Com. v. Thornton, T.

J-S53027-16

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee

v.

TYRIEK LEON THORNTON,

Appellant No. 2087 MDA 2015

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence November 5, 2015
In the Court of Common Pleas of Berks County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-06-CR-0005515-2013

BEFORE: BOWES, SHOGAN, and FITZGERALD,* JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.: FILED SEPTEMBER 30, 2016

Tyriek Leon Thornton (“Appellant”) appeals from the judgment of

sentence imposed following his convictions of persons not to possess

firearms and possession of drug paraphernalia. We affirm.

On August 24, 2013, Appellant was charged with violating 18 Pa.C.S.

§ 6105(a)(1), persons not to possess a firearm, 18 Pa.C.S. § 3921(a), theft

by unlawful taking, 18 Pa.C.S. §3922(a)(1), theft by deception, 18 Pa.C.S.

§3925(a), receiving stolen property, and 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(32),

possession of drug paraphernalia. Following a preliminary hearing on

November 22, 2013, the charges of theft by unlawful taking and receiving

stolen property were dismissed.

____________________________________________

*
Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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On January 16, 2014, Appellant filed a motion to suppress physical

evidence obtained at a residence located at 1109 North 12th Street in the

city of Reading. Appellant later retained new counsel who filed a similar

motion.1 On June 10, 2014, after determining that no new issues were

presented in the later-filed motion to suppress, the trial court held a hearing

and, following testimony, ordered the parties to submit memoranda in

support of their respective positions. On August 21, 2014, the trial court

denied Appellant’s motion to suppress.

Appellant’s jury trial was held on November 4–5, 2015. At the

conclusion of the trial, Appellant was convicted of persons not to possess

firearms and possession of drug paraphernalia.2 Appellant was sentenced on

November 5, 2015 to an aggregate term of incarceration of not less than

five and one half nor more than eleven years, with credit for 127 days. No

post-sentence motion was filed. This appeal was filed, and both Appellant

and the trial court have complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

____________________________________________

1
Appellant was initially represented by the Berks County Public Defender’s
Office which filed the initial motion to suppress. On June 2, 2014,
Appellant’s privately-retained counsel filed a second suppression motion. On
November 24, 2014, Appellant hired another attorney who was granted
leave to withdraw on June 12, 2015. Three days later, the Berks County
Public Defender’s Office was re-listed as counsel of record.
2
Upon motion by the Commonwealth, the theft by deception count was
withdrawn on November 4, 2015.

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Appellant raises the following issues for review which are stated

verbatim:

D. Whether the trial court erred in denying Appellant’s pre-trial
motion to suppress all items seized in the search of 1109 North
12 Street, Reading, Pennsylvania 19604, where:

1. The warrant should not have been issued because
probable cause to search Appellant and the residence and not
been established;

2. The stop and arrest followed by a search of Appellant
leading to the discovery of the evidence sought in the warrant
application rendered the warrant stale and the search of the
house should not have been executed as circumstances had
changed;

3. The execution of the warrant went beyond the scope of
the search authorized by the warrant as there was no probable
cause to search to residence and the plain view exception of the
warrant requirement did not apply.

E. Whether the evidence was insufficient to support the guilty
verdict of Persons not to Possess Firearms, where the
Commonwealth failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that
Appellant was in actual possession or constructive possession of
the firearm seized from 1109 North 12th Street, Reading,
Pennsylvania 19604.

F. Whether the evidence was insufficient to support the guilty
verdict of Possession of Drug Paraphernalia, where the
Commonwealth failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that
Appellant was in actual or constructive possession of the
paraphernalia seized from 1109 North 12th Street, Reading,
Pennsylvania 19604.

Appellant’s Brief at 5 (verbatim).

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When an appellant raises both a sufficiency of the evidence issue and a

suppression issue, we address the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the

conviction first, and we do so without a diminished record:

[W]e are called upon to consider all of the testimony that was
presented to the jury during the trial, without consideration
as to the admissibility of that evidence. The question of
sufficiency is not assessed upon a diminished record. Where
improperly admitted evidence has been allowed to be considered
by the jury, its subsequent deletion does not justify a finding of
insufficient evidence. The remedy in such a case is the grant of
a new trial.

Commonwealth v. Sanford, 863 A.2d 428, 432 (Pa. 2004) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Smith, 568 A.2d 600, 603 (Pa. 1989) (emphasis in

original).

