a
transfer had been accomplished, Andrade would have survived. None of the reports
say how more efforts to accomplish a transfer would have resulted in a successful
transfer. Specifically, none of the reports identify a hospital that would have accepted
Andrade, nor do they explain how or why any hospital would have accepted Andrade
if more or better efforts had been made to accomplish the transfer.
All of the reports acknowledge Andrade lacked financial resources and this was
an obstacle to the transfer. None of the reports explain how Andrade’s lack of
financial resources could have been overcome or how any facility could have been
persuaded to accept him as a patient. Furthermore, locating another hospital would
not, by itself be enough - Andrade would still need a way to get to the accepting
hospital4, and would need a willing and capable surgeon at the accepting hospital to
4
Dr. Adams’s report notes that Andrade was given intravenous blood pressure
medication and Vicodin for back pain, and describes Andrade as “critically ill.” I C.R. 50. Dr.
DeBehnke’s report says Andrade’s aortic dissection required “emergent repair” and needed an
“emergent transfer.” I C.R. 90, 98. None of the reports address whether Andrade would require
a helicopter or long-distance ambulance for the transfer, nor how such expensive transport was
11
perform the surgery at that hospital. None of the expert reports address these issues,
either.
The expert reports must explain the basis of their statements and link their
conclusions to the facts. Bowie Mem’l Hosp., 79 S.W.3d at 52; Jones, 255 S.W.3d at
159. Appellees’ reports fail to do this. Appellees’ case depends on an adequate
hospital and a qualified surgeon being willing to accept Andrade as a patient despite
his lack of financial resources. They do not show such a hospital and surgeon exist,
and they do not show that any of the four hospitals contacted, or any other hospital,
would have accepted Andrade if HMC had met the standard of care. They imply that
if better transfer efforts were made an accepting facility would have been found, but
they do not explain the basis for this opinion nor link it to any facts. Without
explaining how an accepting hospital would have been found for the transfer, and
without identifying an accepting surgeon or means of transportation, the expert reports
are conclusory and speculative. They leave an analytical gap between their contention
that the hospital and its agents were negligent regarding the transfer and the experts’
contention that surgery at an accepting hospital would have saved Andrade’s life. See
Tenet Hosps., Ltd. v. Barnes, 329 S.W.3d 537, 543 (Tex. App.–El Paso 2011, no pet.)
(expert report may not leave an analytical gap between breach of the standard of care
and the ultimate harm); citing Clark v. HCA, Inc., 210 S.W.3d 1, 11 (Tex. App.–El
to be arranged given Andrade’s lack of financial resources.
12
Paso 2005, no pet.) (same). A reviewing court may not fill in the missing links
between better efforts at a transfer and successful surgery at another hospital, nor may
the court infer causation that is not explained in the reports. Fung, 365 S.W.3d at 530;
Webb, 228 S.W.3d at 279; Trammell, 2009 Tex. App. LEXIS at *7.
The arguments of appellees’ counsel in the trial court underscored the causation
problems with their experts’ reports. Appellees’ counsel stated their position on
causation was “[h]ad he been transferred and had medical treatment, then he would
not have died.” II R.R. 17. Like their experts, the attorneys could not explain how or
to where a successful transfer was to be accomplished. The trial court inquired about
these issues, and counsel denied they had to show how a transfer would have been
accomplished and tried to shift attention to the next step in their argument, i.e. that if
a transfer had somehow been accomplished, it would have saved him:
THE COURT: Will you have to have, as the defense claims, a place to
have -- a hospital willing to take him, the decedent, and a doctor willing
to operate on him?
MS. TAMEZ: I -- I don't believe that we would need to reach that burden
even at that stage. What I think we have to show is that he would have
survived. It would have been more likely than not that had he had
intervention or treatment, that he would have survived and -- and lived.
I mean, that's what the whole causation story is about, that there has to
be a link between the intervention and his salvageability, or would he
have survived.
II R.R. 18.
Andrade’s causation argument starts from the assumption that Andrade was in a
position to receive “the intervention,” i.e., the surgery. Andrade’s expert reports say
13
there is a link between “the intervention” and Andrade’s “salvageability,” but they do
not connect the dots between compliance with the standard of care and saving
Andrade’s life. There is a missing gap between their opinions on breach of the
standard of care (i.e., better efforts should have been made to accomplish a transfer)
and their opinion on causation (i.e., surgery at a transfer hospital would have saved
Andrade) that is not addressed by the reports. Compare Fung, 365 S.W.3d at 530 and
Austin Heart, 228 S.W.3d at 279 (court may not fill in gaps in a report); Trammell
2009 Tex. App. LEXIS 6329 at *7 (causation may not be inferred); and Bowie, 79
S.W.3d at 52-53 (all required information must be in the report itself; the expert must
explain the basis of his statements and link his conclusions to facts).
Later, in the hearing, another attorney argued that the transfer efforts were
unsuccessful because the prospective transferees were not informed that Andrade’s
case was an emergency:
[W]ith the correct information, with the correct communication between
doctor to doctor, and then those hospitals realizing that, oh, my gosh,
now this is an emergency situation, not a funding situation, or not a
situation where the patient has a non-emergency condition, in that
situation, those hospitals, or a hospital somewhere in Texas who has the
capability to treat that patient, would have taken Mr. Andrade.
II R.R. 19.
There are multiple problems with this argument. First, it is still conclusory and
speculative to claim, without explanation or support, that if additional information had
been provided then some unidentified hospital would have accepted Andrade in time
14
to save him. Second, none of the expert reports say the problem was a failure to
communicate the emergent nature of Andrade’s status, nor do they explain how better
communication would have resulted in a hospital and surgeon accepting Andrade as
a transfer patient. Furthermore, appellees’ expert Craig Felty describes himself as
“very well-versed in the emergency medical treatment and active labor act
(EMTALA)” but tellingly does not claim that any facility or surgeon had any
obligation under EMTALA to accept Andrade as a patient or that HMC violated any
provision of EMTALA. II C.R. 359, 359-368. Appellees and their experts do not
argue that any potential hospital, surgeon, or medical transport company had a legal
obligation to accept Andrade as a patient.
The arguments of counsel cannot supply the information that is missing in the
reports. All of the information required by the statute must be contained within the
reports themselves. Bowie Mem’l Hosp., 79 S.W.3d at 53. All of the reports leap from
“HMC should have done better work on the transfer” to “a transfer would have saved
his life,” without connecting the dots in between. None of the reports cover the gap
between meeting the alleged standard of care for transfers and achieving a successful
transfer. Compare Fung, 365 S.W.3d at 530 and Austin Heart, 228 S.W.3d at 279
(court may not fill in gaps in a report). The reports impermissibly require the
reviewing court to infer that a hospital would have accepted Andrade as a transfer
patient if it had received better information about him, without explaining how or why
15
that would have occurred.
Appellees’ written responses to the Motions to Dismiss were no less conclusory
than their arguments at the oral hearings. Counsel argued that Dr. Adams’s report
stated “the failures of the case management team to provide for and arrange for an
emergent transfer and proper transfer as ordered by physicians resulted in the
progression of Andrade’s dissection” and:
[i]n his opinion, the negligence of the case management team contributed
to cause Andrade’s death because these acts and omissions resulted in a
complete failure of treatment for three days, at the end of which his aorta
ruptured and he died. Andrade’s aorta would not have ruptured had
Harlingen Medical Center and its case managers not breached the
standard of care by failing to provide surgical treatment or completing
Andrade’s transfer to another facility. I C.R. 219-220.
Appellees made no further attempt to explain how a successful transfer would have
been accomplished or otherwise link the experts’ conclusions to the facts. Bowie
Mem’l Hosp., 79 S.W.3d at 52.
III. Caselaw demonstrates the deficient nature of the causation opinions
expressed in the reports.
Tenet Hospitals, Ltd. v. Love, 347 S.W.3d 743 (Tex. App.–El Paso 2011, no
pet.) presented a factual situation with some similarities to our case. In that case, the
plaintiffs’ expert stated that if the hospital “had a pulmonologist or critical care
specialist on call and available to see and treat this patient or had transferred this
patient before her condition worsened, Brenda Melendez would more likely than not
be alive today.” Id. at 755. However, the court held the report was insufficient on
16
causation because “this broad statement does not set out specifically the causal
relationship between the hospital’s conduct and Melendez’s death.” Id. The court
faulted the expert report for failing to explain how the hospital should have made the
consultations available or accomplished the transfer, and said the report “simply
expressed an inference without stating the underlying facts upon which the inference
was based.” Id. In our case, appellees’ experts infer that if HMC had done a better
job working on the transfer, an accepting hospital and surgeon would have been
found. But they state no underlying facts on which this inference can be based. Id.
In Estorque v. Schafer, 302 S.W.3d 19 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 2009, no pet.)
the expert report stated that the physicians should have obtained a urological or
gynecological consultation, and their failure to do so caused the patient to lose kidney
function and suffer pain. Id. at 28. The court of appeals held the report insufficient
because the expert “does not explain the basis of his opinions as to causation; his
report leaves gaps by not explaining how or why the physicians’ failure to consult a
urologist or gynecologist caused worsening or progression of [the patient’s] listed
conditions.” Id. at 28-29. Without such an explanation, the court could not infer that
failing to make the referral for a consultation was a substantial factor in causing the
alleged conditions. Id. at 29. In our case, the expert reports criticize HMC’s transfer
efforts and say a transfer would have saved Andrade’s life, but they do not say how
or why better transfer efforts would have accomplished a transfer.
17
In Jones v. King, the report opined that the patient’s meningitis was not detected
for more than forty-eight hours, leading to pain and suffering for the patient. 255
S.W.3d at 159. The court of appeals held the report failed to explain how the delay
in diagnosis caused pain and suffering, noting “while it may be facially appealing to
infer additional pain and suffering resulted from the alleged delay in diagnosis, the
trial court is not permitted to rely on such speculation in determining the adequacy of
the report. Id. at 160. Similarly, although the expert opined that the continued
administration of morphine caused the hypothalamus to “go to sleep” and resulted in
diabetes insipidus, the report was inadequate because it did not explain how the
continued morphine caused the hypothalamus to go to sleep, or how a “sleeping”
hypothalamus caused diabetes insipidus. Id. at 160-61. In our case, plaintiffs’ experts
say Andrade needed a transfer and criticize HMC’s efforts to accomplish the transfer,
but they do not say how better efforts would have resulted in a successful transfer.
Schrapps v. Pham, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 7781 (Tex. App.–Beaumont May
3, 2012, no pet.) (memo. op.) demonstrates what a sufficient expert report in a transfer
case looks like. In that case, a patient became ill after a surgery. Id. at *1. Dr.
Schrapps admitted the patient to the hospital, but then transferred the patient to
Dubuis, a long-term acute care facility. Id. at *2, 6. The patient had recurring
problems and was eventually transferred to Methodist Hospital, where she died. Id.
at *2. The plaintiff’s expert faulted Dr. Schrapps for initially transferring the patient
18
to Dubuis rather than transferring the patient directly to Methodist Hospital,
explaining that the patient needed imaging, care, and monitoring that could only be
supplied at a facility like Methodist. Id. at *5-6. The appellate court held the expert
report was sufficient on the negligent transfer allegation. Id. at *6-8. Unlike in our
case, the expert in Schrapps identified a hospital that would accept the transfer. Id.
at *6-7. The crucial link in the chain of causation, i.e., identifying an accepting
transfer facility, was present in Schrapps but is missing in our case.
IV. Causation cannot be supplied by appellees’ non-physician experts, Ralph
Cross and Craig Felty.
Only a physician may render an opinion regarding causation. Rio Grande Reg’l
Hosp. v. Ayala, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 7175 at *24 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi
August 24, 2012, pet. denied); Tenet Hosps., Ltd. v. De la Riva, 351 S.W.3d 398, 406
(Tex. App.–El Paso 2011, no pet.); TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.
§74.351(r)(5)(C) (Vernon Supp. 2014); HealthSouth of Houston, Inc. v. Parks, 329
S.W.3d 885, 889 (Tex. App.–Beaumont 2010, no pet.). The Texas Nursing Practice
Act expressly prohibits nurses from rendering a medical diagnosis. TEX. OCC. CODE
ANN. §301.002(2) (Vernon Supp. 2014). To give an opinion on the cause of
someone’s death necessarily demands the ability to make a medical diagnosis, which
nurses cannot do. Costello v. Christus Santa Rosa Health Care, 141 S.W.3d 245, 248
(Tex. App.–San Antonio 2004, no pet.). Cross is a business executive and Felty is a
nurse; neither is a physician. I C.R. 117-127; II C.R. 359-376. Therefore, neither
19
Cross nor Felty can provide the causation opinion required by the statute.
V. The hospital cannot be blamed for Dr. Lopez’s decision not to perform
surgery.
Appellees suggest HMC was negligent for not seeing to it that surgery was
performed on Andrade at HMC. I. C.R. 62, 98-102. Dr. DeBehnke states HMC is
“required to provide definitive surgical care to a patient such as Mr. Andrade unless
it is deemed beyond the capabilities of the organization and/or the staff” and HMC
breached the standard of care by “failure to provide definitive emergent care, a
provision for continuing care such as emergent surgical treatment.” I C.R. 99, 101.
He says Andrade would have survived had HMC “not breached the standard of care
by failing to provide surgical treatment by its medical staff within its advertised
capabilities of the facilities and surgeons on call.” I C.R. 101. Similarly, Dr. Adams
says Andrade’s death was caused by HMC’s “failure to provide and arrange for
providing immediate surgery within the capabilities of the hospital and medical staff.”
I C.R. 62.
Both experts acknowledge that cardiovascular surgeon Dr. Ruben Lopez was
consulted, and Dr. Lopez decided not to take Andrade into surgery himself but rather
that Andrade should be transferred. I C.R. 49, 90. Although Dr. DeBehnke discusses
statements on the HMC website about the general kinds of care it provides, each
patient is different and presents his own set of complications and comorbidities.
Neither expert addresses whether, in Dr. DeBehnke’s words, this surgery on this
20
patient was “deemed beyond the capabilities of the organization and/or the staff.” I
C.R. 99. Dr. Lopez apparently deemed that it was. I. C.R. 49, 90. Because the
experts do not show that HMC and its doctors were capable of providing the surgery
Andrade needed, they do not show that the standard of care required HMC to provide
surgery to Andrade.
Nor do they discuss how the standard of care could require the hospital to
provide surgery, when physicians at private hospitals in Texas are independent
contractors and not under the control of the hospital in the way an employee would
be. See Espalin v. Children’s Med. Ctr. of Dallas, 27 S.W.3d 675, 684 (Tex.
App.–Dallas 2000, no pet.) (as a general rule, physicians are considered independent
contractors with regard to the hospitals at which they enjoy staff privileges); see also
Baptist Mem’l Hosp. Sys. v. Sampson, 969 S.W.2d 945, 948 (Tex. 1998) (a hospital
is not ordinarily liable for the negligence of a physician who is an independent
contractor). Appellees do not contend, in their expert reports or pleadings, that Dr.
Lopez or any other surgeon was an employee of the hospital or anything other than
an independent contractor. Appellees and their experts do not state what additional
steps, if any, the standard of care obligated HMC to take to persuade Dr. Lopez to
perform the surgery once he had decided transfer was the better option, nor do they
explain how, if only HMC had taken such steps, Andrade’s death would not have
occurred. Surgery requires a willing surgeon. Given that, in Dr. Lopez’s medical
21
judgment, Andrade should be transferred rather than taken into surgery at HMC,
appellees’ experts do not explain how HMC was nevertheless supposed to ensure
Andrade received surgery at HMC.
Nor do appellees’ experts demonstrate that the outcome would have been
different had Dr. Lopez or someone else taken Andrade into surgery. The expert
reports do not claim that Dr. Lopez’s determination to transfer rather than operate was
incorrect and this surgery was, in fact, within “the capabilities of the organization
and/or the staff.” Without demonstrating that Dr. Lopez or some other surgeon was
capable of this surgery and would, in fact, have saved Andrade’s life by performing
surgery at HMC, the expert reports fail to explain how the alleged breach of the
standard of care caused Andrade’s death and fail to provide an adequate opinion on
causation. Bowie, 79 S.W.3d at 159.
VI. Because appellees already had a thirty-day extension, this case should be
remanded for dismissal.
The Texas Supreme Court has held that section 74.351 permits one thirty-day
extension to cure a deficient report. Leland v. Brandal, 257 S.W.3d 204, 207 (Tex.
2008). Section 74.351(c) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code says:
(c) If an expert has not been served within the period specified by
Subsection (a) because elements of the report are found deficient, the
court may grant one 30-day extension to the claimant in order to cure the
deficiency.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §74.351(c) (Vernon Supp. 2014).
22
Appellees have already had one thirty-day extension; they are not allowed another.
I C.R. 300; see Women’s Clinic of S. Tex. v. Alonzo, No. 13-10-00159-CV, 2011 Tex.
App. LEXIS 2177 at *7-9 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi March 24, 2011, pet. denied)
(because one extension had already been allowed, another extension would not be
granted; plaintiff was on notice of all potential deficiencies in the expert report and
acted at her own risk in failing to remedy those alleged deficiencies); see also In re
Covenant Health Sys., 223 S.W.3d 423, 427 (Tex. App.–Amarillo 2006, orig. proc.)
(after thirty-day extension has been granted, remedy for meritorious second motion
to dismiss is dismissal with prejudice). Therefore, the proper remedy is to remand
with instructions to dismiss the claims against HMC with prejudice to refiling.
CONCLUSION AND PRAYER
Appellees’ experts discuss at length all of the ways they believe HMC should
have done a better job trying to transfer Andrade, and they say if he had been
transferred and surgery performed, then he would have survived. But they do not say
how or why doing a better job to search for a transfer would have achieved one. They
acknowledge four hospitals in different cities were approached, and they acknowledge
the hospitals approached cited Andrade’s lack of funding as a reason to deny the
transfer. The expert reports provide no solution to this funding problem. Nor is any
mention made as to how any transfer was to be effectuated. While Andrade’s
predicament was tragic, appellees’ experts do not demonstrate, beyond speculation
23
and conjecture, that it was HMC’s fault.
WHEREFORE, Appellant Harlingen Medical Center prays that this Court issue
an opinion holding that appellees’ expert reports were insufficient as to causation and
that appellees have already received the one thirty-day extension authorized by statute,
that this case be remanded to the trial court with instructions to dismiss the claims
against Harlingen Medical Center with prejudice to refiling, and for all other relief to
which they are entitled.
Respectfully submitted,
ADAMS & GRAHAM, L.L.P.
P. O. Drawer 1429
Harlingen, Texas 78551-1429
(956) 428-7495
(956) 428-2954 (Fax)
By: /s/ Scott T. Clark
SCOTT T. CLARK
State Bar No. 00795896
sclark@adamsgraham.com
ROGER W. HUGHES
State Bar No. 10229500
rhughes@adamsgraham.com
WILL HUGHES
State Bar No. 10240100
will@adamsgraham.com
Attorneys for Appellant/Defendant
HARLINGEN MEDICAL CENTER, LIMITED
PARTNERSHIP
24
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
Pursuant to Tex. R. App. P. 9(j)(3), the undersigned certifies this Appellant’s Brief
complies with the type-volume limitations of Tex. R. App. P. 9(j)(2)(B).
