IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 15-1763
Filed October 26, 2016
STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
ROGER JAMES CHESHIRE,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Robert J. Blink,
Judge.
Roger Cheshire appeals his convictions and special sentence following his
guilty pleas to the offenses of lascivious conduct with a minor and indecent
exposure. AFFIRMED.
Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, and Bradley M. Bender,
Assistant Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Timothy M. Hau, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee.
Considered by Potterfield, P.J., and Doyle and Tabor, JJ.
2
DOYLE, Judge.
Roger Cheshire appeals his convictions and special sentence following his
guilty pleas to the offenses of lascivious conduct with a minor and indecent
exposure. He contends the special sentence imposed by the district court was
illegal and his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to file a motion in arrest of
judgment because his guilty plea to the offense of lascivious conduct with a
minor lacked a factual basis. Having determined Cheshire’s special sentence is
not illegal and a factual basis existed for his plea, we affirm.
Cheshire was charged with three counts: (1) sexual abuse in the second
degree, a class “B” felony; (2) assault with intent to commit sexual abuse, an
aggravated misdemeanor; and (3) indecent contact with a child, an aggravated
misdemeanor. The charges stemmed from allegations Cheshire sexually
abused, assaulted, and inappropriately touched a child during the period of
January 1, 2003, to December 31, 2005. In a negotiated plea agreement,
Cheshire agreed to plead guilty to one count of lascivious conduct with a minor
and one count of indecent exposure, in violation of Iowa Code sections 709.14
and .9 (2015),1 both serious misdemeanors. The district court accepted
Cheshire’s pleas and sentenced him to one-year imprisonment on each count to
run consecutive to each other, for a total period not to exceed two years. These
sentences of incarceration were suspended, and Cheshire was placed on
probation. Among other things, the court also imposed a ten-year special
1
These code sections have not been amended since Cheshire’s 2003-2005 criminal
acts.
3
sentence of supervision under Iowa Code section 903B.2, which provides that a
person convicted of a serious-misdemeanor offense under chapter 709
shall also be sentenced, in addition to any other punishment
provided by law, to a special sentence committing the person into
the custody of the director of the Iowa department of corrections for
a period of ten years . . . commenc[ing] upon completion of the
sentence imposed under any applicable criminal sentencing
provisions for the underlying criminal offense and the person shall
begin the sentence under supervision as if on parole or work
release.
Cheshire first contends the special sentence imposed by the district court
was illegal. Specifically, he argues the section 903B.2 special sentence was
imposed based upon his convictions for conduct that occurred before the
statute’s effective date of July 1, 2005, and therefore violated the constitutional
prohibition against ex post facto laws, which “forbid[s] enactment of laws that
impose punishment for an act that was not punishable when committed or that
increases the quantum of punishment provided for the crime when it was
committed.” State v. Pickens, 558 N.W.2d 396, 397 (Iowa 1997). He asserts the
alleged violation rendered his special sentence illegal.
A challenge to an illegal sentence may be raised at any time. See State v.
Lathrop, 781 N.W.2d 288, 293 (Iowa 2010). We review illegal sentences for
correction of errors at law. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.907. However, claims
involving an alleged violation of the constitution protection against ex post facto
laws are reviewed de novo. See State v. Cowles, 757 N.W.2d 614, 616 (Iowa
2008).
Iowa Code section 903B.2 became effective July 1, 2005. See 2005 Iowa
Acts ch. 158, § 40. The amended trial information alleges Cheshire committed
4
the lascivious conduct with a minor and indecent-exposure acts between January
1, 2003, and December 31, 2005. In his written guilty plea, Cheshire states: “In
order to establish a factual basis, I ask the court to accept as true the minutes of
testimony, the date of the offense was: Nov. 1, 2003-Dec. 1, 2005,” and that the
acts occurred “from November 1, 2003 to December 1, 2005.” Furthermore, his
written plea states:
I understand my plea to a sex crime will have additional
consequences as follows:
....
Unless I am granted a deferred judgment, I will be subject to
a special sentence of ten (10) years beginning after I complete my
probation, prison or jail sentence. During this special sentence, I
will be subject to the rules and supervision of the Department of
Correctional Services (DCS) as if on parole and could be
incarcerated for violation of DCS rules. [See Iowa Code] § 903A.2.
Cheshire argues State v. Lathrop controls. There, a jury convicted
Lathrop of third-degree sexual assault. See Lathrop, 781 N.W.2d at 291. The
jury had been instructed that to find Lathrop guilty they must find, among other
things, that, “[d]uring the months of June through September 2005, [Lathrop]
performed a sex act with [the victim].” Id. at 297. The sentencing court imposed
the lifetime probation requirement of 903B.1, which became law on July 1, 2005.
See id. at 291. Given the lack of specificity contained in the jury verdict as to
whether any offense had occurred after July 1, 2005, the court determined
Lathrop should be given the benefit of the doubt as to when his offense took
place. See id. at 297. Under that scenario, our supreme court determined there
was no finding that the offense had taken place after July 1, 2005. See id. at
298. Accordingly, the application of lifetime probation was an invalid ex post
facto sentence and, as such, an illegal sentence. See id.
5
However, we believe State v. Cowles is dispositive. In that case, Cowles
expressly admitted to perpetrating a sex act on a victim between April 9, 1996
and February 2, 1997. See Cowles, 757 N.W.2d at 617. He acknowledged he
wished to plead guilty after he was advised he would be required to serve a
mandatory minimum sentence. See id. The statute in question, imposing a
mandatory minimum sentence, became effective on July 1, 1996. See id. at 616.