With respect to Appellant’s sufficiency claim:

[t]he standard we apply is whether, viewing all the evidence
admitted at trial in the light most favorable to the verdict winner,
there is sufficient evidence to enable the fact-finder to find every
element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In applying
[the above] test, we may not weigh the evidence and substitute
our judgment for the fact-finder. In addition, we note that the
facts and circumstances established by the Commonwealth need
not preclude every possibility of innocence. Any doubts
regarding a defendant’s guilt may be resolved by the fact-finder
unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that as a matter
of law no probability of fact may be drawn from the combined
circumstances. The Commonwealth may sustain its burden of
proving every element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt
by means of wholly circumstantial evidence. Moreover, in
applying the above test, the entire record must be evaluated and
all evidence actually received must be considered. Finally, the
[trier] of fact while passing upon the credibility of witnesses and
the weight of the evidence produced, is free to believe all, part
or none of the evidence.

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Commonwealth v. Hansley, 24 A.3d 410, 416 (Pa. Super. 2011) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Jones, 874 A.2d 108, 120–121 (Pa. Super. 2005

(citations omitted)).

Appellant argues that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient

to support his convictions of persons not to possess a firearm and

possession of drug paraphernalia. The trial court summarized the evidence

probative of the possession charges as follows:

Detective John Lackner of the Berks County District
Attorney’s Office was initially assigned to assist with the
execution of the search warrant at 1109 North 12th Street. On
his way to the location, Lackner was advised via radio that
Appellant had left the residence in a red Pontiac. Lackner was
assigned the task of stopping the vehicle, which occurred in the
200 block of North 10th street in the City of Reading.

Appellant was sitting in the front passenger seat of the
vehicle. Lackner removed Appellant from the vehicle and placed
him in handcuffs. Lackner found a small amount of marijuana
inside Appellant’s pants pocket; the same pocket contained
$1,000 of United States currency. Lackner also removed a cell
phone from Appellant. The currency removed from Appellant
was the same that had been provided to him in the attempt to
purchase crack cocaine.

Nelson Ortiz, Lieutenant of the Berks County Drug Task
Force Unit, was also involved with the traffic stop and
subsequent search of Appellant. Once Appellant was taken into
custody, Ortiz travelled to 1109 North 12th Street to execute the
search warrant. Inside the residence, there were two females
and a small child; one of the women, [Latasha] Cruz, explained
that it was her residence. Detective Gresh explained the search
warrant to the occupants.

Ortiz searched the living room; inside a closet there was a
small, portable safe. The safe, which was not locked, contained
a loaded pistol, two gloves, and a box with additional rounds.
Gresh seized a men’s North Face hooded jacket, size XXL, from

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the same living room closet. The jacket contained latex gloves
and unused packaging material commonly used to package
controlled substances for street sales. Gresh also seized
multiple documents containing Appellant’s name and the address
of 1109 North 12th Street. Finally, there was a picture of
Appellant on the mantel in the living room and some men’s
clothing throughout the house.

Britton Morin is a DNA Technical Leader at NMS labs, a
private forensic laboratory, in Willow Grove, Pennsylvania. Morin
testified that she developed DNA profiles using the firearm,
magazine, and a glove recovered from 1109 North 12th Street.
DNA was analyzed from the firearm and magazine, and Appellant
was excluded as a potential contributor. Appellant could not be
excluded as a contributor from the DNA recovered from the
inside of the glove.3 Morin testified that wearing gloves can
prevent DNA from coming in contact with an item.
3
Morin testified with respect to the statistics of
the DNA profile: “We perform a statistic when
someone cannot be excluded as a major contributor,
which is known as a random match probability. And
that statistic determines the likelihood of this specific
person having the same alleles as those of the major
contributor versus a randomly selected person from
the population. . . . We calculate it for—separately
for three different racial groups. The statistic was 1
in 478 million U.S. Caucasians, 1 in 1,571,000 U.S.
Africans, and one in 40,580,000 U.S. Hispanics.”

Craig Epright, a system administrator technician at Berks
County Prison, testified on the subject of the prison’s phone
system and its ability to record calls. The Commonwealth then
introduced audio recordings of Appellant’s telephone calls made
from the prison within two weeks of his arrest. In the
th
recordings, Appellant refers to 1109 North 12 Street as his
house and he refers to the recovered pistol as his gun.