Exclusive of the exempted portions in Tex. R. App. P. 9(j)(1), Appellant’s Brief
contains 6,162 words. Appellant’s Brief has been prepared in proportionally
spaced typeface using:
Software Name and Version: WordPerfect X5 for Windows
in (Typeface Name and Font Size): New Times Roman 14 point .
ADAMS & GRAHAM, L.L.P.
P. O. Drawer 1429
Harlingen, TX 78551-1429t
956/428-7495; FAX: 956/428-2954
sclark@adamsgraham.com
By: /s/ Scott T. Clark
SCOTT T. CLARK
State Bar No. 00795896
Attorney for Appellant
25
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I HEREBY CERTIFY that a true and correct copy of the above and foregoing
document was forwarded on this 7th day of May, 2015, to the following counsel of
record:
Attorneys for Appellees ROSA ANDRADE, ANF OF MARY HELEN ANDRADE, ET AL.:
F. Leighton Durham, III Via e-service
KELLY, DURHAM & PITTARD, L.L.P.
P.O. Box 224626
Dallas, Texas 75222
Ms. Laura E. Gutierrez Tamez Via e-service
THE HERRERA LAW FIRM, INC.
111 Soledad Street, Suite 1900
San Antonio, TX 78205-2240
/s/ Scott T. Clark
SCOTT T. CLARK
26
APPENDICES
1. Order on Defendants’ Objections to Plaintiffs’ Ch. 74 Expert Reports
2. Order Denying Second Motion to Dismiss for Insufficient Expert Reports
3. Expert report and resume of Ralph E. Cross
4. Expert report of C. Warren Adams, MD, FACS, FACCP, PLLC
5. Expert report of Dan DeBehnke, MD, MBA
6. Expert report of Craig Felty, RN, BSN, MBA, CEN, EMP-P
27
Cause No. 13-14-00700-CY consolidated with Cause No. 13-15-00119-CY
APPENDIX 1
TO ApPELLANT'S BRIEF
RECEIVED
2014·DCL·01353
11/5/20149:2913 AM
Aurora De La Garza
Cameron County District Clerk
By Celso Amaro Deputy Clerk
Cause No. 2014-DCL-1353-G 3068298
ROSA ANDRADE, as Next Friend of § IN THE DISTRICT COURT
MARY HELEN ANDRADE, a minor §
child, et al. §
§
Plaintiffs, §
§
v. § 404TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
§
HARLINGEN MEDICAL CENTER, §
LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, et al., §
§
Defendants § CAMERON COUNTY, TEXAS
ORDER ON DEFENDANTS' OBJECTIONS TO
THE PLAINTIFFS' CHAPTER 74 EXPERT REPORTS
On October 30, 2014, the Court considered the following motions:
• Defendants, David Yardley, M.D., and Shereef Hilmy, M.D.'s Objections to Ch.
74 Report of Carl Warren Adams, M.D.;
• Defendant, Nataraj Desai, M.D.'s Objections to Plaintiffs' Expert Reports of
Ralph Cross, Carl Adams, M.D., and Daniel DeBehnke, M.D.;
• Defendant, Ruben M. Lopez, M.D.'s Objections to Plaintiffs' Expert Reports of
Ralph Cross, Carl Adams, M.D., and Daniel DeBehnke, M.D.; and
• Defendant Harlingen Medical Center's ("HMC") Motion to dismiss for
Insufficient Expert Reports.
(collectively referred to herein as "Motions to Dismiss"). After considering the Motions
to Dismiss, Plaintiffs' Collective Response to Defendants' Objections to Plaintiffs'
Chapter 74 Expert Reports, and the arguments of counsel, the Court rules as follows.
Defendants, David Yardley, M.D., and Shereef Hilmy, M.D.'s Objections to Ch.
74 Report of Carl Warren Adams, M.D. is DENIED;
299
Defendant, Nataraj Desai, M.D.'s Objections to Plaintiffs' Expert Reports of
Ralph Cross, Carl Adams, M.D., and Daniel DeBehnke, M.D. is DENIED;
Defendant, Ruben M. Lopez, M.D.'s Objections to Plaintiffs' Expert Reports of
Ralph Cross, Carl Adams, M.D., and Daniel DeBehnke, M.D. is DENIED; and
Defendant Harlingen Medical Center's Motion to Dismiss for Insufficient Expert
Reports is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART. Specifically, HMC's objection
to the qualifications of Plaintiffs' experts to render an opinion concerning the standard
of care applicable to HMC is GRANTED. Plaintiffs are hereby granted a 3D-day
extension from the date of this order to serve on HMC a supplemental expert report
from an expert qualified to render an opinion concerning the applicable standard of
care for Harlingen Medical Center and whether that standard of care was breached.
Otherwise, Harlingen Medical Center's Motion to Dismiss for Insufficient Expert
Reports is DENIED.
Signed this lda:ay of November 2014.
~
HON. ELlA C. LOPEZ
PRESIDING JUDGE
FILEQ[JQ.O·CLOC.L:L::>M
AURORA DE LAGAW-:mRK
NOV 1 2 2014
~
CelsoAmaro
Cause No. 13-14-00700-CV consolidated with Cause No. 13-15-00119-CV
APPENDIX 2
TO ApPELLANT'S BRIEF
0" Q
Cause No. 2014-DCL-1353-G
ROSA ANDRADE, as Next Friend of § IN THE DISTRICT COURT
MARY HELEN ANDRADE, a minor §
child, et al, §
§
~am~f~ §
§
v. § 404TIi JUDICIAL DISTRICT
§
HARLINGEN MEDICAL CENTER, §
LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, et al., §
§
Defendants § CAMERON COUNTY, TEXAS
ORDER DENYING SECOND MOTION TO DISMISS
FOR INSUFFICIENT EXPERT REPORTS
CAME ON TO BE HEARD, Defendant Harlingen Medical Center's Second
Motion to Dismiss for Insufficient Expert Reports,' and after reviewing Defendant's
motion, Plaintiffs' Response and the arguments of counsel, the Court finds that
Defendant's motion should be DENIED.
IT IS "TIIEREFORE ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that Defendant
Harlingen Medical Center's Second Motion to Dismiss for Insufficient Expert Reports is
DENIED.
Signed this /1 day of February, 2015.
JUDGE PRESlnll G
FILED..Lo...-o·etoek....d..M
ERIC GARZA· DISTRICT CLERK
Order Emze_l_-
3II*---
Cause No. 13-14-00700-CY consolidated with Cause No. 13-15-00119-CY
APPENDIX 3
TO ApPELLANT'S BRIEF
RALPH E. CROSS
6414 Brook Lake Drive
Dallas. Texas 75248
(912) 991·8404
June 30, 2014
Ms. LauraG. Tamez
The Herrera La.w Firm
111 Soledad Stl.'eet
Suite 1900
San Antonio, TX 78205
RE: Rosa Andrade, as Next Friend of Mary Helen Andrade, a Minor Child; and Dolores Riucones,
Aoting by and through as Power of Attorney and in the Alternative fiJI Next Friend of Ricardo
Andrade, surviving Fatherof George Andrade. Deceased; Sergio Andrade. as Representative of
the estate ofGeorge Andrade, Deceased, and on behalfof the Heirs ofthe Estate and on behalf
of All Those entitled to recover under the Texas Wrongful Death Act for the death of George
Andrade, Deceased.
Dear Ms. Tamez:
Thank you for asking me to review the Andrade matter. My qualiflcatlons to do so are as
follows:
I am Board Certified in Hospital, and HealthcareAdministratlon, and a Fellow of the American
Collegeof Healthcare Ex.ecutlves.
My 45 year career in Healthcare Administration includes senior executive management
experience In a variety of roles. Since 1970 I have served as Chief Bxecutlve Officerof a 354 bed acute
care hospital and healthcare corporation, Chief Executive Officer of a 225 bed acute care bospltal, chief
operating officer of a five unit multi-hospital system, and chief operating officer of a 659 physician
member medical service organization.
Qualifications Regarding Standard of Care
In addition, I have extensive experience providing strategic alld tactical consultation services to
multi-unit hospital systems, Integrated healthcare delivery systems. and physician organizations. I have
experience and knowledge in the operations of case management departments involved in patient
throughput to include emergency transfers. 1 have supervised 8110 mana.ged registered nurse case
managers 8S an administrator of hospitals and managed hoalthcare organizations.
I have implemented and created policies and guidelines for emergent transfers of patients as a
hospital administrator. I have revised and improved policies and procedures for emergent patient
117
tl'ansfers to ensure patient safety whether at a receiving or transferring hospital. 1 encountered on a
routine basis nurses, hospital staff or case managers who bad to seek assistance from hospital
administration when necessary to institute the chain ofcommand.
1 have served 8.$ vice-chairman of the Amerieen Medical Association's Commission on
Emergency M~dlcal Services representing the American Hospital Association and Chairman of the
Dallas/Fort Worth Hospital Council's Emergenoy Medical Services Committee. A copy of my
curriculum vitae Is attached as Attachment A to this report, which t$ incorpOl.1ted by reference as if set.
forth verbatim.
Based on my background, education, and experience 1 have testified as an expert on matters
pertaining to hospital operations, emergency department operations, org~i.ution and management,
physician eredentialing and medical staff organization, to include the function and responsibility of case
management, organization and operations. I am offering a preliminary opinion on the issues pertinent to
the case of Rosa Andrade, as Next Friend of Mary Helen Andrade, a Minot Child; and Dolores
Rincones, Acting by and through as Power of Attorney and in the Alternative as Next Friend of Ricardo
Andrade, surviving Father of George Andrade, Deceased; Sergio Andrade, as Representative of the
estate of George Andrade, Deceased, and onbehalf ofthe Heirs of the Estate and onbehalf of All Those
entitled to recover under the Texas Wrongful Death Act for the dealh of George Andrade, Deceased.
At your request I have reviewed several documents that are listed in Attaohment B. Per your
request. I have preliminarily summarl7.cd my oplnlons In this case, as regards tho standard of care for
hospital administration and the failure of Harlingen Medical Center to correctly discharge its obligations
In the care of George Andrade. ] have reviewed copies of the dooumentation of care of Mr. Andrade to
include the medical records provided by Harlingen Medical Center (as detailed In AppendiX B), the
20l110int Commission Hospital Accreditation Standards, the text Assessing Hospital Staff Competence,
and "The Role of the Hos"ital Chief Executive Officer in Maximizing Patient Safety." by Arthur S.
Shorr, FACHE
TIle following preliminary report and analysis is based on my review of these documents. and
alRO upon my knowledge, experience and educational background.
On December 18,2011, Mr. George Andrade arrived at Harlingen Medical Cenfer's Emergency
Department at ] 5:32. His complaints consisted of severe pain In the substernal area of the chest that
radiated up to the neck and down to the kidney. Approximately two hours later, a CT angiogram was
ordered to ruleoutan aortic dissection.
The following events and times appear to be important in evaluating the care Mr. Andrade
received;
De£!mber 18. 201(
Time .Event
17:45 NatamJ Desai, M.D. ordered Mr. Andrade to beadmitted.
18;27 Consultation by David Yardley. M.D. ordered.
21:46 Dr. Yardley consults with Mr. Andrade.
2
11R
22:00 Dr. Yardley's speaks with Radiologist.
22:18 Dr. Yardley's consultation indicated that Mr. Andrade had a dissected aorta
which extended from the thoracic aorta to the iliac crests. He was to be off of
anticoagulants.
December19.2011
Time Event
00:00 Dr. Yardley orders Mr. Andrade to be moved to theCritlcal Care Unit.
00:50 Mr. Andrade continues to complain of dull back pain. Blood pressure continues
to fluctuate, with one reading as high as 198/134.
It is of significant concern that none of the records provided revealed that no contact was
initiated with a physfclan to dlscuss his condition, or begin the process for a transfer to a medical facility
that could provide a level of care thatMr.Andrade required.
The records do not indicate that anyone, such as a cardiovascular surgeon, examined Mr.
Andrade on December 19th• Regrettably, Ms. Maloy, RN. Harlingen Medical Centet! Case Manager
visited Mr. Andrade to discuss thedischarge planfor him to leave the Medical Center to return home.
At 12:00 hours Mr. Andrade was taken to radiology. At 13:30 hours, Ruben M. Lopez, M.D. an
emergency physician, recommended Mr. Andrade be transferred to Memorial Hermann Hospital in
Houston even though he did not examine him. There Ii! no evidence thata physician at Harlingen Medical
Center contacted a physician at Memorial Hermann Hospital to discuss the need for Mr. Andrade's
transfer. Due to Mr. Andrade or his family not having the necessary funds, Memorial Hermann declined
to accept him for the vttally necessary surgery for an ascending aortic dissection. Transfer was no longer
attompted after6 p.m. byany nurse, hospital employee or case mal1tl.ger at Harlingen Medical Center.
On December 20, 2011, Memorial Hermann Hospital again declined to accept transfer of Mr.
Andrade. At 13:25 the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston was contacted regarding
accepting Mr. Andrade for care. They declined due to no capaclty. At the request of Methodist Hospital
in San Antonio, Dr. Desai was finally contacted after six attempt'! at 14:45 houre, University Hospital
was recommended by Methodist Hospital, who also declined to accept transfer of Mr. Andrade without,
again, documentation of a physician to physician calf. Case management did not seek otherresources or
fac11lties to emergently transfer Mr. Andrade, and thereis no evidence thattheyrequested assistance from
theMedical Ce'nter's ChlcfNursing Officer, Chfef of the Medical Staffor ChiefExecutive Officer.
Dr. Desai wrote In his progress notes that cardiothoractc surgery will work on transfen'ing Mr.
Andrade. At 14:00~ it is noted that Mr. Andrade continues to wait patiently for transfer. The same two
h03pitals declining Mr. Andrade the day before were the only facilities contacted by case managers, 01'
Mary Torres, RN. No further attempts were made to transfer on December 21 st by anyone at Harllngen
Medical Center.
3
11Q
RegrettnblYt Mr. Andrade died at 0600 hours on December 22, 2011 after enduring progressing
pain, extreme temperature change and difficulty breathing through the evening without receiving care
from a physician responsible for his care.
Stapdard of Care
Harlingen MEld'e. ~~nter
Harlingen Medical Center has infonned the public that its executive team is committed to
affhrr!;ng patients excellent service and high-quality care inevery visit. To realize thiscommitment, HMC
partners highly experienced and highly skilled physicians, nurses, staff and volunteers. With each
and every patient, HMC collectively endeavors to provide comprehensive, quality healthcare In a
convenient, compessionate andcosteffective manner.
Harlingen Medical Center contends that is known for creating unparalleled experiences for its
~f'\m the moment they walk through Itsdoors: a compassionate team of professionals, committed
to at you excellence in the service and care patients need to get and stay well.
Regarding its expertise in providing care for cardiovascular patients such as George Andrade,
Harlingen Medical Center has informed the public of thefollowing;
"Harlingen Medical Center is home to a number of highly skilled and experienced private
practice cardiologists and cardiovascular surgeons, who can help create a path to health and
wellness like no oth.er hospital In theRioGrande Valley.
The Cardiovascular Care Program at Harlingen Medical Center Is paving the way for successful
treatment of patients across South Texas. We specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of
cardiovascular disease, and our top-ranked cardiac team provides minimally Invasive testing and
treatment, as well as advanced cardiw; and vascular Interventions, such as angioplasty, stentlng,
cardiac ablation, and open heart surgery.
By specializing in one of the nation's deadliest diseases, we afford patients then benefit of highly
skilled cardiologists, advanced technology, and services that meet individl,lal needs."
The Standards promulgated by the Joint Commission are nationally accepted minimum
community standards governing the administrative behavior of hospitals, and their employees andagents,
and are applicable to hospitals in Texas. TheCenter for Medicare Services (eMS), the federal oversight
agency that monitors and oversees all hospitals in the United States that accept federal reimbursement.
recognizes the Joint Commission standards as minimum natlonal standards bywhich all hospitals must
comply. In addition, the State of Texas recognlzes the Joint Commission standards as applicable to
hospitals. Additional standards, above these minimums may be established by state and local al,lthorities,
clinical specialty organizations, and through the bylaws and policies of individual hospitals. It is
reasonable to assume that the policies and procedures that are an essential part of the nursing
organization, Department of Case Management and the Medical Staff bylaws at Harllngen Medical
Center will address theexpected standards of care essential to adhere to patient safety and leadership.
4
1?0
1) The courts recognize a general duty to care for all patients presenting themselves to a hospital for
treatment and care. Not only must hospitals accept and treat each patient entrusted to their care,
but they must adhere to the standards of care they have set for themselves, as well as to the
national standards (TheJoint Commission Hospital Accreditation Sl'andards).
Patient Sllfety
The mission of The Joint Commission is to continuously improve health care for the public, in
collaboration with other stakeholders, byevaluating health careorganlzations and inspiring them to excel
in providing safeand effective care of the highest quality andvalue.
2) Maintaining a culture of safety that emphasizes trust, reporting unsafe conditions and effective
Improvement of patient safety;
The Standards set forth in the Joint Commission Hospital Accreditation Standards petialn.lng to
patient safetyestablished a standard of care fol' all hospitals who are accredited by the Joint Commission,
and specifically impact~d the careprovided to George Andrade.
3) Standard PC. 01.03.01
This Standard emphasize$ the importance of planning for care, treatment and services on an
individualized basis to meet thepatlent's unique needs. Thesteps inthis process are:
a. Creation of an initial plan for care, treatment, and services that are appropriate to the patlentls
specifle assessed needs such as emergent transfer to Include case management nurse and house
supervisors suchas Marla Torres, RN. Heather S. RN andDebbie Mendoza, RN.
b. To ensure the hospital continues to meet the patient's unique needs, the plan is maintained and
revised based 011 the patic1'tts response such as continuing attempts to emergently transfer a
patient who requires a life-saving surgery.
Anadditional key Standard pertaining to theProvision of Care, andone directly impacting thiscase is:
4) Standard PC,04,01,01
The hospital has a process that addresses the patlentls need for continuing care, treatment and
services afterdischarge or transfer.
Two of the key Elements of Performance are:
The hospital describes the method for llhi(ting responsibility for a patient's care from one
clinician, hospital, program, or service to another.
Thehospital describes the mechanisms for external transfer of thepatient.
S) It is reasonable to expect thatCaseManagement nurses and sodaJ workers such as Maria Torres,
RN, Heather S. RN and Debbie Mendoza, RN are to collaborate, review medical records, know
the diagnosis of the patient they are treating and cornmunlcate with hospltaltsts and attending
physicians in carrying outthe appropriate plan or careand physician orders.
5
1?1
6) Further, It is reasonable to expect Case Management nurses and social workers seeh as Maria
Torres, RN, Heather S, RN and Debbie Mendoee, R.N are to follow established transfer guidelines
and policies by gaining a patients informed consent, physician to physician communicarlon
coordination, providing complete medical records especially in an emergency situation when II.
patient'ssafety is at risk.
7) Further, it is reasonable to expect that Case Management nurses and social workers such as Marla
Torres, RN,Heather S. RN lind Debbie Mendoza, RN ate to attempt to care for the patient which
InclUdes following the chain of command When a patient's cafe needs arenot being met placing a
patient's safety at risk.
BMCh of the Standard of Care
1) Case management nurses Maria Torres, RN, Heather S. RN and Debbie Mendoza, RN failed to
obtain Mr. Andrade's consent for transfer, obtain completed medical cherts and physician
certifications required for an emergent transfer and delaying an emergency transfer placing Mr.
