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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
v.
NICOLE MARIE GOLDBACH
Appellant No. 96 MDA 2016
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence December 16, 2015
In the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-36-CR-0002154-2015
BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., PANELLA, J., and JENKINS, J.
MEMORANDUM BY PANELLA, J. FILED OCTOBER 17, 2016
Appellant, Nicole Marie Goldbach, appeals from the judgment of
sentence entered by the Honorable Donald R. Totaro, Court of Common
Pleas of Lancaster County. Goldbach contends that the Commonwealth
violated her right against unlawful search and seizure. After careful review,
we affirm.
At approximately 2:45 a.m. on December 24, 2014, the Lancaster
County emergency dispatch call center received the following telephone call:
My name is Terry. I’m the manager at the Sheetz in Millersville. I
was just leaving my shift and saw a lady passed out in a car, and
now she is inside the store ordering food. I didn’t - - I just didn’t
know if the police officer wants to swing by and keep an eye on
her. She’s driving a Volkswagen Beetle with a tan roof. I saw her
get out of the car. She stumbled.
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N.T., Suppression Hearing, 12/16/15, at 7. Based upon that telephone call,
the dispatch call center alerted Sergeant Brian Tatara with the following
information:
Can you go out to the Sheetz? Caller is the manager, observed a
female sleeping in a yellow Beetle, which is parked out front. It’s
a ragtop. She got out, stumbled inside the store, where she is
now. Not sure if she’s 37 or having medical issues. White female,
blonde hair, light green sweatshirt and jeans.
Id., at 6-7. Sergeant Tatara immediately proceeded to the Sheetz, where he
observed the described yellow Volkswagen Beetle, driven by Goldbach,
leaving the parking lot. Sergeant Tatara followed the vehicle for
approximately one minute and initiated a traffic stop for suspicion of Driving
under the Influence (“DUI”). Goldbach was charged with one count of DUI:
Highest Rate of Alcohol, and one count of DUI: General
Impairment/Incapability of Driving Safely.1
Goldbach moved to suppress evidence gained during the traffic stop.
The court held a suppression hearing. Sergeant Tatara testified that “37” is
code for an intoxicated person, and that in his 16 years of experience, he
noted that gas stations were generally known locations for intoxicated
travelers late at night. Following the hearing, the suppression count denied
Goldbach’s motion to suppress. The parties proceeded to a stipulated bench
trial, wherein the trial court found Goldbach guilty on both counts. This
timely appeal followed.
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1
75 Pa. C.S.A. § 3802(c) and (a), respectively.
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On appeal, Goldbach challenges the suppression court’s denial of her
motion to suppress. She contends that Sergeant Tatara did not have
reasonable suspicion to perform the underlying traffic stop, and that
therefore all evidence obtained as a result of the traffic stop should be
excluded as fruit of the poisonous tree. See Appellant’s Brief, at 7. We
disagree.
Our scope and standard of review in considering the trial court’s denial
of a motion to suppress is
limited to determining whether the suppression court’s factual
findings are supported by the record and whether the legal
conclusions drawn from those facts are correct. Because the
Commonwealth prevailed before the suppression court, we may
consider only the evidence of the Commonwealth and so much of
the evidence for the defense as remains uncontradicted [sic]
when read in the context of the record as a whole. Where the
suppression court’s factual findings are supported by the record,
[the appellate court is] bound by [those] findings and may
reverse only if the court’s legal conclusions are erroneous.
Commonwealth v. Jones, 121 A.3d 524, 526-527 (Pa. Super. 2015)
(citation omitted). “Further, [i]t is within the suppression court’s sole
province as factfinder to pass on the credibility of witnesses and the weight
to be given their testimony.” Commonwealth v. Houck, 102 A.3d 443, 455
(Pa. Super. 2014) (citations omitted).
The suppression court’s factual findings are supported by the record.
Therefore, we proceed to examine the trial court’s application of the relevant
law to the facts at hand.
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The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees,
“[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and
effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated…”
U.S. Const. amend. IV. Similarly, the Pennsylvania Constitution assures
citizens of our Commonwealth that “[t]he people shall be secure in their
persons, houses, papers and possessions from unreasonable searches and
seizures….” Pa. Const. art. I, § 8. Further, “[t]he reasonableness of a
government intrusion varies with the degree of privacy legitimately expected
and the nature of the governmental intrusion.” Commonwealth v. Fleet,
114 A.3d 840, 844 (Pa. Super. 2015) (citation omitted).
Here, both parties agree that Sergeant Tatara placed Goldbach under
investigative detention when he performed the traffic stop. “[A]n
“investigative detention” must be supported by reasonable suspicion; it
subjects a suspect to a stop and a period of detention, but does not involve
such coercive conditions as to constitute the functional equivalent of an
arrest.” Id., at 845 (citation omitted).