The Commonwealth also introduced a certified copy of
conviction from Perry County, Pennsylvania indicating that
Appellant was convicted on three counts of aggravated assault in
March 2000.

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Trial Court Opinion, 1/27/16, at 3–4 (record references omitted). The trial

court then concluded that this evidence was sufficient to support the jury’s

guilty verdicts for the following reasons:

The Commonwealth introduced evidence that Appellant
was residing at 1109 North 12th Street. This evidence included
paperwork containing [Appellant’s] name and the address, a
picture of Appellant on the mantel in the living room, and men’s
clothing recovered from the home. Additionally, multiple officers
who had conducted surveillance of the property testified that
they had seen appellant repeatedly enter and leave the
residence on August 23, 2013.

The Commonwealth also introduced evidence to support its
allegation that Appellant was in constructive possession of the
firearm and drug paraphernalia. In the living room closet, the
officers found a pistol, gloves and a box with additional rounds
inside an unlocked safe. The same closet contained a men’s
winter jacket containing drug paraphernalia and latex gloves.
DNA evidence demonstrated that one of the gloves had been
worn by Appellant. Finally, Appellant provided the
Commonwealth’s best evidence in the taped prison phone calls,
in which he referred to the residence and the recovered pistol as
his own. From this evidence, a reasonable jury could easily
conclude that Appellant had constructively possessed the firearm
and drug paraphernalia.

Id. at 5–6.

Section 6105(a) of the Uniform Firearms Act, 18 Pa.C.S. § 6105(a)(1),

prohibits a person convicted of any of thirty–eight specified offenses

enumerated in section 6105(b) from possessing, using, or controlling a

firearm. At trial, the Commonwealth introduced a certified copy of

Appellant’s criminal record from Perry County, Pennsylvania, indicating that

Appellant was convicted of aggravated assault, one of those defined

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offenses, in March of 2000. N.T., 11/4/15, at 136. Appellant did not object

to the admission of this document or refute its reliability. Id. at 137. Thus,

the sole challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting Appellant’s

conviction is whether the Commonwealth proved that he possessed the

firearm.

In the instant matter, because the subject firearm was not found on

Appellant’s person, the Commonwealth was required to establish that

Appellant constructively possessed the gun. The Commonwealth may meet

its burden by proving actual possession, constructive possession, or joint

constructive possession. Commonwealth v. Vargas, 108 A.3d 858, 868

(Pa. 2014) (quoting Commonwealth v. Thompson, 428 A.2d 223, 234

(Pa. Super. 1981)). “Constructive possession is an inference arising from a

set of facts that establishes that possession of the contraband was more

likely than not.” Commonwealth v. Parker, 847 A.2d 745, 750 (Pa.

Super. 2004) (quoting Commonwealth v. Thompson, 779 A.2d 1195,

1199 (Pa. Super. 2001) (internal citations omitted)).

Constructive possession is defined as “conscious dominion” which has

been explained as “the power to control the contraband and the intent to

exercise that control.” Commonwealth v. Hopkins, 67 A.3d 817, 820–

821 (Pa. Super. 2013) (quoting Commonwealth v. Brown, 48 A.3d 426,

430 (Pa. Super. 2012)). Constructive possession may be established by the

totality of the circumstances, Brown, 48 A.3d at 430, and can be proven by

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circumstantial evidence. Commonwealth v. Valette, 613 A.2d 548, 550

(Pa. 1992) (quoting Commonwealth v. Macolino, 469 A.2d 132, 134 (Pa.

1983)). Furthermore, the fact that another person might have equal access

and control to an object does not exclude a defendant’s constructive

possession. Commonwealth v. Haskins, 677 A.2d 328, 330 (Pa. Super.

1996).

Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the

jury’s constructive possession of the firearm finding for three reasons: 1) he

did not reside at 1109 North 12th Street; 2) neither Appellant’s fingerprints

nor his DNA were found on the firearm; 3) an inquiry into the chain of

ownership of the gun did not connect Appellant to the firearm. Each of

Appellant’s challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence can be rebutted.

Appellant first disputes that the Commonwealth presented reliable

evidence that he resided at 1109 North 12th Street. Appellant contends that

because he had lived at that location previously and continues to spend time

there, it is not unusual that mail sent to him at that address,3 some items of

his clothing, and a photograph of him would be found there. While this

explanation is reasonable, these same facts are also compelling
____________________________________________

3
Appellant avers that the mail found with his name and the 1109 North 12 th
Street address is not significant because “the most recent piece of mail was
dated July 18, 2013, months prior to this incident.” Appellant’s Brief at 34.
The description of the mail as outdated is obviously incorrect since the
events in question occurred on August 23, 2013, only thirty-six days from
the postmarked date.