Andrade's safety at risk.
2) Although a plan ofcare was created forMr. Andrade, case management nurses Maria Torres, RN,
Heather S. RN andDebbie Mendoza, RN fai led to ensure that a plan of care wascarried outwhen
they failed to follow hospital guidelinea tor transfer, make every effort to !eek other facititie.'l
when Mr. Andrade was declined fot' transfer to ensure his care needs were met placing Mr.
Andrade's safety at risk. Emergency transfer attempts do not stop at the end of a day shift when
trauma and tertiary centera provide transfer 24 hours a day. Harlingen Medical Center's nurses
halted all attempts to carry out a standing order at the end of their shift placing Mr. Andrade's
safety at risk.
3) Case management nurses and ~ocial workers such as Maria Torres, RN, Heather S. RN and
Debbie Mendoza, RN failed to collaborate, review medical records, have tntimate knowledge of
the diagnosis of the patient they arc tl'eatin~ and communicate with hospitalists and attending
phystclans in carrying outthe appropriate plan or care and physician orders when they failed to
seek further orders and physician involvement to emergently transfer the patient.
4) Case management nurses and social workers such as Maria Torres, RN, Heather S. RN and
Debbie Mendoza, RN failed to attempt to care for the patient whioh includes following the chain
of command when a patient's care needs are not being met placing a patient's safety at risk by
contacting the Chief of Medical Staff, Chiefof Cardiothoraclc Surgery and the Medical Center's
CBO when it became evident Memorial Hermann was demanding several thousand dollars to
accept Mr. Andrade for treatment, and physicians such as Or. Desai were negligently failing to
answer calls from Methodist Hospital,
It is extremely unfortunate that Harlingen Medical Center's efforts to affect a transfer of George
Andrade to another facility were incredibly haphazard in nature, !taught with confusion as to who within
the organization wag responsible to facilitate this transfer and did notforeefully address the clearabsence
of physician to physician communication.
Based upon my preliminary review of the documents that have been provided by Harlingen
6
1??
Medical Center, the 2011 JCAHQ Hospital Accreditation Standards and the failures listed above, 1 hold
the following opinion to a reasonable degree of administrative probability. The standard ofcare as applied
to Mr. Andrade, who needed emergency care was not being executed and was breached by the employees
andstaff of this Medical Center.
The above conclusions and opinion$ arc based upon information that Is avaUable to me at this
time. This report may be updated and/or revised with any additional infonnation that is provided In the
future. 1 reserve the right to amend my opinion.
Yours very truIy.
Attacbments
7
123
Ralph E. Cross, FACHE
6414 Brook Lake Drive
Dallas, Texas 75248
Telephone: (972) 991·8404 (Residence)
(972) 612·7273 (Business)
EDUCATION
Florida State University Tallahassee, FL
B.S. Business Administration
George Washington University Washington, DC
MBA (Health Care Administration)
University of Texas at Dallas Dallas, TX
MA International Management
EXPERIENCE
1/99 to Present Patient-Physician Network Holding Company, L.L.C.
Plano, TX
Senior Vice PresidentlChief Operating Officer
Serve as Senior Vice President/ COO of this medical
services organization providing services to 652
physicians and their office staffs. Reporting to the
President and Board of Managers, primary
responsibilities include Board of Managers relations,
coordinating day-to-day operations, preparation of
annual operating budgets, preparation of the
organization's strategic and tactical plans, negotiation
of managed care contracts, coordinating ongoing
consultation engagement with major integrated
healthcare delivery system, coordinating the
Credentialing Department and Credentialing
Committee, and physician relations.
1/95 to 1/99 Sweetwater Health Enterprises Dallas, TX
Practice Leader
1 ')A
Ralph E. Cross Page Two
Served as Professional Services Practice Leader for this
quality management, credentialing and managed care
consulting organization. Served as lead consultant for
twelve major engagements focusing on development
and implementation of strategic business plans for
integrated healthcare delivery systems, 501 (a)
physician groups, and medical group practices.
Developed two HMOs for integrated delivery systems.
Responsible for coordinating and directing the
physician and hospital management practices.
8/91 to 12/94 Integrated Health Care Resources Intl. Dallas, TX
Senior Vice President Philadelphia, PA
Responsible for operating hospitals under
management contracts, developing IPAs and PHOs at
managed hospitals, negotiating managed care
agreements, physician recruiting and practice
management, directing all consulting engagements,
and serving as CEO of a 225 bed acute care hospital
and its subsidiary corporations.
11 /90 to 7/91 Innovative Healthcare Systems Dallas, TX
Regional Director
Served as Regional Director for a six unit outpatient
mental health care system.
11/87 to 11/90 Fischer Mangold Dallas, TX
Senior Vice President Pleasanton, CA
Responsible for developing contracts with hospitals for
physician staffing of emergency departments, proposal
preparation and presentation, contract management,
consultation engagements, physician recruiting,
credentialing and interim management of ambulatory
care clinics.
125
Ralph E. Cross Page Three
11/86 to 10/87 Maxicare North Texas Irving, TX
Executive Director
Responsible for the overall operation of a 70,000
member HMO which included a provider network of
1,200 physicians at 21 locations, 38 dental providers,
and 33 hospitals for provision of inpatient and
outpatient care.
2/85 to 11/86 Fort Hamilton-Hughes Memorial Hospital and
Healthcare Corporation Hamilton, OH
President and CEO
Responsible to the Board of Trustees of this 354 bed
full service community hospital and corporation.
Combined annual operating budget of $48 million.
8/80 to 2/85 Methodist Hospitals of Dallas Dallas, TX
(Five Hospital System)
Vice President-Operations
Responsible for internal operations of the system
through the administrator in each facility. Additional
responsibilities extended to five subsidiary
corporations and medical staff liaison.
4/75 to 8/80 Baylor University Medical Center Dallas, TX
Associate Director and Vice President
Responsible for management and operation of the
following divisions: Emergency, Cardiology, Heart
Center, Pharmaceutical Services, Material Services,
Pharmacy Services, and Medical Records.
11/71 to 4/75 Baptist Medical Center - Montclair Birmingham, AL
Vice President
Departmental operational and medical staff responsi-
bilities for this 485 bed acute care hospital and
various subsidiary corporations.
1?R
Ralph E. Cross Page Four
10/69 to 10/71 Medical Service Corps, United States Army
Captain
Executive Officer, 326 Medical Battalion, 10 1st
Airborne Division - Republic of Viet Nam
Commander, Enlisted Company, Walter Reed General
Hospital, and Personnel Officer, Walter Reed Army
Medical Center, Washington, DC
AWARDS
Legion of Merit Vietnam Service Medal
Bronze Star Medal Vietnam Cross of Gallantry
Meritorious Service Medal Vietnam Civic Actions Medal
Army Commendation Medal Order of Military Medical
(Five Oak Leaf Clusters) Merit
ARMY RESERVE
807th Medical Brigade - Seagoville, TX
Rank: Colonel
Final Assignment - Retired April, 1996
PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS
American College of Healthcare Executives - Fellow
American Medical Association - Vice Chairman, Commission on
Emergency Medical Services 1982-1988
PUBLICATIONS
Editor of the text Working Effectively With Managed Care Plans -
Strategies for Success. and co-editor of the text The Hospital's Role in
Emergency Medical Services Systems. Author of twenty articles in
professional healthcare journals.
1?7
Cause No. 13-14-00700-CV consolidated with Cause No. 13-15-00119-CV
APPENDIX 4
TO ApPELLANT'S BRIEF
C. WARREN ADAMS. MD. FACS. FACCP. PLLC
15 May 2014
VIA FAX 210.228.0887, Email and FEDEX
Ms. Laura G. Tamez, Esq.
The Herrera Law Firm
Riverview Towers
III Soledad Street
Suite 1900
San Antonio, Texas 78205
RE: Andrade George
Dear Ms. Tamez:
At your request I have completed my review of the medical records kindly supplied by your
office and provide this medical expert opinion with regard to the care provided to the deceased, Mr.
George L. Andrade by various physicians and the Hospital. I am qualified by my education, training, and
34 years of cardiovascular medicine and surgical experience to opine on the standard of care and
causation in this case. I have attached a copy of my current curriculum vitae for your review outlining my
education, training, and experience. I graduated from the University of Texas with a Bachelors of Science
and Masters in medical microbiology in 1976, and completed and received my Medical Degree from the
University Of Texas Health Science Center in 1981. I completed a five-year general surgical residency,
one year of trauma surgery, and two years of cardiovascular and thoracic surgical residency while
simultaneously completing a surgical critical care residency. I served 17 years in the United .States
Army with worldwide deployments and I am currently in the United States Army Individual Ready
Reserve stationed with the 349th Combat Support HospitallForward Airborne Surgical Team (CSH-
FAST). I am licensed to practice medicine and surgery in the States of Colorado and California, and while
on active duty in the United States Army, worldwide. I am board- certified in cardiovascular, thoracic
surgery, board-certified in general-trauma surgery, and previously board-certified in surgical critical care.
I am a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons, Fellow of the International College of Surgeons,
Fellow of the American College of Chest Physicians, a member of the American College of Surgeons
Committee on Trauma, and a member of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. My surgical practice includes
treatment of patients with cardiac, great vessel, peripheral vascular, pulmonary, esophageal, and intra-
abdominal pathology. I am routinely asked to provide surgical critical care consultations to assist other
surgeons with postoperative management of complex surgical patients.
I have extensive experience in the treatment of patients with similar comorbidities and primary
aortic pathology which was present in the deceased at the time of his treatment at Harlingen Medical
Center on December 18, 2011. Additionally, I am a member of the cardiovascular medical executive
committee (MEC) at St. Joseph Heart Institute, St. Joseph Hospital in Eureka, California where I maintain
full clinical privileges and I am responsible for ensuring quality care and adherence to the ACCIAHASTS
(American College of CardiologylAmerican Heart Association/Society of Thoracic Surgery) guidelines in
the treatment of patients with all aspects of cardiovascular disease.
CARDIOVASCULAR, THORACIC & TRAUMA SURGERY
101 BECKET LAKE DRIVE e CELADON, DURANGO, COLORADO 81301-8853
.:17
Andrade, George
15 May 2014
Page 2 of 17
I have reviewed the medical records of George Andrade as follows:
• Harlingen Medical Center, Dates of Admission 12/18-12/2212011 which included
radiology imaging reports of CAT Scans of the chest.
Mr. Andrade was diagnosed with a Type 1 (Stanford A) ascending aortic dissection on December
18, 2011 by CT scan; and subsequent scans while an inpatient as documented in the medical records of
the imaging studies read by radiologists.
The opinions expressed in this report are based upon my education, training, and experience in
diagnosing, treating, and managing patients with cardiovascular disease, specifically aortic dissection. I
am familiar with the standard of care for any similar healthcare provider in Texas and any other similar
medical community under the same or similar circumstances, as I have practiced in a community setting,
a large medical center, and an army medical center and I am intimately familiar with the diagnosis and
treatment of this disease process. However, as is my practice in providing medical opinions with regard to
the standard of care, deviations in the standard of care, or causation issues I do reserve the right to change
or modify this medical opinion if new or undisclosed information becomes available for my review.
Mr. Andrade was diagnosed with a Type 1 aortic dissection on December 18, 2011 by CT scan.
A Type 1 (Stanford Type A) aortic dissection is a tear in the wall of the aorta from above or at the level
of the aortic valve, thru the aortic arch and down thru the descending aorta. In his case, this was a
cardiovascular surgical emergency because of the high incidence of rupture or pericardial tamponade
resulting in immediate mortality. The standard of a care for a Type 1 aortic dissection is emergent surgical
repair with a graft to prevent rupture and death. Patients who receive surgical repair within 24-48 hours
can result in a better outcome as this dissection can be repaired. Without surgical treatment within 72
hours, rupture of the aorta in a Type 1 dissection can cause immediate bleeding into the pericardium,
mediastinum or free rupture into the thoracic cavities.
In preparing this report I have reviewed the complete set of medical records in their entirety
concerning the admission of Mr. George Andrade to the Harlingen Medical Center on December 18,2011
at 3:30 P.M. until his death early on the morning of December 22, 2011. According to the documented
medical records, Mr. George Andrade at the time of his death was a 47-year-old male who presented to
the emergency department of Harlingen Medical Center at approximately 3:30 P.M. with a history of the
acute onset of chest pain with radiation to his neck and lower back. He is triaged at 3:35 P.M. His past
medical history was pertinent for the comorbidities of hypertension and obesity for which he was taking
Lisinopril, Terazosin, and HCTZ. His vital signs demonstrated systolic and diastolic hypertension,
tachycardia and elevated respiratory rate and he was noted to be "distressed". Mr. Andrade was evaluated
by emergency room physician Dr. Kolawole Odulaja at 4:54 P.M. who ordered appropriate laboratory
studies, a chest x-ray (revealing cardiomegaly), and at 5:30 P.M., he ordered a CT angiogram of the
chest and abdomen to rule out aortic dissection. Dr. Odulaja slatted appropriately ACS (acute coronary
artery syndrome) protocol and subsequently transferred his care to emergency room physician Dr. Syed
Ali, who recommended admission to the hospital at 5:45 P.M. under the hospitalist service, Dr. Nataraj
Desai, with the diagnosis of new onset chest pain, atrial fibrillation, dissecting TAA, and possible
congestive heart failure. It is documented Dr. Sayed discussed the case with Dr. Desai and Desai accepted
the patient at 6:07 P.M. At 6: 15 P.M., Dr. Desai telephoned orders of hospital admission management in
a guarded condition with bathroom privileges, Lovenox, a consult with Dr. Yardley and a general heart
healthy diet. Dr. Desai also ordered a 20 Echocardiogram. Lovenox was administered. At 5:29 P.M., Mr.
AQ
Andrade, George
15 May 2014
Page 3 of 17
Andrade undergoes a CT angiogram of the chest. The radiologist documented a "dissection in the thoracic
aorta, definite, and descending thoracic aorta findings highly suspicious for an origin in the descending
thoracic aorta, repeat exam may be helpful". At 6:27 P.M., Dr. Ali ordered a consult with Yardley. The
ED nurse indicated this order was carried out at 6:38 P.M. At 8:08 P.M., a second CT angiogram now of
the abdomen indicated an "aortic dissection most consistent with a Type 1 or Stanford A dissection
involving the ascending aorta." At 9:24 P.M., Dr. Ali again ordered a consult with Dr. Yardley.
Cardiologist, Dr. David E. Yardley saw the patient at 9:45 P.M. At 10:24 P.M., Dr. Ali documents that
Dr. Yardley had discussions with the radiologist to confirm an ascending abdominal aortic dissection. Dr.
Ali further documents the case was discussed with Dr. Yardley about the TEE ECHO and it was decided
to hold off. It is documented Dr. Desai was also notified of the results. Dr. Yardley recommended
admission to the CCU indicating that cardiologist Dr. Shereef Hilmy would assume care the following
day. He indicated he discussed the case with Dr. Hilmy that evening. According to Dr. Yardley, Dr.
Hilmy, a cardiologist, was to pick up tomorrow to perform an invasive angiography with possible covered
graft stenting. Dr. Yardley's progress note time stamped at 10:00 P.M. indicates "keep off anticoagulants
for now."
A repeat imaging study (CT angiogram) was performed the following morning, December 19,
2011, based upon a telephone order by Dr. Hilmy at 9:45 A.M. The radiologist documented the image
revealed an aortic dissection extending from the root of the aorta through the ascending and descending
aorta to the left common iliac artery. Mr. Andrade was administered a dose of Lovenox that morning. A
transthoracic echo was ordered by Dr. Desai and performed by Dr. Eduardo D. Flores that same day
demonstrating a dilated left atrium and ventricle, with mild left ventricular global hypokinesis and mild
aortic root regurgitation. At 11:15 A.M., Desai completed a history and physical with a finding of a
descending aortic dissection, back pain, resolving, hypertension, a history of atrial fibrillation and sleep
apnea. Dr. Desai felt that a cardiology consultation would be required and cardiovascular surgery it would
be able to place an endovascular graft. He ordered stopping Lovenox. Unfortunately, this particular
dissection, a Type A dissection is only treated currently with emergent cardiovascular surgical therapy i.e.
repairs of aortic root and plication of the dissected aorta with a graft.
At 1:30 P.M. on December 19, 2011, nurse Janice Astom's, RN notes indicate that vascular
surgeon, Dr. Ruben Lopez was present to see the patient. Nurse Astom notes the house supervisor is
present in the room. According to the house supervisor, Mary Torres, the patient is noted to have been in
the shower. Dr. Lopez did not speak with the patient but recommended transfer to Houston. Dr. Hilmy
was paged about transfer. He instructed the nurse "to defer to Dr. Desai." Dr. Desai "calls in" an order to
transfer to Houston. The primary nurse consulted with the primary doctor and Dr. Hilmy and both agreed
to proceed with a transfer to Houston. Upon review of the hospital chart provided, there is no record, on
this day, documenting an appropriate consult by Dr. Lopez of this patient, documentation by any
physician identifying the reason this patient required a transfer or documentation of communication with
the patient as to why he was being transferred. A transfer is not initiated by case management, until 3:15
P.M. There is no documentation of a doctor to doctor call. A physician certification for transfer is signed
by Dr. Lopez, but completely blank otherwise. By 3:25 P.M. the hospital case manager documented Mr.
Andrade's transfer was rejected for financial reasons. At 4:00 P.M., the floor RN documents that Dr.
Lopez said "no one would accept him because he's unfunded." There is no documentation of a further
physician order to transfer the patient to another facility on December 19, 2011. At 8:00 P.M, Mr.
Andrade complained of pain and had a fever of 101.4. Nurse Croll contacted the physician-on-call for Dr.
Desai, a Dr. E. Juarez. Nurse Croll reported the lower back pain, increase in temperature and a potassium
level of 3.3. Dr. Juarez ordered Vicodin for pain, blood cultures, urine cultures, a hypokalemic protocol,
LlQ
Andrade, George
15 May 2014
Page 4 of17
and chest xray in the morning, Mr. Andrade received Tylenol and Vicodin for his pain and fever.
At 12:00 A.M. on December 20, 2011, Nurse Croll notes "Cardene drip weaned off." At 2:00
A.M., Nurse Croll documents Mr. Andrade complains of pain, 6/10 to his low back. She administers
Vicodin. Nurse Croll noted Lisinopril was held due to low blood pressure. At 4:00 A.M., Mr. Andrade's
blood pressure was elevated and his IV was infiltrated. The Cardene drip was restarted at 5:00 A.M. At
7:00 A.M., Dr. Juarez ordered the patient to be weaned off Cardene drip and to use Labetalol as needed
for management of hypertension.