Although Cowles did not expressly admit during the plea colloquy that he
committed the offense after July 1, 1996, our supreme court found an implicit
admission of such conduct in the full context of the plea hearing. See id. at 617.
The Cowles court rejected Cowles’s ex post facto claim, concluding he admitted
guilt for a crime that was committed after July 1, 1996, and was sentenced
accordingly. See id. at 618. The court held that the sentencing court’s
application of the statute’s mandatory minimum sentence did not result in an
illegal sentence. See id.
This case is very much like Cowles and different than Lathrop. See also
State v. Krambeck, No. 13-0660, 2014 WL 1714465, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. April
30, 2014) (rejecting defendant’s ex post facto argument after finding defendant’s
admissions the act had taken place after the effective date of the statute came
implicitly from the trial information, and implicitly and explicitly from admissions
he made at the plea colloquy). Here, like in Cowles, Cheshire entered a plea of
guilty. In regard to the ex post facto issue, our supreme court has made clear the
distinction between the uncertainty of a general jury verdict and a guilty plea
where the defendant implicitly admits commission of a crime after the effective
date of a sentencing statute. See Lathrop, 781 N.W.2d at 297-98; Cowles, 757
6
N.W.2d at 617. Cheshire’s reliance on Lathrop is therefore misplaced. For these
reasons, we conclude the imposition of the ten-year special sentence of
supervision under Iowa Code section 903B.2 was not illegal under the
circumstances presented here. We now turn to Cheshire’s ineffective-
assistance-of-counsel argument.
Cheshire asserts his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to file a motion
in arrest of judgment because his guilty plea to the offense of lascivious conduct
with a minor lacked a factual basis. Specifically, he contends that the facts in the
record do not establish that (1) he forced, persuaded, or coerced the victim to
disrobe or partially disrobe and (2) he was in a position of authority over the
victim. “Although claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are generally
preserved for postconviction relief hearings, we will consider such claims on
direct appeal where the record is adequate.” State v. Lopez, 872 N.W.2d 159,
169 (Iowa 2015). The record here is sufficient to reach Cheshire’s claim
challenging his counsel’s performance.
To succeed on an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, Cheshire must
prove both that (1) his counsel failed to perform an essential duty, and (2) he
suffered prejudice as a result of his counsel’s failure. See Dempsey v. State, 860
N.W.2d 860, 868 (Iowa 2015). Our review is de novo. See State v. Thacker, 862
N.W.2d 402, 405 (Iowa 2015).
Before accepting a guilty plea, the district court must first determine the
plea has a factual basis, and that factual basis must be disclosed in the record.
See State v. Finney, 834 N.W.2d 46, 61 (Iowa 2013); see also Iowa R. Crim. P.
2.8(2)(b). “Where a factual basis for a charge does not exist, and trial counsel
7
allows the defendant to plead guilty anyway, counsel has failed to perform an
essential duty.” State v. Gines, 844 N.W.2d 437, 441 (Iowa 2014). “Prejudice is
inherent in such a case.”2 Id. Accordingly, with regard to this claim, our first and
only inquiry is whether the record shows a factual basis for Cheshire’s plea to the
charge of lascivious conduct with a minor. See id. In determining whether a
factual basis exists, “we consider the entire record before the district court at the
guilty plea hearing, including any statements made by the defendant, facts
related by the prosecutor, the minutes of testimony, and the presentence
report.”3 State v. Schminkey, 597 N.W.2d 785, 788 (Iowa 1999). Here, we look
to the minutes of testimony and Cheshire’s written plea.
The crime of lascivious conduct with a minor is committed when a person
over eighteen in a “position of authority” over a minor acts “to force, persuade, or
coerce a minor, with or without consent, to disrobe or partially disrobe for the
purpose of arousing or satisfying the sexual desires of either of them.” Iowa
Code § 709.14. Cheshire contends “the record is devoid of any evidence to
establish that (1) he forced, persuaded, or coerced [the victim] to disrobe or
partially disrobe and (2) he was in a position of authority over [the victim].” In his
written guilty plea, Cheshire specifically admitted: “I was over 18 years old and in
a position of authority over [the victim], a minor under the age of 12, and I
persuaded [the victim] to move her clothes so that I could touch her genital area.
2
In other words, when trial counsel permits a defendant to plead guilty and waive the
right to file a motion in arrest of judgment absent a factual basis to support the guilty
plea, counsel violates an essential duty and prejudice is presumed. See State v.
Rodriguez, 804 N.W.2d 844, 849 (Iowa 2011).
3
This assumes the presentence investigation report (PSI) was available at the time of
the guilty plea proceeding. See State v. Fluhr, 287 N.W.2d 857, 868 (Iowa 1980),
overruled on other grounds by State v. Kirchoff, 452 N.W.2d 801, 802 (Iowa 1990). No
PSI was available here.
8
I did this for purposes of satisfying my sexual desires.” As an admission by the
defendant, we find this to be sufficient to establish the requisite basis for the
crime of lascivious conduct with a minor. State v. Philo, 697 N.W.2d 481, 486
(Iowa 2005) (“The defendant’s admission on the record of the fact supporting an
element of an offense is sufficient to provide a factual basis for that element.”).
Because a factual basis supports his plea, Cheshire’s attorney was not
ineffective in allowing him to enter a guilty plea to the charge of lascivious
conduct with a minor, and we therefore affirm Cheshire’s conviction and
sentence on that charge.
Having determined Cheshire’s sentence is not illegal and that a factual
basis existed for his plea, we affirm his convictions and special sentence.
AFFIRMED.
State of Iowa v. Roger James Cheshire
Combined Opinion