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circumstantial evidence that Appellant did in fact reside at 1109 North 12th

Street. The only counter-evidence offered by Appellant is his own and

Latasha Cruz’s testimony that he no longer lived there. Apparently, the jury,

sitting as the finder of fact, did not credit the testimony of these witnesses,

and “this Court cannot substitute its judgment for that of the factfinder on

issues of credibility.” Commonwealth v. Brown, 71 A.3d 1009, 1014 (Pa.

Super. 2013). Thus, the Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence

establishing that Appellant resided at 1109 North 12th Street.4

Appellant next maintains that the absence of his fingerprints or DNA

on the firearm argues against a conclusion that he constructively possessed

the contraband. We do not agree. As the trial court summarized, a firearm,

gloves, and a box of ammunition were found at Appellant’s residence in the

living room closet in an unlocked safe. The DNA evidence indicated that one

of the gloves had been worn by Appellant. This evidence, although

circumstantial, sufficiently linked Appellant to the firearm. See

Commonwealth v. Lopez, 57 A.3d 74, 80 (Pa. Super. 2012) (holding that

the lack of forensic evidence was not fatal to the prosecution’s case based on

wholly circumstantial evidence). Furthermore, the trial court identified
____________________________________________

4
Appellant also urges that because he did not live at 1109 North 12th
Street, it “cannot be found that Appellant was in joint constructive
possession as discussed in Commonwealth v. Macolino, 469 A.2d 132,
[134] (Pa. 1983).” Appellant’s Brief at 35. Our conclusion that the evidence
demonstrated that Appellant resided at that address discredits Appellant’s
argument.

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Appellant’s statements in the taped prison telephone calls where he referred

to the residence and the recovered firearm as his own as the most

compelling evidence of Appellant’s possession of the contraband. Appellant’s

rebuttal to the significance of this evidence is that any of his statements

indicating that he resided at 1109 North 12th Street or owned the firearm at

issue were “negated by the evidence, or lack thereof, presented at trial.”

Appellant’s Brief at 36. We are not persuaded by Appellant’s dubious

position that we should ignore his admissions of residence and ownership.

Appellant also submits that the Commonwealth was unable to link him

to the firearm through an inquiry as to sales records and ownership

documents. While this is an accurate statement, it is irrelevant to a

constructive possession inquiry. It is not necessary that Appellant owned

the gun, legally or otherwise, to conclude that he constructively possessed

the firearm.

Appellant likewise contends that the evidence was insufficient to

sustain his conviction for possession of drug paraphernalia. Specifically,

Appellant argues that the Commonwealth failed to introduce enough

circumstantial evidence to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant

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was in constructive possession of the drug packaging materials found in the

pocket of the men’s jacket hanging in the closet.5

Appellant maintains that the Commonwealth was unable to prove

constructive possession of the drug paraphernalia because: (1) he did not

reside at 1109 North 12th Street on August 23, 2013; (2) the North Face

jacket was inadvertently left at the residence following Appellant’s move;

(3) Latasha Cruz testified that she had worn the jacket in recent times and;

(4) no physical evidence linked Appellant to the jacket. Appellant’s

arguments in this regard thus mimic those advanced in support of his

position that the Commonwealth failed to prove that he constructively

possessed the firearm, which we have concluded lack merit.

Accordingly, we reject Appellant’s assertion that the evidence was

insufficient to demonstrate that he constructively possessed the drug

paraphernalia. First, the evidence established that Appellant lived at 1109

____________________________________________

5
35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(32) provides that the following activities are

prohibited:

(32) The use of, or possession with intent to use, drug
paraphernalia for the purpose of planting, propagating,
cultivating, growing, harvesting, manufacturing, compounding,
converting, producing, processing, preparing, testing, analyzing,
packing, repacking, storing, containing, concealing, ingesting,
inhaling or otherwise introducing into the human body a
controlled substance in violation of this act.

35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(32).