Incredibly, a formal "inpatient" cardiology consultation was not obtained until early the morning
of December 20, 2011, Dr. Yardley being the last cardiologist to evaluate the patient on the evening of
admission. Dr. Hilmy evaluated the patient with his physician's assistant and they recommended transfer
to a higher level of care. His diagnosis was ascending aortic dissection and acknowledged he was not a
candidate for an endovascular graft. He recommended transfer to a tertiary center that has a higher level
of expertise such as Methodist Hospital, Memorial Hermann or Texas Heart Institute. He stated that they
are "pending placement". At 9:00 A.M., Dr. Desai now notes that Mr. Andrade has an ascending aortic
dissection, type 1 and the patient has a hypertensive state. He indicates Dr. Hilmy has followed this
patient as well as Cardiothoracic Surgery. Dr. Desai's plan is to get cardiac recommendations, a
cardiothoracic consult, and indicates that the patient might need advanced surgery so recommends a
"probable transfer". He planned to obtain Dr. Lopez' recommendation about anticoagulation. He
acknowledges the patient's blood pressure has been high. An echocardiogram was ordered. Dr. Desai
documents the patient's prognosis is poor. He will wait for recommendations. At 9:30 A.M., Dr. Desai
orders a CT surgery consult. At 10:45 A.M. he orders transfer to a higher level of care for emergent CT
surgery for ascending aortic dissection. Again, from the medical records it appears that transfer of this
critically ill patient to a higher level of care was left to the case management team, who were unsuccessful
in transferring this patient urgently to a receiving facility. I do not find in the medical records any
documentation that case management coordinated a physician to physician communication or that one
was made between the medical staff at Harlingen Medical Center to a major cardiovascular center in the
past two days. At 1:00 P.M., the case management's notes reveal their second attempt with Memorial
Hermann is not successful as the surgeon at Memorial states "case is urgent and not emergent or else it
would have been done yesterday." Clearly, there is a lack of a communication with the accepting hospital
about the urgency of this case. There is no documentation a physician called Memorial Hermann Hospital
and the certificate of transfer is blank. It is not until 1:25 P.M. on December 20, 2011, that case
management, Nurse Torres, contacts a second hospital for transfer of this patient with a known surgical
emergency. There was no capacity at UTMB hospital in Galveston. There is no doctor to doctor call
documented. At 2:45 P.M., a hospital in San Antonio was contacted. It was their transfer coordinator who
requested a physician to physician call and was unable to reach Dr. Desai, the hospitalist, after six
attempts. Finally, after a discussion between Dr. Knight, a cardiothoracic surgeon and Dr. Desai, Dr.
Knight did not accept the patient. At 4: 10 P.M., case management documents the patient is declined due
to no accepting physician. Meanwhile, Mr. Andrade's pressure remains elevated. At 4:50 P.M., University
Hospital in San Antonio declined the patient. There is no doctor to doctor call documented. After this
time, neither Harlingen Medical Center nor their physicians make any more attempts to transfer this
critically ill patient on December 20,2011.
In the early morning hours of December 21, 2011, Mr. Andrade remains hypertensive. At 8:46
A.M., Dr. Hilmy dictates a progress note that Mr. Andrade has an ascending aortic root dissection with
severe chest and upper back pain. He has been assessed by the Heart Clinic. He further states the patient
Andrade, George
15 May 2014
Page 5 of 17
is not a candidate for an endovascular invention. He indicates Dr. Ruben Lopez agrees. He asserts that
the patient is "being evaluated by different centers and being considered for transfer." His statement is
inconsistent with the medical chart provided. He continues to assert that "we are awaiting transfer and
arrangements are being made for a center in San Antonio or Houston. Again, at this stage and according
to the medical chart provided, there have been no efforts to transfer the patient in the last 15 hours. At
10: 15 A.M., the nursing notes state that Dr. Desai and members of case management staff advised the
patient and family of a possible transfer to San Antonio. At 10:30, case management contacted Methodist
Hospital in San Antonio again and was reminded the case was processed and declined on December 20th•
At 10:32 A.M. Dr. Desai's progress notes indicate they are still awaiting transfer as the patient will need
advanced care since "his condition appears critical." An echocardiograrn is pending. At 1:30 P.M.,
Harlingen medical center case managers were advised for the fourth time there was no accepting surgeon
at Methodist Hospital in San Antonio. At 2:00 P.M., Nurse San Juana indicates Mr. Andrade is resting
and waiting for possible transfer to San Antonio. At 4:00 P.M., case management contacts Memorial
Hermann, who declines patient, yet again. For the next 14 hours, no further efforts are documented by
Harlingen Medical Center or any physician to transfer this patient to another facility for the surgery he
needs. Although, at 7:15 P.M. it is noted that the patient and family are advised by case management of
the progress of transfer.
Predictably, as a Type A dissection, if not treated urgently or emergently by surgical repair is
universally fatal, and of course on the morning of December 22, 2011 Mr. Andrade experienced a free
rupture into his pericardium and abruptly arrested and did not survive.
Based upon my review of the medical records and with the knowledge and experience of over
34 years of treating patients with aortic dissection, familiar with what constitutes ordinary care,
negligence and proximate cause, I am able to render this medical opinion with regard to the deviations in
the standard of care by the following physicians.
Familiarity/Qualifications with the Standard of Care- David Yardley, MD.
I am a board certified cardiovascular and thoracic surgeon, and have practiced in this specialty for
over 34 years. I am also an experienced trauma and critical care surgeon. The illness or medical condition
involved in Mr. Andrade's claim against the named defendants is consistent with a Type A aortic
dissection. As a board certified cardiovascular and thoracic surgeon, I have specific knowledge, training
and experience in the diagnosis, care and treatment of the conditions involved in this patient. It is my
understanding that Dr. Yardley is a cardiologist and internal medicine doctor, who was providing medical
care to Mr. Andrade upon his admission to Harlingen Medical Center. Although I am not a cardiologist or
internal medicine physician, I am nonetheless familiar with the standard of care that applies to Dr.
Yardley as it relates to the diagnosis, care and treatment of a Type A aortic dissection because a tear of
the aortic wall is a medical condition which a cardiologist and an internal medicine physician is expected
to recognize and diagnose, and the standard of care described below applies to any physician treating a
patient suffering from an aortic dissection. Furthermore, because of my background, training and
qualifications as a cardiovascular and thoracic surgeon, I am regularly and routinely consulted by
cardiologists and internal medicine physicians. I have practical knowledge of what is usually and
customarily done by other practitioners under the circumstances similar to those that confronted Dr.
Yardley in December 2011 when he examined Mr. Andrade, and discovered he had an aortic dissection.
Qualifications Regarding the Causal Relationship- Dr. David Yardley
1:;1
Andrade, George
15 May 2014
Page 6 of 17
As a board certified cardiovascular and thoracic surgeon, I have been trained and I am qualified
to diagnose, care for and treat patients suffering from aortic dissection. I am also a trained trauma and
critical care surgeon. As a cardiovascular and thoracic surgeon, I repair aortic dissections, I provide pre-
and post-operative care, treatment and orders. I am familiar with the physiological process of an aortic
dissection and know that any delay in diagnosis and treatment can lead to aortic rupture and death. I am
also familiar with the medical fact that if a patient receives timely and appropriate surgical treatment to
include the replacement of the aortic root and/or replacement of the aortic valve for a Type A aortic
dissection in a timely manner results in a superior and better outcome since a dissection can be halted and
repaired.
Standard of Care
It is my medical opinion that cardiologist, Dr. David E.Yardley grossly departed and breached
the accepted standard of care and his departures in the standard of care resulted in the death of Mr.
Andrade.
I) Dr. Yardley was required based upon the patient's symptoms, clinical presentation, and imaging
studies to:
2) Immediately obtain a cardiothoracic surgical consultation for immediate surgical treatment
of a Type A dissection. The clinical history, clinical presentation, and imaging studies
demonstrate an emergent surgical issue, the replacement of the aortic root and/or replacement of
the aortic valve;
3) to provide the basics of ACLS, that is, provide airway support, assist with oxygenation, and
perform or require that central lines be placed for volume resuscitation, beta blockade, and
cardiac monitoring;
4) Immediately transfer to a medical center that is capable of performing aortic surgery was required
at that point.
Breach and Causal Relationship
Notwithstanding a confirmed Type A aortic dissection, a surgical emergency, on the night of
December 18,2011, Dr. Yardley did not follow the standard of care, when he ordered the patient remain
as an inpatient, to be moved to CCU and deferred treatment to Dr. Hilmy the NEXT day for a covered
stent graft which is not used for this type of dissection, and when time is of the essence in a patient with
this type of dissection. Invasive angiography with covered graft stenting is not the standard of care in a
patient with an ascending aortic dissection. The standard of care is open surgical repair with a graft. Dr.
Hilmy did not show the next day to render proper treatment and management of this patient.
1) Dr. Yardley failed to obtain an immediate cardiothoracic surgical consultation for immediate
surgical treatment of a Type A dissection presented and instead, allowed the patient to remain an
inpatient deferring inappropriate treatment, to include a covered stent by Dr. Hilmy the NEXT
day when time was of the essence to surgically repair the ascending aortic dissection;
F\?
Andrade, George
15 May 2014
Page 7 of 17
2) He failed to provide the basics of ACLS, that is, provide airway support, assist with oxygenation,
and perform or require that central lines be placed for volume resuscitation, beta blockade, and
cardiac monitoring;
3) He failed to immediately order transfer of this patient to a medical center that is capable of
performing aortic surgery, which was required at that point and allowed the patient to remain
overnight to have covered graft stent, which is not the standard of care.
Those patients, like Mr. Andrade and his comorbidities, who receive immediate medical
treatment with beta blockade while undergoing timely preparation for cardiovascular surgical intervention
have superior and better outcomes as this dissection in reasonable medical probability, will more likely
than not, be halted and repaired.
Dr. Yardley's delay and failure to provide initial and subsequent care of Mr. Andrade resulted in
progression of the dissection and the known complication of rupture and death. Time is of the essence
and Dr. Yardley failed to provide care for an aortic dissection and failed to follow up or insure that Mr.
Andrade was provided care by cardiologist Dr. Shereef Hilmy. Based upon reasonable medical
probabilities, had Dr. Yardley provided an immediate cardiovascular surgical consult, medical
management of an aortic dissection or transferred Mr. Andrade for emergency surgery in a timely
manner, Mr. Andrade, based upon reasonable medical probability, would have more likely than not
survived.
I am familiar with the terms "negligence", "ordinary care" and "proximate cause". Based upon my
review of these records, and the foregoing analysis, it is my opinion, based on reasonable medical
probability, that Dr. Yardley was negligent in his care and treatment of Mr. Andrade and it is further my
opinion if Dr. Yardley had not breached the applicable standard of care, Me. Andrade's condition would
not have led to progressive decline and death. It is my further opinion that his negligence in delay of
consult, treatment and transfer as outlined above was a proximate cause of a free rupture and death. I
reserve the right to amend these opinions based on receipt of any further information or records which I
receive.
Familiarity/Qualifications with the Standard of Care- Nataraj Desai, M.D.
I am a board certified cardiovascular and thoracic surgeon and have practiced in this specialty for
over 34 years. The illness or medical condition involved in Mr. Andrade's claim against the named
defendants is consistent with a Type A aortic dissection. As a board certified cardiovascular and thoracic
surgeon, I have specific knowledge, training and experience in the diagnosis, care and treatment of the
conditions involved in this claim. It is my understanding that Dr. Desai is a family practice physician
hospitalist, who was providing medical care to Mr. Andrade upon his admission to Harlingen Medical
Center. Although I am not a family physician or a hospitalist, I am nonetheless familiar with the standard
of care that applies to Dr. Desai as it relates to the diagnosis, care and treatment of a Type A aortic
dissection because a tear of the aortic wall is a medical condition, which a family physicianlhospitalist is
expected to recognize and diagnose. The standard of care described below applies to any physician
treating a patient suffering from aortic dissection. Furthermore, because of my background, training and
qualifications as a cardiovascular and thoracic surgeon, I am regularly and routinely consulted by
hospitalists and general practice physicians. I have practical knowledge of what is usually and
customarily done by other practitioners under the circumstances similar to those that confronted Dr. Desai
Andrade, George
15 May 2014
Page 80f 17
on December 18, 2011 when he accepted Mr. Andrade as a patient, and was notified of an aortic
dissection.
Qualifications Regarding the Causal Relationship- Dr. Nataraj Desai, M.D.
As a board certified cardiovascular and thoracic surgeon, I have been trained and am qualified to
diagnose, care for and treat patients suffering from aortic dissection. I am also a trained trauma and
critical care surgeon. As a cardiovascular and thoracic surgeon, I repair aortic dissections, I provide pre-
and post-operative care, treatment and orders. I am familiar with the physiological process of an aortic
dissection and know that any delay in diagnosis and treatment can lead to aortic rupture and death. I am
also familiar with the medical fact that if a patient receives timely and appropriate surgical treatment to
include the replacement of the aortic root and/or replacement of the aortic valve for a Type A aortic
dissection in a timely manner results in a superior and better outcome since a dissection can be halted and
repaired.
Standard of Care
It is my medical opinion that hospitalist, Dr. Nataraj Desai grossly departed and breached the
accepted standard of care and his departures in the standard of care resulted in the death of Mr. Andrade.
Dr. Desai was required and had a duty, based upon the patient's symptoms, clinical presentation,
and imaging studies:
1) to determine the proper diagnosis of the aortic dissection to initiate the proper treatment;
2) had a duty to immediately consult cardiovascular surgery the night of December 18,2011;
3) had a duty to immediately contact a medical center that would accept this patient for immediate
surgical treatment and to continue to coordinate and engage in those efforts by doctor to doctor
communication throughout Mr. Andrade's admission;
4) had a duty to simultaneously ensure that a cardiologist was actively involved in the medical
management of this particular type of aortic dissection, i.e., beta blockade and controlled
hypotension.
Breach and Causal Relationship
After accepting Mr. Andrade as a patient, the evening of December 18, 2011, Dr. Desai was
notified of the ascending aortic abdominal dissection, which was the second CT Angiogram study taken
the night of December 18, 2011. Clearly, on the morning of December 19, 2011 as demonstrated by the
repeat CT angiogram, a Type A dissection was present and required immediate surgical treatment. Time
was of the essence. Dr. Desai breached the standard of the care in the following manner:
1) He failed to properly determine the diagnosis an ascending aortic dissection when there is a CT
angiogram report at 8:00 P.M., December 18, 2011 confirming this and a confirmation of the
diagnosis the morning of December 19, 2011, which resulted in a treatment of medical
management versus the standard of care of an emergent surgical issue. He also breached the
Andrade, George
15 May 2014
Page 90f17
standard of care by ordering Lovenox, an anti-coagulant, which is contraindicated in an aortic
dissection patient;
2) He failed to immediately contact cardiovascular surgery the night of December 18, 2011 and the
morning of December 19,2011;
3) He failed to immediately contact a medical center that would accept this patient for immediate
surgical treatment and failed to continue to coordinate and engage in those efforts including
failing to answer calls from potential tertiary centers after six attempts. Transfer initiatives did not
begin until 24 hours after the patient was admitted with a known ascending aortic dissection.
Such initiatives were left to house supervisors and case management for 'days without follow up
by Dr. Desai;
4) He failed to ensure that a cardiologist was actively involved in the medical management and
consult of this particular type of aortic dissection, i.e., beta blockade and controlled hypotension
as there was not an "inpatient" cardiology consult until 2 days after admission to the hospital;
5) It is obvious from his clinical note that Dr. Desai was under the clinical impression that this
was an isolated descending thoracic dissection and could be medically managed, hence a
misdiagnosis, a delay and inappropriate consultation for an endovascular graft from vascular
surgeon Dr. Ruben Lopez. This failure resulted in continued dissection of the aortic root and
subsequent rupture with the death of Me. Andrade.
Those patients, like Mr. Andrade and his comorbidities, who receive immediate medical
treatment with beta blockade while undergoing timely preparation for cardiovascular surgical intervention
have superior and better outcomes as this dissection in reasonable medical probability, will more likely
than not, be halted and repaired.
The delay and failure to provide initial and subsequent care of Mr. Andrade resulted in
progression of the dissection to the well-known complication of rupture and death. Time is of the essence
and Dr. Desai failed to provide the standard of care for proper consult, transfer, proper diagnosis, and
medical treatment of an ascending, aortic dissection and failed to follow up or insure that Mr. Andrade
was provided care by a cardiothoracic surgeon at this hospital or at a tertiary center. Based upon
reasonable medical probabilities, had Dr. Desai provided an immediate cardiovascular surgical consult,
medical management of an aortic dissection or transferred Mr. Andrade for emergency surgery in a timely
manner, Mr. Andrade, based upon reasonable medical probability, would have more likely than not
survived.
I am familiar with the terms "negligence", "ordinary care" and "proximate cause". Based upon my
review of these records, and the foregoing analysis, it is my opinion, based on reasonable medical
probability, that Dr. Desai was negligent in his care and treatment of Mr. Andrade and it is further my
opinion that if Dr. Desai had not breached the applicable standard of care, Mr. Andrade's condition would
not have led to progressive decline and death... It is my further opinion that his negligence in delay of
consult, treatment and transfer as outlined above was a proximate cause of a free rupture and death. I
reserve the right to amend these opinions based on receipt of any further information or records which I
receive.
Andrade, George
15 May 2014
Page 10 of 17
Familiarity/Qualifications with the Standard of Care- RubenLopez, M.D.
I am a board certified cardiovascular and thoracic surgeon and have practiced in this specialty for
over 34 years. The illness or medical condition involved in Mr. Andrade's claim against the named
defendants is consistent with a Type A aortic dissection. As a board certified cardiovascular and thoracic
surgeon, I have specific knowledge, training and experience in the diagnosis, care and treatment of the
conditions involved in this claim. It is my understanding that Dr. Lopez is a general surgeon and
cardiovascular surgeon who was providing medical care to Mr. Andrade dudng his admission at
Harlingen Medical Center. I am familiar with the standard of care that applies to Dr. Lopez as it relates to
the diagnosis, care and treatment of a Type A aortic dissection because a tear of the aortic wall is a
medical condition which a cardiovascular surgeon is expected to recognize, diagnose, and treat. The
standard of care described below applies to any physician treating a patient suffering from an aortic
dissection. Furthermore, because of my background, training and qualifications as a cardiovascular and
thoracic surgeon, I have practical knowledge of what is usually and customarily done by cardiovascular
practitioners under the circumstances similar to those that confronted Dr. Ruben Lopez December 19,
2011, when he provided a consult.
Qualifications Regarding the Causal Relationship- Dr. Ruben Lopez, M.D.
As a board certified cardiovascular and thoracic surgeon, I have been trained and I am qualified
to diagnose, care for and treat patients suffering from aortic dissection. As a trained cardiovascular and
thoracic surgeon who repairs aortic dissection, I provide pre and post operative care, treatment and orders.
I am familiar with the physiological process of an aortic dissection and know that any delay in diagnosis
and treatment can lead to aortic rupture and death. I am also familiar with the medical fact that if a patient
receives timely and appropriate surgical treatment to include the replacement of the aortic root and for
replacement of the aortic valve for a Type A aortic dissection in a timely results in a superior and better
outcome since a dissection can be halted and repaired.
Standard of Care
It is my medical opinion that Dr. Ruben Lopez grossly departed and breached the accepted
standard of care and his departures in the standard of care resulted in the death of Mr. Andrade.
Dr. Lopez was required and had a duty, based upon the patient's symptoms, clinical presentation,
imaging studies and discussion with Dr. Hilmy:
1) to appreciate the urgency of the clinical situation and the urgent if not immediate surgical
treatment necessary for an ascending aortic dissection;
2) was required to obtain a consultation from a cardiovascular surgeon or to contact a hospital that
was capable of performing emergent aortic root surgery. Dr. Lopez, if not capable of performing
an urgent repair of an aortic dissection, had a duty as a consulting surgeon to obtain a surgical
consultation and transfer of Mr. Andrade to a higher level of care during Mr. Andrade's
admission and until he was transferred;
3) was required to communicate with the patient regarding his diagnosis, prognosis, reason for
transfer and treatment options to allow the patient to make informed decisions;
Andrade, George·
15 May 2014
Page 11 of 17
4) was required to complete the certificate of transfer and communicate with other consulting
surgeons capable of performing repair of this aortic dissection with a physician to physician call.