Goldbach’s sole issue on appeal is whether Sergeant Tatara had
reasonable suspicion or probable cause that criminal acts or violations of the
Motor Vehicle Code had been committed to justify the investigatory traffic
stop. See Appellant’s Brief, at 7. Goldbach contends that the non-specific
information provided by the Sheetz manager was insufficient to form
reasonable suspicion because it only implied Goldbach may have been
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intoxicated, and Sergeant Tatara’s subsequent observations did not bolster
this implication. See id., at 6.
A police officer is permitted to perform an investigative stop of a
vehicle upon reasonable suspicion of criminal activity or a Vehicle Code
violation. See 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 6308(b). In determining whether a police
officer has sufficient reasonable suspicion to perform an investigatory traffic
stop, this Court has summarized the requirements as follows:
Reasonable suspicion is a less stringent standard than [the]
probable cause necessary to effectuate a warrantless arrest, and
depends on the information possessed by the police and its
degree of reliability in the totality of the circumstances. In order
to justify a seizure, a police officer must be able to point to
specific and articulable facts leading him to suspect criminal
activity is afoot. In assessing the totality of the circumstances,
courts must afford due weight to the specific reasonable
inferences drawn from the facts in light of the officer’s
experience[,] and acknowledge that innocent facts, when
considered collectively, may permit the investigative detention.
Commonwealth v. Brown, 996 A.2d 473, 477 (Pa. 2010) (citations
omitted). Further,
[t]o have reasonable suspicion, police officers need not
personally observe the illegal or suspicious conduct, but may rely
upon the information of third parties, including “tips” from
citizens. Naturally, if a tip has a relatively low degree of
reliability more information will be required to establish the
requisite quantum of suspicion….
…
However, a tip from a known informer may carry enough indicia
of reliability for the police to conduct an investigative stop, even
though the same tip from an anonymous informant would likely
not have done so. Indeed a known informant places himself at
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risk of prosecution for filing a false claim if the tip is untrue,
whereas [an] unknown informant faces no such risk.
Commonwealth v. Lohr, 715 A.2d 459, 461-462 (Pa. Super. 1998)
(citations and internal quotation marks omitted). When third party
observations provide the basis for a police officer’s reasonable suspicion, a
suppression court must examine the “informant’s reliability, veracity, and
basis of knowledge, as well as whether the information supplied to the police
contained ‘specific and articulable facts’ that would lead the police to believe
that criminal activity may be afoot.” Commonwealth v. Albert, 767 A.2d
549, 552 (Pa. Super. 2001) (citations omitted).
Here, the information provided to Sergeant Tatara by Lancaster
County dispatch was provided by an identified source, Terry Frey, the
manager of the Millersville Sheetz gas station. Frey reported that Goldbach
was “passed-out” in her vehicle and “stumbled” into the gas station. Frey
requested that police officers respond to “keep an eye on her.” While Frey
did not specifically state that he believed that Goldbach was intoxicated, it is
obvious that Frey inferred his suspicion that Goldbach was intoxicated.
Contrary to Goldbach’s assertions, we find that Frey’s observations were
sufficiently specific and reliable for Sergeant Tatara to form reasonable
suspicion of intoxication. See Commonwealth v. Korenkiewicz, 743 A.2d
958, 964 (Pa. Super. 1999) (“Established Pennsylvania law generally accepts
that intoxication is a condition within the understanding or powers of
observation of ordinary citizens.”)
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Additionally, Sergeant Tatara testified that he had been a police officer
for sixteen years and had participated in hundreds of DUI investigations.
Based upon the information relayed to Sergeant Tatara from Lancaster
County dispatch, Sergeant Tatara drew upon his experience, as well as his
knowledge that intoxicated persons frequent the Sheetz gas station at 2:30
a.m., to conclude that Goldbach may be intoxicated. Sergeant Tatara
received this information via the dispatch center, and spotted the described
vehicle in the gas station’s parking lot within minutes of Frey’s initial
telephone call. Because the information about Goldbach’s alleged
intoxication came from a known caller, there is no requirement that
Sergeant Tatara independently observe signs of intoxication before forming
reasonable suspicion. Under the totality of the circumstances, Sergeant
Tatara’s investigatory detention of Goldbach was supported by reasonable
suspicion. Therefore, we find that Goldbach’s argument to the contrary is
meritless.
Judgement of Sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 10/17/2016
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