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North 12th Street. Second, the jury apparently decided that neither

Appellant nor Cruz testified credibly. See Commonwealth v. Alicia, 92

A.3d 753, 761 (Pa. 2014) (“the question of a witness’s credibility is reserved

exclusively for the jury”) (quotation omitted). Finally, the jacket was a size

that would fit Appellant and was discovered hanging in the same closet as

the safe containing the firearm. The fact that no physical evidence linked

Appellant to the jacket does not undermine the convincing circumstantial

evidence that he constructively possessed the drug packaging materials.

Viewing this evidence favorably to the Commonwealth, as we must,

see Commonwealth v. Watley, 81 A.3d 108, 112 (Pa. Super. 2013), we

conclude that it was sufficient to enable the jury to find that Appellant

unlawfully possessed a firearm and drug paraphernalia. We thus turn to

Appellant’s contention that the trial court erred in denying his motion to

suppress.

Appellant first argues that the search warrant should not have been

issued because it did not establish probable cause of theft by deception and,

therefore, was unconstitutional under the United States and Pennsylvania

Constitutions. The trial judge6 relied upon the following findings of fact in

reaching his conclusion that the search warrant was constitutionally valid:

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6
The same jurist presided over the suppression hearing and Appellant’s
trial.

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1. Detective James Gresh received information from a
confidential source [“CS”] indicating that [Appellant] was
known to sell crack cocaine and to carry a gun. The
source also provided the location and phone number with
which [Appellant] conducted his drug sales. Later
investigation identified [Appellant’s] address as 1109 North
12th Street in the City of Reading.

2. On August 23, 2013, Detective Gresh orchestrated a
controlled purchase of cocaine from [Appellant]. The same
[CS] placed a call to [Appellant], and they met in the 1100
block of Birch Street.

3. While the [CS] had been waiting for [Appellant] to arrive,
several Berks County Detectives conducted surveillance of
1109 North 12th Street, where they observed [Appellant]
exit from a rear gate on the property.

4. The [CS] gave [Appellant] prerecorded United States
currency, and [Appellant] told him to remain in the area
while [Appellant] went to retrieve crack cocaine.

5. The detectives observed [Appellant] walk through
alleyways until he reentered the gate at 1109 North 12 th
Street.

6. After about thirty minutes, [Appellant] had never returned
to the 1100 block of Birch Street, and [Appellant] did not
answer any phone calls from the [CS].

7. Around 2:30 p.m., the detectives observed [Appellant]
enter and exit the residence multiple times. Meanwhile,
Detective Gresh prepared a search warrant for permission
to search the body of [Appellant], in addition to his
residence at 1109 North 12th Street.

8. The Affidavit of Probable Cause accompanying the search
warrant application summarized the abovementioned
incidents and alleged that [Appellant] had violated 18
Pa.C.S.A. § 3922, which pertains to theft by deception.

9. An attachment to the search warrant included images of
the prerecorded currency that was used for the attempted
narcotics purchase.

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10. Magisterial District Judge Wally Scott signed the search
warrant at approximately 3:40 p.m. the same day.

11. During the preparation of the search warrant and after it
was signed, Detective Gresh maintained contact with his
fellow detectives via radio and cell phone. Some
detectives maintained surveillance of 1109 North 12th
Street.

12. Approximately five or ten minutes after the warrant was
signed, Detective Gresh was informed via radio that
[Appellant] had left the residence and was a passenger in
a vehicle.

13. At that time, Detective Gresh has been preparing to
execute the search warrant. After the radio transmission,
he positioned himself in order to assist with surveillance of
the vehicle.

14. The vehicle was stopped by a patrolman with the Reading
Police at approximately 3:57 p.m., and Detective Gresh
arrived immediately afterwards.

15. The car had been stopped on a one-way stretch of North
10th Street—a residential area with lots of activity.

16. Detective John Lackner searched [Appellant] and removed
a cell phone, marijuana, and a large sum of United States
currency.

17. [Appellant] was placed in custody and transported to
Central Booking at the Berks County Sheriff’s Office. The
driver of the vehicle was permitted to leave.

18. After [Appellant] had been placed in custody, the
detectives regrouped at a prearranged location in order to
execute the search warrant at 1109 North 12th Street.

19. At 4:25 p.m., the detectives executed the search warrant
at the residence. The detectives gained entry through an
open, unlocked door. Two females, including the
leaseholder, and some young children were present.

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20. Various items were seized from the residence, including a
pistol, ammunition, gloves, clear plastic baggies, and
paperwork connected to [Appellant].

Trial Court Opinion, 8/21/14, at 1–4.