Breach and Causal Relationship
Dr. Lopez was called in as a consultant and did not meet with the patient yet recommended
transfer of the patient delegating such transfer without written order, communication with the patient, a
written consult, or documenting on a certificate of transfer the reason for the transfer. On December 19,
2011, it is documented by Nurse Janice Astom that case management was working on finding an
accepting hospital to which Dr. Lopez said, "no one will accept him because he is unfunded." At that
point, Dr. Lopez had not dictated a consult or progress notes that would assist potential accepting
physicians in recognizing the critical state of Mr. Andrade's rupture.
I) He failed to appreciate the urgency of the clinical situation and the urgent if not immediate
surgical treatment necessary for an ascending aortic dissection by failing to perform surgery
or to order an emergent transfer;
2) He failed to obtain a consultation from a cardiovascular surgeon or to contact a hospital that was
capable of performing emergent aortic root surgery. Dr. Lopez, if not capable of performing a
repair of an aortic dissection, had a duty as a consulting surgeon to obtain a surgical consultation
and transfer of Mr. Andrade to a higher level of care during Mr. Andrade's admission and until
he was transferred. This he failed to do for the next two days;
3) He failed to appropriately communicate with the patient regarding his diagnosis, prognosis,
reason for transfer and treatment options to allow the patient to make informed decisions knowing
the patient had not been transferred as the records are absent there was any communication by
a physician with Mr. Andrade on December 19,2011 about the necessity, urgency or reason for
transfer;
4) He failed to complete the certificate of transfer (he signed it), failed to document a consult or
progress note to assist in communicating the critical need for surgery and failed to communicate
with other consulting surgeons by a physician to physician call capable of performing repair
of this aortic dissection for the next two and half days deferring transfer initiatives of this
critically iII patient, who he had knowledge would have difficulty with a transfer, to case
management. Unfortunately this was not done resulting in continued dissection of the aortic root
and subsequent rupture with the death of Mr. Andrade.
Those patients, like Mr. Andrade and his comorbidities, who receive immediate medical
treatment with beta blockade while undergoing timely preparation for cardiovascular surgical intervention
have superior and better outcomes as this dissection in reasonable medical probability, will more likely
than not, be halted and repaired.
The delay and failure to provide initial and subsequent care and transfer of Mr. Andrade resulted
in progression of the dissection, with the known complication of rupture and death. Time is of the essence
and Dr. Lopez failed to provide the standard of care for proper treatment, consult and transfer by a
physician to physician call or a documented consult for an ascending aortic dissection and failed to follow
~7
Andrade, George
15 May 2014
Page 12 of 17
up or insure that Mr. Andrade was provided care by a cardiothoracic surgeon at this hospital or at a
tertiary center. Based upon reasonable medical probabilities, had Dr. Lopez provided an immediate
cardiothoracic surgical repair, cardiothoracic consult, medical management of an aortic dissection or
transferred Mr. Andrade for emergency surgery in a timely manner, Mr. Andrade, based upon reasonable
medical probability, would have more likely than not survived.
I am familiar with the terms "negligence", "ordinary care" and "proximate cause". Based upon my
review of these records, and the foregoing analysis, it is my opinion, based on reasonable medical
probability, that Dr. Lopez was negligent in his care and treatment of Mr. Andrade and it is further my
opinion if Dr. Lopez had not breached the applicable standard of care, Mr. Andrade's condition would not
have led to progressive decline and death. It is my further opinion that his negligence and failure to
transfer as outlined above was a proximate cause of a free rupture and death. I reserve the right to amend
these opinions based on receipt of any further information or records which I receive.
Familiarity/Qualifications with the Standard of Care- Shereef Hilmy, M.D.
I am a board certified cardiovascular and thoracic surgeon, and have practiced in this specialty for
over 34 years. I am also an experienced trauma and critical care surgeon. The illness or medical condition
involved in Mr. Andrade's claim against the named defendants is consistent with a Type A aortic
dissection. As a board certified cardiovascular and thoracic surgeon, I have specific knowledge, training
and experience in the diagnosis, care and treatment of the conditions involved in this claim. It is my
understanding that Dr. Hilmy is a cardiologist and internal medicine doctor, who was providing medical
care to Mr, Andrade upon his admission to Harlingen Medical Center. Although I am not a cardiologist or
internal medicine physician, I am nonetheless familiar with the standard of care that applies to Dr. Hilmy
as it relates to the diagnosis, care and treatment of a Type A aortic dissection because a tear of the aortic
wall is a medical condition which a cardiologist and internal medicine physician is expected to recognize
and diagnose, and the standard of care described below applies to any physician treating a patient
suffering from an aortic dissection. Furthermore, because of my background, training and qualifications
as a cardiovascular and thoracic surgeon, I am regularly and routinely consulted by cardiologists and
internal medicine physicians. I have practical knowledge of what is usually and customarily done by
other practitioners under the circumstances similar to those that confronted Dr. Hilmy on December 18,
2011 when he was agreed to assume care of Mr. Andrade, who had been diagnosed with an ascending
aortic dissection.
Qualifications Regarding the Causal Relationship- Dr. Shereef Hilmy
As a board certified cardiovascular and thoracic surgeon, I have been trained and I am qualified
to diagnose, care for and treat patients suffering from aortic dissection. I am also a trained trauma and
critical care surgeon. I am a cardiovascular and thoracic surgeon, who repairs aortic dissection, I provide
pre and post operative care, treatment and orders. I am familiar with the physiological process of an aortic
dissection and know that any delay in diagnosis and treatment can lead to aortic rupture and death. I am
also familiar with the medical fact that if a patient receives timely and appropriate surgical treatment for a
Type A aortic dissection, by first providing medical treatment of hypertension and beta blockade in a
timely manner results in a superior and better outcome since a dissection can be halted and repaired.
Standard of Care
Andrade, George
15 May 2014
Page 13 of 17
It is my medical opinion that cardiologist Dr. Hilmy grossly departed and breached the accepted
standard of care and his departures in the standard of care resulted in the death of Mr. Andrade.
1) Dr. Hilmy was required to assume care of the patient on December 19,2011 as agreed upon on
the night of December 18,2011. That night Mr. Andrade had been diagnosed with an ascending
aortic dissection. According to Dr. Yardley, Dr. Hilmy was to assume care of the patient the next
morning and based upon the patient's symptoms, clinical presentation, and imaging studies was to
do the following:
2) Dr. Hilmy was required immediately to obtain a cardiothoracic surgical consultation for
immediate surgical treatment of a Type A dissection. The clinical history, clinical presentation,
and imaging studies demonstrate an emergent surgical issue, the replacement of the aortic root
and/or replacement of the aortic valve;
3) Dr. Hilmy was required to provide sufficient beta blockade, control of hypertension, and instead
provided aspirin, which is contraindicated in patients with acute aortic dissection;
4) Dr. Hilmy was required to immediately seek transfer through a physician to physician
communication to a medical center that is capable of performing aortic surgery, which was
required at that point.
Breach and Casual Relationship
It is my medical opinion that cardiologist Dr. Shereef Hilmy grossly departed, breached and
deviated from the accepted standard of care one would expect from a cardiologist who is to assume care
from another cardiologist and treat a patient with an established diagnosis of a Type A aortic dissection. I
am quite bewildered that Mr. Andrade was not seen by cardiologist, Dr. Hilmy the following morning
of admission, December 19,2011, but rather December 20, 2011 (two days later) with physician assistant
Mr. Ismael Lopez, who both indicated at that point transfer should be considered.
1) Dr. Hilmy failed to assume care of this patient on December 19, 2011 as indicated by Dr.
Yardley, and delayed the assumption of this patient, with the exception of a telephone order for a
third CT angiogram, until December 20, 2011, when the patient had been admitted on December
18, 2011 and he was notified of the patient's admittance and diagnosis of an emergent surgical
issue of an ascending aortic dissection. His failure to assume care caused a further delay in proper
medical management as stated in 3) below and delay in surgical treatment, which was the
standard of care;
2) He failed to obtain a cardiothoracic surgical consultation for immediate surgical treatment of a
Type A dissection. The clinical history, clinical presentation, and imaging studies demonstrate an
urgent emergent surgical issue, the replacement of the aortic root and/or replacement of the aortic
valve and not a covered stent;
3) He failed to provide a sufficient beta blockade, control of hypertension, and instead provided
aspirin, which is contraindicated in patients with acute aortic dissection;
4) He failed to immediately order transfer of this patient on December 18th and 22nd, 2011 to a
Andrade, George
15 May 2014
Page 14 of 17
medical center that is capable of performing amtic surgery, or to find an accepting surgeon which
was required at that point. Again, according to the medical records I find no documentation that a
physician to physician communication between hospitals occurred to include Dr. Hilmy and
simply as referenced in the dictated note by Mr. Lopez "we are pending placement".
Those patients, like Mr. Andrade and his comorbidities, who receive immediate medical
treatment with beta blockade while undergoing timely preparation for cardiovascular surgical intervention
have superior and better outcomes as this dissection in reasonable medical probability, will more likely
than not, be halted and repaired.
Dr. Hilmy's departures from the accepted standard of care in the treatment of a patient with an
acute aortic dissection, delay in diagnosis, treatment and transfer, resulted in the predictable and
devastating rupture which occurred on the morning of December 22,2011, as described in the death note
by Dr. Desai and Dr. Hilmy. At that point, without the aforementioned surgical treatment, surgical
treatment that should have been performed in a timely manner, Mr. Andrade completed the natural course
of the disease process of aortic dissection with rupture and cardiac tamponade. Based upon reasonable
medical probabilities, had Dr. Hilmy provided an immediate cardiothoracic surgical consult, medical
management of an aortic dissection or transferred Mr. Andrade for emergency surgery in a timely
manner, Mr. Andrade, based upon reasonable medical probability, would have more likely than not
survived.
I am familiar with the terms "negligence", "ordinary care" and "proximate cause". Based upon my
review of. these records, arid the foregoing analysis, it is my opinion, based on reasonable medical
probability, that Dr. Hilmy was negligent in his care and treatment of Mr. Andrade and it is further my
opinion if Dr. Hilmy had not breached the applicable standard of care, Mr. Andrade's condition would not
have led to progressive decline and death. It is my further opinion that his negligence in delay of
diagnosis, consults, treatment and transfer for three and half days, as outlined above was a proximate
cause of a free rupture and death. I reserve the right to amend these opinions based on receipt of any
further information or records which I receive.
Familiarity/Qualifications with the Standard of Care- Harlingen Medical Center -Mary Torres, RN,
Heather S. RN and Debbie Mendoza, RN, Case Management Staff to include House Supervisors
I am a board certified cardiovascular and thoracic surgeon, and have practiced in this specialty for
over 34 years. I admit patients to the hospital for surgery and care for patients who remain in the hospital
for pre and post operative care on medical and surgical units as well as intensive care units. I am a
practicing trauma and critical care surgeon and in my experience have worked with accepting or receiving
patients for transfer. I have worked with case management teams, transfer teams and am familiar with
hospital policies; have experience with JCHAO quality assurance programs and standards relating to
doctor to doctor communication when transferring a patient in these settings for over 34 years. I am
familiar with the standard of care for nurses who are caring for patients such as Mr. Andrade. I also rely
on these case management teams to coordinate physician to physician calls and to communicate with me
when transfers are declined. The nurses and social workers need to report failed efforts regarding transfer
to the patient's physicians and if there is lack of treatment, orders or care for that patient, the nurses have a
duty to institute the chain of command by advising a supervisor, chief of staff or hospital administrator.
Qualifications Regarding the Causal Relationship- Harlingen Medical Center -Mary Torres, RN, Heather
Andrade, George
15 May 2014
Page 15 of 17
S. RN and Debbie Mendoza, RN, Case Management Staff to include House Supervisors
As a board certified cardiovascular and thoracic surgeon, I have been trained and am qualified to
diagnose, care for and treat patients suffering from aortic dissection. I am also a trauma and critical care
surgeon. I am a trained cardiovascular and thoracic surgeon who repairs aortic dissection, I provide pre
and post operative care, treatment and orders. I am familiar with the physiological process of an aortic
dissection and know that any delay in diagnosis and treatment can lead to aortic rupture and death. I am
also familiar with the medical fact that if a patient receives timely and appropriate surgical treatment to
include the replacement of the aortic root and for replacement of the aortic valve for a Type A aortic
dissection in a timely results in a superior and better outcome since a dissection can be halted and
repaired.
Standard of Care Harlingen Medical Center -Mary Torres, RN, Heather S. RN and Debbie
Mendoza, RN, Case Management Staff to include House Supervisors
During Mr. Andrade's admission, on December 19, 2011, his treating physicians ordered transfer
to Memorial Hermann Hospital in Houston. Case management, which included hospital administration
and case managers and house supervisors, who were registered nurses were delegated the task of
transferring Mr. Andrade.
1) Case management to include House Supervisors and nurses, are to require the transferring
physician to complete the physician certification for transfer describing the reason for transfer,
the diagnosis, the category of urgency of the transfer and what treatment was necessary for the
patient and to act immediately when coordinating critically ill patients;
2) Case management is to coordinate or require physician to physician communication for the
transfer;
3) Case management is to communicate with the patient's physicians when transfer is declined to
seek other facilities;
4) Case management is required to institute the chain of command if the treating physicians are not
participating in active efforts to surgically treat or transfer a patient such as Mr. Andrade.
Breach and Causal Relationship
Mary Torres, RN, Heather S. RN and Debbie Mendoza, RN, Case Management Staff to include House
Supervisors The case management staff at Harlingen Medical Center had a duty to emergently coordinate
transfer of this critically ill patient in conjunction with the patient's physicians.
The Harlingen Medical Center Staff and case management staff at Harlingen Medical Center:
1) Torres, RN failed to obtain the transferring physician's completion of certification or any other
documentation describing the reasons for transfer, the diagnosis, the category of urgency of the
transfer or what treatment was necessary for the patient;
2) Torres, RN, Heather S. RN, and Mendoza, RN failed to notify the patient's physicians or
R1
Andrade, George
15 May 2014
Page 16 of 17
attending of the same hospital's repeated decline to seek orders for a different facility;
3) Torres, RN, Heather S. RN, and Mendoza, RN failed to coordinate a physician to physician
communication with surgeons at accepting hospitals;
4) Torres, RN, Heather S. RN, and Mendoza, RN failed to contact a supervisor, chief of staff or
case manager, about the repeated failures to transfer a critically ill patient or to report the lack of
participation by the patient's physicians in effectuating a transfer. For three days the case
managers led Mr. Andrade to believe he was pending transfer when he was quickly declined by
two facilities and continued to repeatedly call only two other facilities, which had repeatedly
declined Mr. Andrade. Case management made no effort to contact any other facilities on
Monday, December 19, when he was declined or to seek further orders from physicians on
December 20, 2011, when he was declined or on December 21st when repeatedly declined by the
same hospitals. Mr. Andrade continued to progressively deteriorate until his death the following
day.
Those patients, like Mr. Andrade and his cornorbidities, who receive immediate medical
treatment with beta blockade while undergoing timely preparation for cardiovascular surgical intervention
have superior and better outcomes as this dissection in reasonable medical probability, will more likely
than not, be halted and repaired.
Harlingen Medical Center and its staffs delay and failure to provide and arrange for providing
immediate surgery within the capabilities of the hospital and medical staff, arranging for an emergent and
proper transfer of Mr. Andrade to a tertiary center as ordered by physicians as outlined above and in a
timely manner resulted in progression of the dissection, with the known complication of rupture and
death. Time is of the essence and Harlingen Medical Center and its staff failed to provide the standard of
care for proper treatment within its capabilities and emergent transfer by a physician to physician call or a
documented consult for an ascending aortic dissection and failed to follow up or insure that Mr. Andrade
was provided care by a cardiothoracic surgeon at this hospital or at a tertiary center. Based upon
reasonable medical probabilities, had Harlingen Medical Center and its staff arranged for treatment at its
hospital or an emergent transfer to a tertiary center in a timely manner, Mr. Andrade, based upon
reasonable medical probability, would have more likely than not survived.
I am familiar with the terms "negligence", "ordinary care", and "proximate cause". Based upon
my review of these records, and the foregoing analysis, it is my opinion, based on reasonable medical
probability, that the administration and case management staff of Harlingen Medical Center were
negligent in the care and treatment of Mr. George Andrade and it is further my opinion if the case
management staff had not breached the applicable standard of care on December 19th, 20th, 21st and 22nd ,
Mr. Andrade's condition would not have led to a subsequent ruptured aorta and death. It is my further
opinion that their negligence in delay of diagnosis and substandard care as outlined above was a
proximate cause of his progressive deterioration, free aortic rupture and death. I reserve the right to
amend these opinions based on receipt of any further information or records which I receive.
Therefore, in summary it is my medical opinion that the physicians, Dr. Yardley, Dr. Desai, Dr.
Lopez, and Dr. Hilmy and the Harlingen Medical Center Hospital to include Mary Torres, RN, Heather
S. RN and Debbie Mendoza RN, grossly departed and deviated from the accepted standards of care one
would expect in the treatment of a patient with a Type A aortic dissection. It is my opinion that Mr.
Andrade, George
15 May 2014
Page 17 of 17
Andrade's aortic rupture ultimately occurred due to lack of surgical intervention and available care in a
timely manner. It is my opinion Mr. Andrade's dissection was surgically treatable. Dr. Yardley, Dr.
Desai, Dr. Lopez, and Dr. Hilmy and the Harlingen Medical Center Hospital to include Mary Torres, RN,
Heather S. RN and Debbie Mendoza RN and their breach of the standards of care caused or contributed to
the ultimate outcome of the rupture of the aorta and death.
Communication for this type of disease process is physician to physician from sending to
receiving hospital and should not ever be left to "case management personnel" as this patient suffered a
lethal disease process and time was of the essence to prevent his death. The physicians and the Hospital
had a duty to ensure Mr. George Andrade was treated at the standard of care for a Type A aortic
dissection and was not allowed to flounder and subsequently expire from a preventable disease process.
I reserve the right to amend or supplement my opinions in the future if new or undisclosed
information, additional medical records or additional deposition testimony becomes available for my
review. If you have any questions after your review of this medical opinion please do not hesitate to
contact me.
Sincerely yours,
OJ~M)
Carl W. Adams, M.D., FACS, FACCP
Cardiovascular, Thoracic, and Trauma Surgery
Surgical Critical Care
Cause No~ 13-14-00700-CV consolidated with Cause No. 13-15-00119-CV
APPENDIX 5
TO ApPELLANT'S BRIEF
9200 West WisconsinAvenue
Milwaukee, WI 53226
~
DICAL
OLLEGED
June27, 2014 HYSICIANS
414-80S·(i300 phone
414-80S-7967 fax
Laura Tamez
111 Soledad Ste 1900
San Antonio, Texas 78205
Re: Rosa Andrade, et. al. v. Harlingen Medical Center, et. al,
DearMs. Tamez:
My name Is Daniel DeBehnke MD, MBA. I am a physician licensed by the State of Wisconsin. I am
Board Certified by the American Board of Emergency Medicine. My primary professional responsibility is
ChiefExecutive Officer of a MultispeclaltyGroup Practice in Milwaukee, WI and I also continue to practice
Emergency Medicine at our regional trauma center. I am founder and medical director of a transfer and
access center for a major level 1 trauma center and academic medical center and was Senior Medical
Directorfor Hospital Services for a large level 1 trauma center and academic medical center. I have served
on journal review for the Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Safety and presently serve on journal
review of the Journal of Healthcare Management. I am also a memberof the American College of Health
Care Executives. I have served on the Medical College of Wisconsin Patient Care Services Committee and
the Service Quality Committee, the Froedtert Hospital Inpatient Services Steering Committee serving as
Co-chair, Safety Committee, Joint Legal and Compliance committee, and I am published in the Annals of
Emergency Medicine on interhospltaltransfers.
As an emergency medicine physician, I have extensive experience In the diagnosis, management
and treatment of cardiovascular emergencies including aortic dissection, aortic rupture and conditions
similar to it. i am presently a professor with the Department of Emergency Medicine at the Medical
College of Wisconsin. I have published articles and presented on the topic area of cardiac emergencies. My
opinions expressed herein are based on my education, training, and clinical experience as a medical
director and emergency physician caring for patients In the same or similar situations as Mr. George
Andrade. My attached curriculum vitae lists my full qualifications to render opinions In this case and is
attached and Incorporated aspart of this report.
All of the opinions expressed In this report are based upon my education, knowledge, training, and
experience and are also based upon review of the documents presented for review listed below. All of the
opinions expressed in this report are based upon reasonable medical probability. I am familiar with the
accepted standard of care for the emergent evaluation, management and treatment of conditions like or
similar to those experienced by George Andrade, Including but not limited to his comorbldltles and aortic
71
dissection. I am familiar with the accepted standards of care for emergent transfer to include appropriate
hospital management and the necessary coordination between case managers and physicians for patients
in need of emergent transfer to a higherlevel of care not available at the current facility. I am also famillar
with the compUcations of a surgically untreated ascending aortic dissection Including deterioration of the
patient, rupture and death. I am actively practicing health care now and was practicing at the time Mr.
Andrade suffered aortic rupture and death.
I routinely am engaged In caring for adults with complex medical and emergent Issues In hospital
settings. I am knowledgeable about the standards of care that are applicable to physicians, nurses, and
hospital administrators who are Involved In making decisions regarding hospital capabilities and availability
of medical staff. I have dealt with this type of event throughout my own practice. I also routinely interact
with nursing case managers and nursing house supervisors In the area of transfer and patient care plan
coordination.
At your request, I have reviewed the medica I records of George Andrade asfollows:
Hospitalization at Harlingen Medical Center from 12/18/11-12/22/11
At your request, I provide the following opinions relating to the standard of care applicable to
nursing case managers, nursing house supervisors and nurses and Harlingen Medical Center.
Review of Facts
Mr. Andrade presented to the Harlingen Medical Center Emergency Department (ED) at 15:32 on
12/18/11 with a chief complaint of chest pain. He had stable vital signs and underwent diagnostic
evaluation and was found to have a Type 1 Ascending Aortic Dissection, which requires emergent repair.
He was evaluated in the ED by Dr. Yardley and admitted to the ICU under the care of Dr. Desai. According
to the orders of Dr. Yardley, Dr. Hilmy isto be the attendingcardiologist.
The following day, on 12/19/2011, at 1130, a case management staff member with Harlingen
Medical Center, Boravy Maloy, RN met with Mr. Andrade regarding discharge planning. The Initial
discharge plan for Mr. Andrade was to be discharged home, although there had been a finding of a Type 1
ascending aortic dissection. Mr. Andrade was seen by Dr. Lopez, who was apparently consulted for
possible surgical repair. Although there Is no documented note by Dr. Lopez regarding his evaluation of
Mr. Andrade and his recommendations, the nursing and case management notes state that Dr. Lopez did
not actually speak with Mr. Andrade because the patient was In the shower. Dr. Lopez did recommend that
he be transferred to another facillty for surgical repair. There is not a written or dictated consult by Dr.
Lopez. Dr. Hilmy did not showup on 12/19/2011. Hedid place a telephone order for Intravenous fluids and
CT scan of the thoracicand abdominal aorta. There Is no written consult by Dr. Hilmy. However, through a
phone conversation, Dr. Hllmyand Dr. Desai agreed to transfer Mr. Andrade to Houston at approximately
1325. The chart Is void of the reason for transfer. The chart is void of whether the patient Is stable for
discharge. The chart Isvoid of an informed consent for transfer signed bvthe patient. It Is not until 15:15
that a transfer is Initiated by Heather 5., a house supervisor at Harlingen Medical Center (HMC). There is
2
an
no documentation of a doctor to doctor call. There is no documentation that a cardiology or cardiovascular
surgical consult was provided to the receiving hospital communicating the emergent need for surgery, the
type and the reason. The only dictated consult appears to be that of a history and physical dictated by Dr.
Desaithat shows a descending aortic dissection with a recommended treatment of endolumlnal graft. This
one consult note would communicate the wrong diagnosis and treatment requested. In addition, the
physician certification for transfer Is signed by a physician, but Is void of documentation regarding the
summary of benefits and the summary of risks. Again, the chart does not show the patient was Informed of
benefits or risk of transfer or risks of not being transferred. The release of medical records signed on that
day at 15:30, Indicates the type of service needed at Memorial Hermann Hospital was an ICU bed. Within
twenty minutes, Heather 5., house supervisor with Harlingen Medical Center knew that Mr. Andrade was
rejected for financial reasons. She made no attempt to find another facility. Heather 5., house supervisor
for HMC, does not document communication with any physician about the patient being rejected for
transfer or calling the attending to secure an order to a different facility nor does she document an
alternative plan for transfer. At 14:00, Nurse Astom documented that Dr. Lopezsaid "no one would accept
him because he's unfunded." Heather 5., does not call anyone until 1700 hours. She calls Debbie
Mendoza, a registered nurse, with HMC, to inform her that the family is questioning a cash deposit
requested by Houston. Heather 5., contacts Memorial Hermann Hospital to request a quote at 1800 hours.
There is no documentation of communication between Ms. Mendoza RN, Heather 5., RN, Mary Torres RN
or any other case management personnel to a physician requesting a physician order to transfer the
patient to another facility on December 19, 2011. There is one attempt to contact a family member at
1815, who does not answer. Ms. Mendoza, RN, Is made aware. There are no further efforts by Harlingen
Medical Center's nursing case management staff, house supervisor or any member of hospital
administration to carry out the physician's order of a transfer to a hospital In Houston when there Is a
critically ill patient needing surgical repair of a dissected aorta. There Is no documentation the patient was
offered an alternative plan or Informed of the risk of not being transferred. All efforts appear to have
ceased for the night.
Dr. Hilmy, a cardiologist, did not evaluate the patient until December 20, 2011. He recommended
transfer to a tertiary center such as Methodist Hospital, Memorial Hermann or Texas Heart Institute. H e
further notes they are pending placement. At that time, there are no documented ongoing efforts by any
hospital staff to a tertiary center, although there remained an outstanding order. There are no
documented efforts to contact the family for approximately fifteen hours. At 10:00, Mary Torres, RN
documents that a care plan was discussed with the case manager, Dr. Desai, a primary nurse and Dr. Hllmy,
via phone per the director of the 2nd floor. At 10:45. , Dr. Desai again orders transfer to a higher level of
care for "emergent CT surgery for ascending aortic dissection". Nurse Torres documents review of Dr.
Hiimy's progress note. NotWithstanding the order for "emergent" transfer, Nurse Torres does not
document efforts to transfer until 1225. Memorial Hermann hospital, the center which declined Mr.
Andrade almost twenty-four hours prior, was contacted again. No other hospitals are contacted. At 1250,
Nurse Torres notes she finally spoke to the family about the quote and they could not pay. There is no
Indication any medical records to Include consults or progress notes by Dr. Hllmy or Dr. Desai are provided
to Memorial Hermann on this day. There is no documentation there was a doctor to doctor call
3
Q1
coordinated by Nurse Torres. At 13:00, Memorial Hermann's transfer coordinator returned the call. Nurse
Torres documents the following exchange: "Deborah returned call, per her surgeon, case Is urgent and not
emergent or else it would have been done yesterday" it stands as quoted. Nurse Torres notes that Mr.
Andrade's case was denied. Mr. Andrade has been an Inpatient nearing 48 hours and there Is no
documentation of a physician to physician call for emergent transfer to provide him the opportunity for
surgical treatment. At 13:25, on December 20, 2011, Nurse Torres, for the first time, contacts a second
hospital. There Is no documentation a doctor to doctor call was Initiated. There is no documentation there
was a search to find an accepting physician. By 1400 hours, Nurse Torres was made aware UTMB had no
capacity and the transfer was declined. Nurse Torres does not document she communicated with any
physician or hospital administrator or supervisor after Mr. Andrade was declined by Memorial Hermann or
UTMB Galveston. At 1445, Nurse Torres contacts a Methodist hospital In San Antonio. San Antonio's
transfer coordinator requested a physician to physician call. There does not appear to be any medical
records forwarded to San Antonio as a HIPPA authorization Is not signed until 1453. At 1525, San Antonio's
coordinator calls Nurse Torres requesting patient information and a phone number for the attending
physician. Clearly, this effort was not coordinated by Nurse Torres upon request at 1445. At 1535, San
Antonio's coordinator advises Nurse Torres that Dr. Desai did not answer the call after 6 attempts. Nurse
Torres was able to reach Dr. Desai and provided him with San Antonio's phone number for the first
documented physician to physician call. By 1600, Nurse Torres was made aware that subsequent to the
discussion between Dr. Desaiand Dr. Knight, Knight did not accept the patient. By 1610, Nurse Torres was
made aware there was no accepting physician at Methodist Hospital. It was the transfer coordinator In San
Antonio who connected Nurse Torres to University Hospital. Although Nurse Torres documents
information was provided to University, their transfer coordinator called back requesting insurance
Information. By 1650, Mr. Andrade's transfer was declined because he was out of the county and had no
Insurance. Again, no physician to physician call was attempted to communicate the need for an emergent
transfer. Nurse Torres does not document communicating to any physician or administrator she Is unable
to carry out the physician's order to ernergentlv transfer a critically III patient. She documents advising T.
Wood, case manager "of the above". Transfer efforts cease at 1650. There are no further attempts by
Harlingen Medical Center or Its nursing or administrative staff to carry out two physician orders to
emergently transfer this patient to a tertiary center to provide him the opportunity for surgery. There Is no
documentation any attempts are made to contact other cardlothoraclc surgeons In the area or statewide
to obtain treatment for Mr. Andrade. There Is no documentation Mr. Andrade or his family are made
aware of the risks involved in Harlingen Medical Center's failed efforts. All efforts cease for the night.
The morning of December 21,2011, Dr. Hllmy dictates a progress note that Mr. Andrade Is "being
evaluated by different centers and being considered for transfer" and "we are awaiting transfer and
arrangements are being made for a center In San Antonio or Houston." The last efforts made to transfer
Mr. Andrade to Houston and San Antonio that are documented, were the day prior at 1300 and 1600
hours, respectively. He had been declined and no other attempt was made to transfer to San Antonio or
Houston. At 10:30, Nurse Torres contacts Methodist Hospital In San Antonio, the same hospital which
declined Mr. Andrade the day prior due to no accepting physician. There Is no Indication Nurse Torres
coordinated a physician to physician call. San Antonio Methodist stated Mr. Andrade's case was processed
4
01")
and declined. The transfer coordinator Indicated she would attempt to find a surgeon. Nurse Torres did not
make any other attempt to transfer Mr. Andrade to another hospital. At 1330, San Antonio Methodist
returned the call to state there was no accepting surgeon. At 1600, Nurse Torres contacts Memorial
Hermann again and the patient Is declined a third time. There Is no documentation Nurse Torres
communicated her failure to carry out the transfer order with any physician or her supervisor to seek an
alternative plan for transfer. At 1645, Nurse Torres notes "will cont. to F/U." There Is no documentation
thereafter she advocated for her patient to transfer him or to Institute the chain of command that her
patient was not surgically treated or that she made any further attempt to carry out the transfer orders.
There Is not a cancellation of the transfer order. At 1915, patient care notes Indicate there Is a nurse case
manager updating the family regarding the progress of transfer. Such progress was nonexistent at that
point.
From nursing and case management notes It appears that several hospitals were contacted
regarding transfer but either they did not have capacity or required payment in advance because of the
patient's lack of 3rd party payer Insurance. There Is no documentation regarding Mr. Andrade or his family
being fully Informed of the emergent nature of his condition and the need for immediate surgical repair.
Mr. Andrade's vital signs remained stable throughout his hospitalization until he collapsed on 12/22/11
and was not resuscitated.
Familiaritv with Standard of Care for Harlingen Medical Center and HMC's Nursing Case Managers.
House Supervisors and Administrative Staff, Marla Torres. RN. Debbie Mendoza. RN and Heather S" RN
I am familiar with the standard of care applicable to the hospital administration and other health
care professionals (such as nurse case managers, house supervisors, hospital administrators and primary
nurses) working with and who are Involved In the process of obtaining consults or transfers for a patient,
who encounter an unexpected, incidental or reported finding of medical significance that require further
medical management or follow up evaluation, transfer and/or care In patients such as Mr. Andrade. As
senior medical director of hospital services for Wisconsin Medical Coliege, I am familiar with the standard
of care of hospital administrative policies and procedures relating to hospital capabilities, medical staffing,
specialist services to be provlded based upon that which Is represented to the community and through my
experience as founder and medical director of a transfer and access center for a major level 1 trauma
center, Medical College of Wlsconsln/Froedtert Hospital Access Center. This Access Center Is a 24/7 center
for patient transfers, phvstclan consultations, patient referrals and for specific physician contact by
department. I am Involved in the Implementation and enforcement of hospital transfer policies, patient
flow, decision-making on hospital capabilities, staffing of physicians/consults and communication amongst
clinicians and nursing case management to include nurses and administration. As former Chief Officer of
Clinical Integration at Medical College of Wisconsin, I was responsible for Wisconsin health system
partners to develop a regional Integrated health care delivery model to ensure the highest levels of patient
care by partnerlng both the College's clinical and administrative leaders and those of Froedtert Health. As
Senior Medical Director of Hospital Services, I participated In administrative decision making and
recommended implemented and approved policies and procedures as they related to specialist referrals,
physician staffing, hospital capabilities and hospital to hospital transfers to achieve the best level of care
5
a~
for patients similar to circumstances faced by Mr. Andrade at Harlingen Medical Center. I routinely work
with hospital administrators on committees relating to quality health and safety and Inpatient services
regarding patient safety, patient rights and;
In my experience as founder and director of a transfer and access center and as senior medical
director for hospital services, I routinely work with nurse case managers, house supervisors, primary
nurses and hospital administrators/ have supervised nursing case managers/ house supervisors and
primary nurses in that setting, and presently/ implement, supervise and enforce procedures to follow
under circumstances similar to those encountered by the Harlingen Medical Center case managers and
house supervisor. In the normal course of practice I rely on the case management nurses to properly
assess/ plan, implement/ coordinate, interact/ monitor and evaluate patients and follow physician transfer
orders. I rely on these case management nurses to coordinate physician to physician calls/ keep me
informed of obstacles and delays in emergency transfers and to provide alternative resources or plans In
coordinating the effort. I also rely on these nurses to use clinical judgment to perform their duties In a
timely manner when a patient's surgical treatment Is dependent upon emergent transfer of that patient. If
the case management nurse is delayed by a physician or other facility, the case management nurse Is to
pursue the chain of command as dictated by the hospital and in each of these contexts, and because of my
experience In each/ I am familiar with the standard of care applicable to their clinical responslblllties In
such conditions through my experience as listed above.
I am familiar with the standard of care relating to hospital operations and services that apply
to hospital staffing decisions, I have an experience and knowledge hospital administrative policies and
procedures as it they relate to integrating medical professional resources in the community and have
experience and knowledge in hospital operations pertaining to inter-facility transfer policies, formulations
and Implementation of those policies and procedures and standards for patients such as Mr. Andrade, who
are diagnosed with an a type 1 aortic dissection.
Therefore, I am familiar with the standard of care for nursing case managers/ house supervisors
and primary nurses and hospital administrators with regard to the responsibilities, duties and expectations
a hospital provides to patients, and for the prevention and treatment of the illness Involved In the claim,
which is a type 1 aortic dissection.
Standard of Care Applicable to Harlingen Medical Center's Nursing Case Managers, Nursing
House Supervisors and Hospital Administrative Staff. Marla Torres, RN, Heather S., RN, Debbie Mendoza.
RN and Terri Wood
The goal of a healthcare team to include physicians and nursing case management is patient flow
and safety operations to minimize delays and miscommunications while improving patient safety. Nursing
case managers organize and coordinate physician services and services provided by other professionals as
relating to patient care within a healthcare system. It Is not an 8 to 5 Job, especially when dealing with
emergency patients such as Mr. George Andrade. Nursing case managers and house supervisors, who are
registered nurses have duties relating to patient assessment, planning/ Implementation of a plan/
6
nA
evaluation and interaction and communication with the patient, patlent's family, and physicians when
carrying out a patient's healthcare plan based upon physician orders and/or hospital policles and
procedures. In the event of a transfer of a critically III patient such as Mr. Andrade, who has been
diagnosed with an ascending aortic dissection needing emergent surgical repair, a nursing case manager
and house supervisor's standard of care is to:
• Assist the patient in the safe transfer of care to the most appropriate level as ordered by the
physlclan to Include obtaining a completed patient certification from the physician, coordinating a
physician to physician call especially when there is no available documented consult; providing all
medical records and requiring a physician to physician call so there is no miscommunication about
the level of transfer needed; the treatment needed, the consult needed and bed type needed;
Determine If the patient's transfer is emergent or non-emergent to prioritize transfer needs and
communications with other facilities and resources; determining the patient's reason for transfer
to advocate for a patient by following the chain of command when a patient's care needs are not
being met;
• Identify and facilitate options and services for meeting a patient's healthcare needs by utilizing
patient transfer agreements, by seeking other facilities when a receiving hospital declines a patient
or by contacting a physician or hospital administrator to request another option for transfer
especially when faced with an emergent patient transfer;
• Advocate for patient to facilitate a positive outcome by Instituting the chain of command and
communicating with physicians and hospital administration when obstacles In patient care or
transfer present themselves such as when transfer cannot be made ernergentlv, a physician does
not engage in locating an accepting physician or physicians delay in ordering other transfer options
to prevent jeopardizing a patient's care;
• Empower the patient to problem solve by exploring care options and alternative plans by obtaining
a patient's informed consent of transfer, reason for transfer, keeping the patient informed of
delays and instituting problem-solvlng techniques with attending physicians or hospital
administration to overcome delays;
• Educate the patient on treatment payment options at other facilities complete with contact
Information and community resources along with being honest and candid with the patient about
repeated rejections by facillties so timely and Informed decisions could be made;
• Facilitate communication and coordination of the patient's emergent transfer until the patient Is
appropriately transferred- this Is a 24/7 approach necessitating paging on-call nursing case
managers, house supervisors, risk managers, or other hospital administrators to continue efforts
to transfer a critically ill patient.