Based upon these findings, the trial court concluded that the

Commonwealth met its burden of showing that the items were lawfully

seized pursuant to the search warrant. Applying the Illinois v. Gates, 462

U.S. 213 (1983) “totality of circumstances” test,7 the trial court rejected

Appellant’s characterization of the warrant as an unconstitutional general

investigatory tool, deciding instead that:

[T]he issuing authority properly authorized a search for the
prerecorded currency. As described in our findings of fact,
supra, a confidential source gave [Appellant] prerecorded United
States currency in exchange for crack cocaine. After the
____________________________________________

7
In Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 (1983), the United States Supreme
Court established the “totality of the circumstances” test for determining
whether a request for a search warrant under the Fourth Amendment is
supported by probable cause. Id. at 238–239. In Commonwealth v.
Gray, 503 A.2d 921 (Pa. 1986), the Pennsylvania Supreme Court adopted
the totality of the circumstances test for purposes of reviewing probable
cause determinations under Article I, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania
Constitution. Id. at 925. Under the Gates “totality of the circumstances”
test:

the task of the issuing magistrate is simply to make a practical,
common-sense decision whether, given all of the circumstances
set forth in the affidavit before him, including the “veracity” and
“basis of knowledge” of persons supplying hearsay information,
there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime
will be found in a particular place.

Gray, 503 A.2d at 925 (quoting Gates, 462 U.S. at 238–239) (internal
citation omitted).

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passage of a substantial amount of time, [Appellant] had yet to
deliver the drugs, and he would not answer phone calls. Given
this background and the deference due to the issuing authority,
we find that the warrant was supported by probable cause to
search for the prerecorded currency.

Trial Court Opinion, 8/21/14, at 5.8

In reviewing a trial court’s denial of a suppression motion, it has often

been stated that:

[W]e may consider only the Commonwealth’s evidence and so
much of the evidence for the defense as remains uncontradicted
when read in the context of the record as a whole. Where the
record supports the factual findings of the trial court, we are
bound by those facts and may reverse only if the legal
conclusions drawn therefrom are in error.

Commonwealth v. Russo, 934 A.2d 1199, 1203 (Pa. 2007) (citation

omitted). However, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court recently clarified our

scope of review when considering a challenge to a trial court’s suppression

ruling as it relates to “the extent of the record that the appellate court

consults when conducting that review.” In re L.J., 79 A.3d 1073, 1080 (Pa.

2013). Therein, the Court decided that such review is limited to the

suppression hearing record, and “it is inappropriate to consider trial evidence

as a matter of course, because it is simply not part of the suppression record,

absent a finding that such evidence was unavailable during the suppression

____________________________________________

8
We note that the trial court decided that the search warrant was not
supported by probable cause with regard to certain drug-related items listed
in Attachment A to the application for the search warrant. Trial Court
Opinion, 8/21/14, at 6.

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hearing.” Id. at 1085. Because prior cases held that a reviewing court could

consider the trial record in addition to the suppression record, the Supreme

Court determined that the more limited scope announced in In re L.J. would

apply prospectively to cases where the suppression hearing occurred after

October 30, 2013. Id. at 1088–1089. Instantly, the subject suppression

hearing was held on January 16, 2014; accordingly, our scope of review is

confined to the suppression hearing record.

Appellant initially submits that the search warrant was invalid under

Commonwealth v. Graham, 596 A.2d 1117 (Pa. 1991). In Graham, the

Pennsylvania Supreme Court overturned a theft by deception conviction

when the only evidence of the crime was the fact that the defendant did not

deliver cocaine to an informant who allegedly gave the defendant money to

purchase the drugs. “There were no additional facts in the record from

which the intent to deceive could reasonably be inferred.” Id. at 1118.

Appellant contends that the search warrant herein was similarly unsupported

by probable cause that evidence of a theft by deception would be discovered

because, as in Graham, there was no evidence of a legally enforceable

obligation between Appellant and the CS.

Graham is easily distinguishable from the matter at hand. First, the

Graham Court was reviewing whether the evidence was sufficient to support

a conviction of theft by deception, whereas we are concerned with whether

certain facts provided probable cause for the issuance of a search warrant, a

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lesser evidentiary burden for the Commonwealth. Graham is further

distinguishable because additional evidence supported the validity of the

warrant issued herein. Detective Gresh observed the CS place a call to

Appellant and heard the CS conduct a drug-related conversation with

Appellant. N.T. (Omnibus Pretrial Hearing), 6/10/14, at Exhibit 1, p.6

(Application for Search Warrant). Additionally, the officers conducting

surveillance observed the CS provide Appellant with currency and saw

Appellant walk away. Id. When Appellant did not return to the meeting

site, the CS placed numerous calls to Appellant which were unanswered. Id.