7
I have been asked to consider the following definitions:
"Negligence," when used with respect to the conductof HMC and its employees, Maria Torres, RN,
Debbie Mendoza, RN, Heather S. and Terri Woods means failure to use ordinary care, that is, failing to do
that which a physician of ordinary prudence would have done under the same or similar circumstances or
doing that which a physician of ordinary prudence wouid not have done under the same or similar
circumstances. "Ordinary care," when used with respect to the conduct of HMC and its employees, Marla
Torres, RN, Debbie Mendoza, RN, Heather S. and Terri Woods means that degree of care that a registered
nurse and case manager/house supervisor of ordinary prudence would use under the same or similar
circumstances.
"Proximate cause," when used with respect to the conduct of HMC and its employees, Maria
Torres, RN, Debbie Mendoza, RN, Heather S. and Terri Woods means that cause which, In a natural and
continuous sequence, produces an event, and without which cause such event would not have occurred. In
order to be a proximate cause, the act or omission complained of must be such that a physician using
ordinary care would have foreseen that the event, or some similar event, might reasonably result there
from. There may be more than proximate cause of an event.
Breach of the Standard of Care by Harlingen Medical Center'sNursingCase Managers. Nursing
House Supervisors and Hospital Administrative Staff. Marla Torres.RN. Heather SO! RN. DebbieMendoza.
RN and Terri Wood
It Is my opinion that Harlingen Medical Center and its employees, Nursing Case Managers, Nursing
House Supervisors and Hospital Administrative Staff, Marla Torres, RN, Heather S., RN, Debbie Mendoza!
RN and Terri Wood breached the standard of care under these circumstances in the following manner:
• Failure to assist the patient in the safe transfer of care to the most appropriate level as ordered by
the physician to Include obtaining a completed patient certification from the physician,
coordinating a physician to physician call especially when there is no available documented
consult; provldtng all medical records and requiring a physician to physician call so there is no
miscommunication about the level of transfer needed; the treatment needed, the consult needed
and bed type needed. There is no Informed consent signed by the patient, a blank physician
certification is utilized to find an accepting hospital! one documented physician to physician callis
made over three days, clear, lack of communication from HMC to the potential receiving hospitals
to Include the wrong diagnosis of descending aortic dissection, failure to obtain and provide to
accepting hospitals physician consults dictating the patient needs emergent surgery of the aorta.
Failure to carry out a physician order Is violation of hospital policy and a violation of the standard
of care. These numerous failures resulted in a delay of transfer, treatment and ultimate death of
Mr. Andrade.
Failure to determine If the patient's transfer Is emergent or non-emergent to prioritize transfer
needs and communications with other facilities and resources; determining the patient's reason
8
oa
for transfer to advocate for a patient by following the chain of command when a patient's care
needs or transfer are not being met as here where a call is made to Memorial Hospital without a
physician to physician call, no proper documentation of the reason for transfer, no informed
consent, no financial Information, no Indication the transfer is emergent and no advocacy on the
part of Maria Torres RN, Heather 5., RN or Debbie Mendoza RN to contact a hospital administrator,
chief officer of nursing, chief of staff, or other administrator to advise there was a critically ill
patient who was not receiving the ordered care;
Failure to identify and facilitate options and services for meeting a patient's healthcare needs by
utilizing patient transfer agreements, by seeking other facilities when a receiving hospital declines
a patient or by contacting a physician or hospital administrator to request another option for
transfer especially when faced with an emergent patient transfer as shown by a failure of HMCs
employees to mention a transfer agreement or to seek other facilities in the local area or state of
Texas;
Failure to advocate for Mr. Andrade to facilitate a positive outcome by instituting the chain of
command and communicating with physicians and hospital administration when obstacles in
patient care or transfer present themselves such as when transfer cannot be made ernergentlv, a
physician does not engage In locating an accepting physician or physicians delay In ordering other
transfer options to prevent Jeopardizing a patient's care such as the case here. Neither Maria
Torres, RN, Heather 5., RN nor Debbie Mendoza, RN document calling anyone to advise the patient
has been declined and needs other options to carry out the care plan and physician orders. When
Dr. Hllmv, Dr. Desai or Dr. Lopez would not engage In doctor to doctor calls, supervisors or
administration were not contacted to report this. A doctor to doctor call would ensure
communication of the emergent need for transfer;
Failure to empower the patient to problem solve by exploring care options and alternative plans by
obtaining a patient's informed consent of transfer, reason for transfer, keeping the patient
Informed of delays and Instituting problem-solving techniques with the patient, attending
physicians or hospital administration to overcome delays in a timely manner. While HMCs case
managers would advise Mr. Andrade of declines In some instances, alternatives and risk were not
discussed with the patient based upon the notes. Dr. Hilmy continued to document that Mr.
Andrade was pending placement when there were no efforts by case management to place him at
the time and Indicating a clear lack of communication between the healthcare team;
• Failure to educate the patient on treatment payment options at other facilities complete with
contact Information and community resources along with being honest and candid with the
patient about repeated rejections by facilities so timely and Informed decisions could be made.
Neither Nurse Mendoza, Torres nor Heather 5., document providing the patient with resources for
funding at these other facilities;
9
Q7
Failure to facilitate communication and coordination of the patient's emergent transfer until the
patient is appropriately transferred- this Is a 24/7 approach necessitating paging on-call nursing
case managers, house supervisors, risk managers, or other hospital administrators to continue
efforts to transfer a critically ill patient. Efforts to transfer Mr. Andrade In need of emergent
surgery would cease between the hours of 1600-1800 until the next morning at 10:00 In light of
hospitals having on-call case managers and transfer coordinators twenty-four hours a day and 7
days a week. One attempt was made to contact a family member In the evening during the first
date of transfer attempts.Transfers do not just occur duringthe day. Emergencies and progression
of critical Illnesses continue after the day shift leaves. Nurse Torres Indicated on December 21st
she would continue to follow up. There Is no documentation she did. Waiting hours until the next
day to resume emergency transfer efforts as the HMC case management staff did for three nights
in a row resulted in a delay of transfer andtreatment for Mr. Andrade and a disregard for hiscare.
My opinion is that Marla Torres, RN, Heather S., RN, Debbie Mendoza, RN and Terri Wood failed to
protect and advocate for Mr. Andrade by allOWing him to remain without any provision for surgical
treatment or emergent transfer. The nurses oniy attempted transfer during the day shift, when access to
emergent transfers to receiving tertiary centers are 24/7 for emergencies. The transfer order was never
cancelled and not carried out by the HMC nurses in charge of transfer by a physician to physician call,
propercommunication with receiving hospital regarding the type of transfer and whether it was emergent
or non-emergent, no Informed consent or communication with the patient, no communication with
physicians and no effort to institute the chain of command seeking assistance with the transfer of this
patient resulting in hisdeath.
Standard of Care Applicable to Harlingen Medical Center
Harlingen Medical Center holds Itself out to the community as havlng expertise in cardiac care and
cardiothoraclc surgery bythe following statements taken from their website:
CARDIOVASCULAR CARE SERVICES:
• Operating suites dedicated to heart and vascular surgery
• Cardiac catheterization andelectrophysiology laboratories
• Technologically advanced digital equipment
• Advanced patient monitoring systems
• Highly trained and caring clinical staff
VASCULAR SERVICES:
• Peripheral & Arterial Angioplasty
• Thoracic Aneurysm Repair
• Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair
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QQ
OPEN HEART SURGERY:
Cardiovascular Surgery
• Cardiovascular Valve Surgery
Minimally-Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
A reasonably prudent hospital holding Itself to the community as providing those services Is
required to have the medical andsurgical expertise to perform these procedures and care for patientswith
these conditions.
Dr. Lopez Isa cardiovascular surgeon who is on medical staff at Harlingen Medical Center and was
consulted In the care of Mr. Andrade. Dr. Lopez Is trained as a cardiovascular surgeon and a trauma
surgeon. He advertises hisexpertise on hiswebsite as follows:
"His Interest is In the surgical treatment of Cardiac and Valvular Heart disease. He has performed
over 1500open heart procedures. He performs both Off Pump (OPCAB) and On Pump Bypass Surgery. He
was the first to perform transmyocardlallaser revascularization (TMR) in the Rio Grande Valley.
As the Trauma Medical Director he is very active In the acute surgical treatment of all surgical
emergencies from Aortic, Cardiac, Thoracic, and Abdominal Injuries. He Is the first Trauma Fellowshlp-
trained surgeon in the Rio Grande Valley."
A reasonable and prudent hospital that advertises Its cardlothoracic surgical services and has on
staff a qualified cardlothoracic surgeon is required to provide definitive surgical care to a patient such as
Mr. Andrade unless it Is deemed beyond the capabilities of the organization and/or the staff.
Furthermore, the reasonable and prudent hospital is required through Its medical staff agents to provide
appropriate andexpedient transferto anotherfacility when unable to perform the services.
The Harlingen Medical Center website provides for the followlng patient rights:
You have the right to know who is involved in the deliveryof your care, and to receive information
about your illness, course of treatment, outcomes of care, and prognosis for recovery in terms and
language you can understand. The hospital will use alternative communication techniques or aides for
those who are deafor blind, or take other steps necessary to effectively communicate with you.
You have the right to make informed decisions regarding your care and the hospital must respect
your wishes.
You have the right to participate, as a partner In the healthcare process, in the development,
Implementation, and revision of your plan of care, treatment, and discharge plans to meet your
psychosoclal, psychological, and medical needs.
You have the right to receive, at the time of admission, a copy of the Harlingen Medical Center
11
QQ
Information Guide and be Informed of the hospital's methods of educating patientsandstaff about patient
rightsand their role In supporting these rights.
You have the right to be transferred to another facility, with a full explanation of the reason for
transfer, provision for continuing care, and acceptance by the receiving facility and physician. In case of
emergencies, you will be stabilized prior to transfer.
You have the right to leave the hospital against your physician's advice to the extent permitted by
law. Once you leave the hospital "Against Medical Advice" (AMA), neither the hospital nor your physician
will be responsible for anyharm that this action might cause you or others.
You have the right to be free from all forms of abuse, neglect, harassment, and/or have access to
protective services.
You (guardian, next of kin or legally responsible person) have the right to make medical care
decisions, to formulate an advance directive, to modify your decisions, and to have the hospital staff and
practitioners who provide care in the hospital comply with these directives.
You have the right to participate in ethical questions/dilemmas that arise In the course of your
care. These include issues of forgoing or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment; Withholding resuscitative
services, care at the end of life, and/or conflict resolution.
A reasonable and prudent hospital, given a patient such as Mr. Andrade Is required to provide him
and/or his delegates with information regarding his condition, the urgency of the condition and the
risks/benefits of transfer, discharge or lackof definitive care.
I have been asked to consider the following definitions:
"Negllgence," when used with respect to the conduct of Harlingen Medical Center, means failure
to use ordinary care that Is, faiHng to do that which a hospital of ordinary prudence would have done
under the same or similar circumstances or doing that which a physician of ordinary prudence would not
have done under the same or similar circumstances. "Ordinary care," when used with respect to the
conduct of Harlingen MedicalCenter means that degree of care that a hospitalof ordinary prudence would
use underthe same or similar circumstances.
"Proximate cause," when used with respect to the conduct of Harlingen Medical Center means
that cause which, In a natural and continuous sequence, produces an event, and without which cause such
event would not have occurred. In order to be a proxlmate cause, the act or omission complained of must
be such that a hospital using ordinary care would have foreseen that the event, or some similar event,
might reasonably result there from. There may be more than proximate cause of an event.
Breach of the Standard of Care of Harlingen Medical Center
It is my opinion that Harlingen Medical Center and its employees and principals breached the
12
1()()
standard of care under these circumstances in the following manner:
• Failure to provide definitive and emergent care, a provision for continuing care such as emergent
surgical treatment to Mr. Andrade given the advertised capablllties of the medical center and
It's medical staff as evidenced by a lack of documentation regarding the reason for patient
transfer;
• Failure to obtain Mr. Andrade's informed consent for transfer, the reason for transfer, the
treatment sought and failure to advise Mr. Andrade that although the hospital has capabilities and
medical staff who could perform emergency surgery, they are refusing to perform said surgery and
the reason. This would allow him to make prompt and Informed medical decisions about
alternative plans.
• Failure to emergently transfer Mr. Andrade to a medical center, by its employees and agents to a
facility that had the capabilities to perform the definitive procedure if the capabilities were not
available at Harlingen Medical Center or by enforcing patient transfer agreements with other
facilities, if one was available.
• Failure to Inform Mr. Andrade and/or his designee of the grave nature of his condition If
untreated and provide him with options to obtain this definitive care and to provide continuing
surgical care if there were obstacles and delays in transferring care.
Familiarity with the Causal Relationship and the Caysal Relationship
While I may not be a cardiovascular and thoracic surgeon, I am knowledgeable about
cardiovascular emergencies to include an ascending aortic dissection and I have been involved In the
diagnosis and treatment of the same, even if a patient having that condition has been referred to a
cardlothoracic surgeon for more specialized diagnosis and care. In my practice, I have routinely Interacted
with and consulted with cardlothoracic surgeons as aortic dissection is a medical emergency requiring a
consult. I have several published articles and presented on the topic of cardiac and cardiovascular
emergencies and I have diagnosed aortic dissections similar to that which was diagnosed In George
Andrade. As an emergency and teaching physician, I am familiar with the available diagnostic and
treatment modalities for an ascending aortic dissection, and I am familiar with the consequences of not
diagnosing or surgical timely treatment of a dissected aorta, in particular one that is progressively
worsening.
It Is my opinion that the breach in the standard of care as outlined above caused or contributed to
cause Mr. Andrade's death from his Type 1 ascending aortic dissection because he was never treated
surgically for over 3 days, his aorta ruptured and he died. Mr. Andrade's ultimate aortic rupture and
subsequent death would not have occurred had Harlingen Medical Center and its nursing case managers,
house supervisors and hospital administration not breached the standard of care by falling to provide
surgical treatment by its medical staff within its advertised capabilities of the facility and surgeons on call
and failure to Implement and complete an two emergent transfer orders to provide the opportunity to
surgical treatment at another facility In a timely manner. HMC and its employee's delays adversely
affected Mr. Andrade's and was a proximate cause of a downward clinical spiral in his condltlon to Indude
13
101
lack of adequate hospital management resulting in hisdeath.
I reserve the right to amend these opinions based upon receipt of any additional information or
records.
Very truly yours,
~
Dan DeBehnke, MO, MBA
CEO· Medical College Physicians
Sr. Associate Dean for Clinlcai Affairs
Professor of Emergency Medicine
14
... (V)
Cause No. 13-14-00700-CV consolidated with Cause No. 13-15-00119-CV
APPENDIX 6
TO ApPELLANT'S BRIEF
November 28, 2014
Laura Tamaz
The Herrera Law Firm
111 Soledad Street Suite 1900
San AntonJo, TX 78205
Re: Rosa Andrade, et.al v. Harlingen Medical Centar, et.aJ.
Dear Ms. Tamez,
My name is Gerald "Craig" Felty. RN, BSN, MBA, CEN, EMT-P. I am a
registered nurse licensed in the states of Indiana and illinois. Additionally, I am licensed
In the state of illinois as a registered emergenoy paramedic. I also hold board
certllication In emergency nursing from the Emergency Nurses Association and a
masters In business admlnhstration with a Healthcare focus and baccalaureate and
associates' degree in nursing. My current professional responsibility f.s as President
and CEO of Indiana University Health starke Hospital in Knox, Indiana. Additionally, I
am, currentfy servIng as the InterIm Chief Nursing Offfcer at Indiana University Health
Laporte Hospital in Laporte, Indiana. I have been a registered nurse for 20 years and a
certified emergency paramedio for 15 years. My prOfessional nursing camer has
consisted of emergency nursing and critical oare transport. I also have 18 years of
management experience ranging from emergenoy room management to my current
position as President and CEO. I continue to hold numerous professional certifications
related to emergenoy nursing care and have authored several publications on
emergency cere and treatment FInally. I have been a national speaker on cant and
treatment of emergency and critical caretopics.
As an emergency room nurse, a oritioal care transport nurse, a patient care
manager for an emergency depal1ment at a unIVersity medical center and former
executive director of patient care services in a oommunity hospital, I have extensive
exPerience in the arrangement of acule patient transfers to other facilities with patients
having emergency cardiac conditions similar to those of Mr. George Andrade. I am very
well..versed in the emergency medicsl treatment and active labor act (EMTALA) which
governs emergency transfers of patients from one hospital to another. I am also well-
versed and familiar with hospital policies and procedures and education and
enforcement of those procedures that govern all medically indicated transfers for
patients with emergency medical conditions from one hospital to another hospital. I
have ootfaborated, supervised and coordinated with emergency nurses and house
supervisors, oase managers and nurse admlnlstratol'$ In patient care and transfer
services. My opinions expressed in this document are based on my education t training.
and clinioal experience as a nurse and administrator caring for patients In the same or
359
similar situations as Mr. George Andrade who was in need of transfer from one hospital
to another for an advanced level of care.
Review of materials presented to Include fhe patient chart of George Ao~rade fr9m
12{18/2Q 11 to i 212212011:
Mr. Andrade presented to the Harlingen Medical Center Emergency Department
on 1211812011 with a compJafnt of chest pain and other symptoms. He was foUnd to
have a type 1 ascending aortic dissection that required emergency repair. He was
evaluated In the ED by Or. Yardley and sUbsequently admitted to the leu under the
oare of a hospltaJlst, Dr. Desai with a cardiology consult by Or. Hilmy.
The next day (12/19/2011) there was verbal order from Dr. lopez that
recommended he be transferred to another facIlIty for surgical repaJr of his ascending
aortic dissection. Two other physIcians Involved in Mr. Andrade's care, Dr. Desai and
Dr. Hllmy agreed by tefephone to transfer Mr. Andrade to Houston. The reason for .
transfer, whether Mr. Andrade was stable for transfer, whether he had an emergency
condition, whether Mr. Andrade consented to the transfer (the chart Indlea.tes Dr. lapel
did not speak to Mr. Andrade) or whether the hospital did not have the capability or
expert physicfan to treat Mr. Andrade 1$ not documented in the medical charl Severa'
hOUfS later, transfer was attempted by nursing supervisor Heather Smith, ahouse
supervisor at Harlingen medica! Center. There is· no record In the chart of a physician to
physician call. Memo.rlal Hermann Hospital chose to reject the patient Neither Hestller
Smith nor any other nursing staff communicated this rejection to any of the physicians
Involved In the cars of the patient, any supervisor or nurse administrator or hospital
administrator and additionally did not attempt at this time to secure acceptance of the
transfer from anyotherhospitals. There la no record Nurse Smith attempted to contact a
supervisor in her ohafn of command to advise of an inability to obtain transfer of this
patient. There is no record Nutse Smith provided a shift change haodoff report to the
oncoming house supervisor. There Is no documentation by Heather Smith. RN or any
othernursin" staffmember attempting to use a transfer agreement from one hospital to
another or searohing other resources for transfer to other hospitals In Texas or
elsewhere as such resources are available to nursing staffinvolved in transfers.