A subsequent search of the CS for the prerecorded currency and/or narcotics

had “a negative result.” Id. Thus, the quantum of evidence of theft by

deception against Appellant also renders Graham inapposite.

In addition to his reliance on Graham, Appellant asserts that the

search warrant was issued without probable cause because the events

depicted in the supporting affidavit did not demonstrate that a theft by

deception had occurred. Appellant, however, does not offer any

particularized challenge to either the trial court’s factual findings or its legal

determination that the search warrant was supported by probable cause as it

related to the prerecorded currency. Appellant merely proclaims his

disagreement with the trial court’s conclusion. Such an argument does not

merit relief.

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Appellant also contends that the search warrant for the residence was

rendered stale when the search of his person led to discovery of the

prerecorded currency sought in the warrant application. The trial court

rejected this argument, reasoning:

[Appellant’s] motion also claims that the detectives were
unauthorized to execute the search warrant at 1109 North 12 th
Street after they had already recovered a large sum of money
from [Appellant]. The motion specifically argues: “Prior to
executing the search warrant, Detective Gresh indisputably was
possessed of knowledge that the affidavit supporting the warrant
now contained material misstatements regarding the location of
the evidence being sought, and knew or should have known that
the issuing authority would consider such information material to
a decision to allow execution of the warrant.” MOTION TO
SUPPRESS, June 2, 2014 at ¶ 11.

[Appellant] would impose the implementation of a police
practice that is constitutionally unrequired and severely
detrimental to ongoing investigations. The seizure of [Appellant]
occurred on a busy one-way street with lots of activity. Because
there was nothing distinguishable about the money possessed by
[Appellant], the detectives were unable to immediately confirm
that it was the prerecorded currency. [Appellant] suggests that
given the specificity of the search warrant the officers should
have analyzed the twenty-dollar bills before searching the
residence. This would require officers to compare the eleven-
character alphanumeric serial numbers of fifty separate bills to
those depicted in Attachment B.[9] It is ludicrous to expect this
sort of work to be done on the hood of a car on a busy street, in
the midst of an ongoing investigation. This is especially
unreasonable given two other facts. First, ongoing surveillance
of the residence by the detectives indicated that other
individuals were entering and exiting the residence. Second, the
driver had been allowed to leave the scene of the traffic stop, so
____________________________________________

9
Attachment B to the application for the search warrant included
reproductions of the prerecorded currency, consisting of fifty twenty-dollar
bills.

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he could have informed those at the house to dispose of the
contraband.

The officers were properly authorized by the warrant to
conduct a search of the residence, where all or some of the
prerecorded currency could have been located. [Appellant’s]
argument ignores the reality of police investigations and would
impose a burden that is patently unreasonable and not
contemplated by the law. Accordingly, we find that the
detective’s search of 1109 North 12th Street comported with the
applicable constitutional requirements.

Trial Court Opinion, 8/21/14, at 7–8.

Stale information cannot provide probable cause in support of a

warrant. As we observed in Commonwealth v. Gomolekoff, 910 A.2d 710

(Pa. Super. 2006):

Age of the information supporting a warrant application is a
factor in determining probable cause. If too old, the information
is stale, and probable cause may no longer exist. Age alone,
however, does not determine staleness. “The determination of
probable cause is not merely an exercise in counting the days or
even months between the facts relied on and the issuance of the
warrant.” Rather, we must also examine the nature of the crime
and the type of evidence.

Id. at 713 (quoting United States v. Harvey, 2 F.3d 1318, 1322 (3d Cir.

1993)).

Appellant argues that upon the discovery of the currency on his

person, law enforcement personnel should have taken the necessary

measures to determine whether that currency matched the prerecorded

currency described in the affidavit of probable cause. Appellant avers that

the effort required to connect the currency found on his person to the

prerecorded currency would not have imposed on undue hardship on law

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enforcement so as to outweigh the heightened expectation of privacy in

one’s home protected by the United States and Pennsylvania Constitutions.10

Additionally, Appellant claims that because law enforcement now possessed

the sought-after evidence, any concern regarding the destruction of

additional evidence was unwarranted.