Cardiologist Dr. Hilmy evaluated the patient on December 20, 2011 and
recommended transfer to a tertiary care center for treatment of the ascending aortic
dissection. There appeared to have been no sfforts since the previous day
(12/1912011) to focate an accepting facility when the patient was initiaJry denied transfer
by Memorial Hermann. Dr, Desai then orders transfer to a higher level of care for
emergent Cardio-thoracic surgery but this time Nurse Marla Torrse' efforts to transfer
ara not then attempted until nearly 2 hours later. MemorJal Hermann medical center
was again called and again denied 'the transfer. There is no documentation of a
physician to physician calr, There is no documentation Nurse Torres advised any·
physician or nurse supervIsor of herinability to carry out tha transfer order. University of
Texas Medical Branch at Galveston was then called by Nurse Torres and denied the
transfer of the patient dueto capacity reasons. Thiswas the first time any other hospitar
360
was called to oarry out the order of transfer. There is no documentation Nurse Torres
advised any treating physician or nurse supervisor of her inability to carry oLit this order,
Methodist Hospital San Antonio was then oaned by Nurse Torres and requested a
physician to. physician call. Nurse Torres didnot 0811 anytreating physician to ooordinate
the call. Methodist attempted to contact Dr, Desai six times. He failed to answer. It was
not untilthat time Nurse Torres herself attempted to contact Dr. Desai to coordlnate the
physician to physician call. There Is no documentation Nurse Torres advised any
physician or nurse supervisor that Methodist did not accept the transfer. She was
connected to University Hospital by the coordinator at Methodist. Whife there is no
record that Nurse Torres coordinated that physician to physician call regarding an
emergent transfert University Hospital was contaoted and they also refused to accept
the patient for transfer due to the patient being unfunded. At this point In time efforts to
secure an accepting facility were stopped. There appears to be no follOW-up
communication with any physician or any administration personnel regarding the
diffioulty that Nurse Torres Is having with attempting to carry out the order to locate an
accepting facility for this emergent transfer, There is no documentation Nurse Torres
attempted to follow the chain of command regarding her failure to carry out a
physician's order that could endanger the welfare of the patient, there Is no
documentation Nurse Torres executed a nursing shift change handOft' report to the
oncoming nurse or house supervisor to allowthat person to continue transfer efforts or
any documentation by NurseTorres to pursue any othereffortto provide patient care by
carrying out the order of emergency transfer.
On December 21,2011, Dr. Hilmys progress note shows the patient still waiting
on an sccepting faoility for transfer which Is oontradioted by the last documented efforts
of 4:50 p.rn, the day prior. Nurse Torres, after some sixteen hours of delay, contacts
Methodist Hospital in San Antonio again and the patient Is denied due to there befng no
surgeon avaIlable. Nurse Torres is reminded Mr. Andrade's case was processed the
day before and declined. Finally. Memorial Hermann is called for the third time and for
the thlrd time declined due to having no insurance, There Is no record Nurse Torres
contacted any physician, her supervisor, the chief nursing officer or any other hospital
administrator to advise she had not carried out the order for emergent transfer. From
this point on there are no further attempts by any Harlingen Medical Center staff to
loeste an accepting facility for the patient's emergency condition. The patient
subsequently arrests and dies on December 22, 2011.
Familiarity with Standard of Cafe fQ[ Harlingen Medical Center and its Case Msnagers.
Nursing Supervisors and Nursing staff.
. Based on my education, 1raining, and clinical experience, I am familiar with the
standard of care that applies to the process of obtaining and carrying out orders for
transfer of a patient with an emergency cardiac condition such as Mr. Andrade. As
President and CEO and a Nursing Administrator, I am responsible for approving policies
and procedures that specify the process and responsibHJtles held by all nursing
personnel when arranging for the transfer of patients like Mr. Andrade and the
responsibilities of the transferring hospital and the receiving hospital's transfer
361
coordinators. Additionally. I directly supervIse all numing operation$ including case
management and nursing supervision. I have been paged or contacted at all hours by
nurses who are unable to carry outphysioian orders for one reason or another and need
assistance in doing so for the best Interest of the patIent including finding faoUities for
patient transfer. Furthermore, haVing been an emergency room nurse for 20 years, J
have peraonally been Involved In the process associated with the transfer of patients
like Mr. Andrade on numerous occasions. I therefore consider mYle~f very capable to
opine on the actions taken by the nursing case managers, nursing supervisors, and
direct care nurses with regards to the responsibilities that are associated with upholding
the standard of care for the process of transferring patients who are diagnosed with a
type 1 aortic dissection, a surgical emergency.
Standard of Care fer Harlingen Medical Center and Its Case Managers, Nursing
Supervisors and Nursing Staff: Nurse Maria Torres, RN. Heather Smith RN, Oebble
Mendoza, RN, Nurse TerrrWood
In nursing care whether such nurses are supervisors, esse managers,
emergenoy nurses or nurse administrators, and specifically whan faced with a transfer
order of an acute care patient withan emergency condition, nurses areto manage care
in a systematio collaborative approach to provide and coordinate healthcare services to
their patients. When a patient requires an emergency surgery and there is a pending
order or orders requiring transfer, the physician order is not in effectonry from the hours
of 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Emergenoies do not ceaso at shift ohange. House supervisors,
case managers. and nursing supervisors, Including hospital administrators in community
hospitals are all available 24 hours and seven days a week. Such nurses have a dUty to
provide patient aases.mant, planning, implementation of a plan, evaluation, interaction
and communloatlon with the attending physician, andthe patient.
• The nurse caee managers named above as well as the nursing supervisors and
nursing staffnamed above had the dutyto follow and to carry out the physician transfer
orders fer an emergency condition on December 19, 20, 21,t and 22nd, 2011 without
delay. They are to research and Identify all patient resources and faoilities by obtaining
1he hospital's transfer agreements. contacting facifitjes ordered or finding those facilities
capable of providing necessary care and treatment or engaging a transfer service. The
physician order for transfer Of an· emergency medlc,d condFtlon must be carried out as
soon as possible and carries over Into shift ohanges of case managers, nursing
supervisors and nursing staffand admInIstration.
• The nurse casemanagers named above as well as the nursing supervisors and
nursing staff named above had the duty to obtain and provide appropriate data to the
receivIng facility if the patient's transfer waa an emergency or urgent or neither io
properlY communicate that to the reoeiving hospital placing $ greater burden on the
receiving hospital to accept the transfer. This Includes reason for transfer and the
proper diagnosis. The nUl'$e case managers named above as well as the nursing
supervisors and nursing staff named above had the duty obtain a certifICation of patrent
transfer from a physician that the benefits to tne patient from the tranSfer outweigh the
362
risks of the transfer. This certification should contain the correct diagnosis and whether
the patient is stable and whether the patient has an emergency condition. This is critical
information that mustbe communicated promptly and correctly to the receiving hospital
to arrange an appropriate transfer. The receiving hospital must know if there is not a
physician with expertise is not availabref hospItal resources are unavailable, higher
capabilities of care are not available, a worsenIng of the patient's condmon en route or
possibie death en route, among otherthings $0 that the receiVing physician may agree
that the transfer is medically Indicated and in the patienfa best interest. The nurse case
managers, supervisors and staff should also obtain why the patient is being transferred,
for example. If the transferrIng hospital hasthe staff and resources to hand the patient,
the receMng hospital does not have to accept the patient. Even if a physician on dutyis
not avaHab. at the tlrrJ$, a "quollflad medlosl person" such at) a nurse may complete
and sign the certification after consulting with a physician and that physician must
countersign the certificate later;
-, The nurse case managers named above as well as the nursing supervisors
and nursing staff named above had the dutyto arrange a physician to physician call to
allow the receiving hospital's physician to communicatEJ with the trBnSferring hospital
about dfagnosis, treatment, stabilization and the emergency condition and most
Importantly to avoid miscommunication that could prevent or obstruct an appropriate
transfer;
• Thenurse casemanagers named above as weI as the nursing supervl$ors and
nursing staff named above had the dUty to obtain the patient's Informed consent to
arrange the (iapproprlate transfs"" so the patient may make informed decfslons about
the risks and benefits of the transfer, especially when faced with an emergent transfer,
and to educate the patient and his femily about financial Information, resources and
availabre funding at the receiving hospitals;
The nurse case managers named above as well as the nursing supervisors and
nursing staff named above had the duty to invoke the chain of command when a
physician's ordercannot be carried out and the patJentla health is placed at rtsk due to
delay or the patient's healthcare needs are notmet;'
• The nurse case managers named above as weD as the nursing supervisors end
nUl$lng staff named above had the dUty to communicate with the attendJng physicians
regarding the Inability to secure a transfer to the hospitals ordered or any other faeUity
that may provide the emergency surgery needed by Mr. Andrade to collaborate on the
alternatives for patient treatment and care without delay.
Breach of the Standard of Care for Harlingen Medical Center and Its Case Managers,
NursiDQ SUPervisors and Nursing staff.
rt is my opinion that the nursing care managers, nursing supervisors, and nursing
staff namely Heather Smith RN, Debbie Mendoza. RN, Terri Wood and Maria Torres
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RN breached the standard of care that was due to Mr. Andrade and the need for
tranafar tor higher careIn the following ways:
• Falrure to appropriately and within with the standard of care carry out the
physician transfer order of an emergency condition on December 19, 20,
21 and 22M including the failure to obtain a physician to physician call to
facilitate transfer, a standard hospital policy for transfer of patients and a
failure of locating an aoceptlng facility to transfer Mr. Andrade to by not
looking statewide for a faoility that may have provided lifesaving care to
Mr. Andrade.
• Nurse Smith documents only her attempts to coordinate transfer focused
on funding of tha patient. Heather Smith. RN contacted one facUlty on
December 19,2011 without providing or obtaining the appropriate patient
data to include the proper diagnosis of an ascending or Type 1 aortic
dissection, requiring emergency surgery. There was no consult in the
chart Indicating the proper diagnosis and there 19 no record ehe contaoted
any physician to obtain one. She dId not obtgln a physician certification
Indicating If the patient was stable for transfer, if the patlent had an
emergency medical condition and why the patient was being transferred.
In other words was it due to being unfunded or was it because he need a
facility that could provide greater expertise. This data Is cruclaJ to the
receiving hospital to evaluate If transfer is medloally indicated or
necessary and If It is in the beat Interest of the patient. This failure by
Nurse Smith to obtain the appropriate data to communicate to the
receMng hospital such as a certification Of summary led to inclUding the
wrong diagnosis Included in Dr. Desai's history and physical of
descending aortic dlaseotion in the available records. She failed to
determine if Mr. Andrade's condition was emergent or non-emergent to
facilitate an appropriate transfer. She failed to coordInate a physician to
physician oaJl again allowing communication between physicians to
provide the patient wl1h the best opportunity for transfer. Nurse Smith also
did not communicate With any physician to seek altematlve orders,
sssistance in finding an accepting physician or hospital. Herfailures, listed
above, are breaches of thestandard of care by a nurse supervisor.
The fonowlng day, on December 20, 2011, and after a two hour delay, Nurse
Torrea finds a oonsult In the chart that IndIcates an ascending aortic dissection, the
correct diagnosis. The communioation nowIndicates an emergent condition. She sends
It to Memorial Hospital, the same hospital as the day prior. The receiving physician
indicated that Mr. Andrade's case Is urgent and not emergent or they would have
transferred him "yesterday." The failure by Nurse Smith to communicate an emergent
condition on December 19, 2011 Js a breached of the standard of care.
Nurse Torres. for the first time on the 20th, contacts another facility. There Is no
indication shefacilitated a physician to physician. call to communicate the need for more
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lllt lll~ lfI~n cocurnentanon ot a p!1YSldan to physician call after the original order for
transferon the 19tfl • NurseTorres did not make any othercalls to any other facilities and
simply waited for Methodist to find a doctor. When declined, Nurse Torres Is connected
to University Hospital. Thare is no indicated she facilitated a physician to physiolan call
and the patient was declined within 36 minutes. Nurse Torres's failure to facilitate a
physician to physician call for transfer is a breach in the standard of care. -She notified
Terri Wood, case manager and ceased all efforts to follow the transfer order on that
day.
It is not until 10:30 am on December 2',2011. a sixteen hour delay, that Nurse
Torres again attempts to coordinate a transfer to the same hospital that declined Mr.
Andrade the day prior. She is reminded that Mr. Andrade's case had already been
processed and declined'. Within two hours, she was advised Mr. Andrade was again
declined. There is no documentation she contacted an attending physician and/or
invoked the chain of command to advisethat she was unable to emergently transfer this
patient in need of a surgery on an emergency basis. After a delay of almost three
hours, instead of contacting a different facility, she contacts Memorial Hermann for the
third time. Within fortyftfive minutes, he Is again declined. By 4:45 p.rn, on December 21,
2011 , Nurse Torres no longer documents any efforts of coordinating an emergent
transfer for Mr. Andrade to obtain the necessary medical care. This failure to carry out
an order after 4;46 p.m, when it has NOT beencancelfed, is a breach of the standard of
care by NurseTorres. During the almostfourteen hoursprior to his death, neitherNurse
Torres or anyone from Harlingen Medical Center documents any attempts to earry out
the emergentorderfor patienttran$fer deprJvlng Mr. Andrade of surgical treatment.
Failure to work 24/7 to locate an acCepting facUlty to care for Mr. Andrade on
December 19, 2011 is also a breach of the standard of care. All attempts were ceased
by early evening. SpecifICally. Nurse Smith failed to provide a shift change report and
handoffto the oncoming house supervisor to continue the transferorder efforts. Nurse
Smith's failure to carry out the order on the 19thcreated a delay of transfer on this day
and placed her patient>! medicaJ condition filt risk for deterioration. Nurse Smith's failure
to cany out the order of transferto allow Mr. Andrade to obtain surgery by calfing only
one facility When there are numerous facilities in Houston, Dallas. San Antonio. Corpus
Christi. Galveston, Austin and Fort Worth ensured that his healthcare needs were not
being met and Is a breach of the standard of carefor a nurse supelVisor. Neither Nurse
Torres nor Nurse Wood continued efforts of transfer through a shift change handoff I
I
report, by contaoting a physician for an alternative care plan or by contacting any other I
facility in Texas or 1he United States on December 20, 2011 knowing Mr. Andrade
needed emergency surgery. Such fa1(ure by Nurse Torres and Nurse Wood are
breaches in the standard of care. By 4:45 p.m, on December 21 > 2011, Nurse Torres no I
longer documents any efforts of coordinating an emergent transferfor Mr. Andrade to
obtain the necessary medical care. This failure to carry out an order after 4:45 p.m. on
this day when it has NOT been cancelled is a breach of the standard of care by Norse
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Torres. During the almost fourteen hours prior to his death, neIther Nurse Torres or
anyone from Harlingen Medical Center documents any attempts to carry out the
emergent orderfor patient transfer depriving Mr.Andrade of surgica' treatment
• Faifure to follow the chain of command and escalate the inability toaecore
an accepting faolflty for a surgioalemergency to Nursing Administration
and even higher.
Once Nur&e Smith learned Mr. Andrade had been decfined at this ens facility,
she contaoted Debbie Mendoza, RN about Mr. Andrade's family requesting a quote
from the hospital. She did not seek assistance from any supervisor, physician or
administrator on whioh facility to contact to attempt transfer. This failure led to a delayIn
meeting her patient's care needs and is a breach of the standard of eara. Once Nurse
Torres learned Mr. Andrade had been declined on December 20,2011, she advised a
case manager, but failed to follow up to determine the next step or artern.rive. She
abandoned herefforts to follow thephysician order. Thisfailureby Nurse Torres led to a
delay In Mr. Andrade medical care needs of emergency surgery of whichsha was
aware and Is a breach of the standard of care. Nurse Wood and Nurse Mendoza were
also made aware of the faffurss to follow the physician order and there is no
documentation either did anything to carry out the physician order of emergency
transfer including contaoting a supervisor, nurse administrator, chief nursing officer,
chIef of staff to advise that a patient needing emellJency surgery WBS not having his
mediad oare needs met There is no documented action by anyone in the chart. Nurse
Torres, Nurse Smith's, Nurse Mendoza's and Nurse Woods' failures to invoke the chain
of command whan a physloian's emergent order could not be carried out is a violation of
standard of care. On December 21, 2011, Nurse Torres faif$ to invoke the ehain of
command to seek assfstance. or alternatives In carrying oui the emergent physician
order. Thisfaiture Is a breach Inthe standard of care.
Failure to keep the physician up to date en the inability to secure acceptance for
transfer. Thisoccurred on every day of thepatients stay
• On December 19.2011, Nurse Torres handed the transfer order to Nurse
Heather Smith, who deJayed Initiating the transfer pending funding and
imaging $tLldles. She failed to Immediately Initiate the transfer as required
in an emergent situation. Nurse Smith documents only the nead for
funding versus the need for emergency medical treatment. When Mr.
Andrade is not accepted, she fails to contact the attending physician to
Inform hfm she waS unab.le to transfer the patient. She does not indicate
she initiated a shift change or handoff report to the' oncoming nurse
supervisor. She only attempts once to contact the family about the
Memorial Hospital's quote of $67,084.00. When there Is no answer by Mr.
Andradets sister, all efforts to transfer him cease. There is no
documentation she advised any physician she was going to stop Working
on the transfer order causing a delay In Mr.Andrade obtaining emergency
medical treatment. Nurse Smith's failure to communicate her ceasrng to
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follow up or to handoff the physician order is a breach of the standard of
care. In the early morning of December 20, 2011, Dr. Hilmy notes and is
underthe impression transfer efforts were ongoing. He states "at this point
we are pending placement." There had not been any efforts to transfer Mr.
Andrada at this point but to one facility and he had been dee.lined the day
prior. On December 20, 2011, Nurse Torres' failure to communioate with
a physician of her failure to carry out the physician order to transfer, failure
to initiate a shift change report and ceasing her efforts to coordinate a
transfer is a breach of the standard of care and led to a delay in Mr.
Andrade obtaining medical treatment. On December 21, 2011! Nurse
Torres ceases her efforts to carry out a physician emergent transferorder
after calling two hospitals, Which had already declined the patient. She
had eight hours to contact other facilities within Texas and the United
States including one documented in progress notes by Dr. Hilmy, Texas
Heart Institute. There is no documentation this hospital was ever
contacted by NUlSe Torres or any othernurse In charge of patient transfer
during Mr. Andrade's stay. Nurse Torrests failure to communicate her
failure to continue to carry out the emergency physician transfer was a
breach in the standard of care.
• Failure to obtain informed consent from the patient by Nurse Maria. Torres
or Nurse Smith.
Nurse Torres was the first to receive the order for transfer from Dr. Lopez. She
documented Dr. Lopez did not speak to the patient because Mr. Andrade was in the
shower. She did not indicate she obtained informed consent from the patient and there
is no document where Mr. Andrade consented to be transferred. Nurse Torres indicates
"both dootorsu agreed to proceed with a transfer but there is no Indication the patient
agreed in writing. Mr. Andrade's medicaJ chart is absent any documentation during the
entirely of his stay where he signed an infonned consent to be transferred alloWing for
patient education and allowing for the patient or his family to make informed decisions
considering the emergency situation he faced. Nurse Torres fails to obtain Mr.
Andradets informed consent for transfer on December 19, 20, 21and 22, 2011. Such
failure is a breach in the standard of care for patient educatio" and In allowing the
patient to make informed medical decisions about his medical treatment and needs. If
the nurses had complied with the standard of care. in reasonable probability. Andrade
would have been placed andwould have received the surgery he needed.
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I reserve the right to amend my opinIons based on reoeipt of any addItional case
informaiion or patient records.
Sincerely Yours,
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Harlingen Medical Center, Limited Partnership v. Rosa Andrade, as Next Friend of M. H. A., a Minor Child
Combined Opinion