While acknowledging that age of the information supporting the

affidavit of probable cause is not outcome determinative, we observe that

the present search warrant was issued approximately one hour after the

alleged theft by deception occurred. Substantively, we agree with the trial

court’s disposition of the staleness issue. It would be unreasonable to

expect the police officers to conduct a time-consuming inspection and

comparison of the currency found on Appellant’s person to the serial

numbers on the prerecorded currency while in the midst of a criminal

investigation. Additionally, the law enforcement personnel were justified in

their concern that possible recovery of other evidence at the residence might

be jeopardized given the activity at the dwelling and the fact the Appellant’s

companion in the car had been permitted to leave the scene of Appellant’s

stop. The trial court’s factual findings are supported by the record and the

legal conclusions drawn from those facts are correct.

____________________________________________

10
Appellant’s argument in this regard is curious in that his position at trial
and on appeal is that the dwelling located at 1109 North 12 th Street is not
his residence.

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Appellant’s final objection to the search warrant concerns its

execution, which Appellant argues went beyond the scope of the search

authorized. The trial court concluded that the evidence seized from the

residence at 1109 North 12th Street, i.e., the firearm and the clear plastic

bags marked with a logo (drug paraphernalia), were admissible under the

plain view exception and the inevitable discovery doctrine.

The plain view exception provides that:

evidence in plain view of the police can be seized without a
warrant, Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 91 S.Ct.
2022, 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971), as modified by Horton v.
California, 496 U.S. 128, 110 S.Ct. 2301, 110 L.Ed.2d 112
(1990), and it was adopted by our Supreme Court in
Commonwealth v. McCullum, 529 Pa. 117, 602 A.2d 313
(1992). The plain view doctrine applies if 1) police did not
violate the Fourth Amendment during the course of their arrival
at the location where they viewed the item in question; 2) the
item was not obscured and could be seen plainly from that
location; 3) the incriminating nature of the item was readily
apparent; and 4) police had the lawful right to access the item.

Commonwealth v. Anderson, 40 A.3d 1245, 1248–1249 (Pa. Super.

2012) (quoting Commonwealth v. Sodomsky, 939 A.2d 363, 370 (Pa.

Super. 2007) (some citations omitted)). Furthermore, under the inevitable

discovery doctrine:

“[E]vidence which would have been discovered was sufficiently
purged of the original illegality to allow admission of the
evidence. [I]mplicit in this doctrine is the fact that the evidence
would have been discovered despite the initial illegality.”
Commonwealth v. Bailey, 986 A.2d 860, 862 (Pa. Super.
2009), appeal denied, 606 Pa. 660, 995 A.2d 350 (2010).
Evidence is admissible under this doctrine where the
Commonwealth demonstrates “by a preponderance of the

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evidence that the illegally obtained evidence . . . inevitably
would have been discovered through lawful means.” Id.

Anderson, 40 A.3d at 1249 n.6.

While the trial court at times conflates its discussion of these two

distinct concepts, it correctly determined that the items seized from 1109

North 12th Street were admissible under the inevitable discovery doctrine “as

they would have been found during the valid search for the prerecorded

currency.” Trial Court Opinion, 8/21/14, at 7.11 Appellant’s only argument

against the applicability of the inevitable discovery doctrine is that the police

officers would not have inevitably found the items because the prerecorded

currency identified in the warrant was discovered prior to the search of the

residence; therefore, the subject currency would not have been discovered

at that location.

Appellant’s argument is without factual or legal foundation. There is

simply no basis for Appellant’s bald assertion that all of the prerecorded

currency had been recovered prior to the search at 1109 North 12th Street.

Additionally, we have already determined that the investigating officers had

probable cause to search the residence despite the fact that the search of

Appellant’s person revealed a large amount of currency. Accordingly,

____________________________________________

11
Having determined that the trial court correctly relied upon the inevitable
discovery doctrine to validate seizure of the items discovered at the
residence, we need not discuss whether the plain view exception would
likewise justify confiscation of the items.

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Appellant’s argument that the search at 1109 North 12th Street was beyond

the scope of the warrant is unavailing.

In conclusion, Appellant failed to demonstrate that the search warrant

was issued illegally, that the trial court’s findings were not supported by the

record or that its legal conclusions were erroneous, and that the search

exceeded the scope of the warrant. Accordingly, the trial court’s decision to

deny Appellant’s motion to suppress was correct.

Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 9/30/2016

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