Case: 16-10095 Date Filed: 10/27/2016 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 16-10095
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:15-cv-20776-RNS
DANILO LOPEZ GARCIA,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
YACHTING PROMOTIONS, INC.,
Defendant - Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(October 27, 2016)
Before MARCUS, JORDAN, and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Plaintiff Danilo Lopez Garcia appeals the grant of summary judgment in
favor of defendant Yachting Promotions, Inc. dismissing his claim that Yachting
Case: 16-10095 Date Filed: 10/27/2016 Page: 2 of 7
Promotions failed to pay him overtime compensation as required by the Fair Labor
Standards Act (“FLSA”), 29 U.S.C. § 207. After careful review, we affirm.
In his complaint, Garcia alleged that despite the fact that he worked more
than 40 hours in each week he was employed by Yachting Promotions, he was not
appropriately compensated for his overtime work. Yachting Promotions argued
that Garcia was not entitled to the time-and-a-half overtime pay otherwise
mandated by the FLSA because he had agreed to be paid according to the
fluctuating workweek method. Indeed, on March 2, 2007, Garcia signed a form
that read as follows:
This will confirm that beginning on March 2nd the
Company will continue to pay your weekly base salary
for all hours worked in a workweek. You understand that
your weekly hours will fluctuate and that this base salary
will compensate you for any and all hours worked. In
order to reward you for those times when your supervisor
approves work greater than 40 hours in any given
workweek all eligible salaried non-exempt employees
will begin receiving at least an additional half-time for
those hours greater than 40 in a workweek. To monitor
this compensation program, the Company requires [you]
to maintain the current practice of: (a) keeping a daily
record of the number of hours worked and submitting it
to your corresponding office’s record keeper; and (b)
having received authorization from your supervisor
before working more than 40 hours in any given
workweek.
This salary method of payment may be changed or
modified as deemed appropriate by the Company. If you
have any questions regarding this feel free to contact me.
2
Case: 16-10095 Date Filed: 10/27/2016 Page: 3 of 7
I have read and understand the above.
Moreover, Garcia acknowledged in his deposition that he understood he was paid
on a salary basis, so that he received $779.48 of base pay each week. But Garcia, a
native Spanish speaker, argues that he did not understand the document he signed
and only did so because he was told that he had to in order to keep his job. He also
asked his supervisors on multiple occasions how his pay was calculated, but never
received a clear answer. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of
Yachting Promotions, finding that Garcia had a clear understanding of how he was
to be compensated.
We review de novo a district court’s order granting summary judgment,
taking all of the facts in the record and drawing all reasonable inferences in the
light most favorable to the non-moving party. Rioux v. City of Atlanta, 520 F.3d
1269, 1274 (11th Cir. 2008); Skop v. City of Atlanta, 485 F.3d 1130, 1136 (11th
Cir. 2007). Summary judgment is proper where “there is no genuine dispute as to
any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(a). “A factual dispute is genuine ‘if the evidence is such that a
reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.’” Hinkle v.
Midland Credit Mgmt., Inc., 827 F.3d 1295, 1300 (11th Cir. 2016) (quoting
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986)).
3
Case: 16-10095 Date Filed: 10/27/2016 Page: 4 of 7
Generally, the FLSA requires employers to pay an employee one and one-
half times the employee’s “regular rate” for all hours worked in excess of 40 hours.
See 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1). The “regular rate” is the hourly rate at which the
employer pays the employee for normal, non-overtime hours in a 40-hour
workweek. See Walling v. Youngerman-Reynolds Hardwood Co., 325 U.S. 419
(1945). But FLSA implementing regulations provide for an alternative way to
calculate the compensation of certain salaried employees: the fluctuating
workweek method. See 29 C.F.R. § 778.114. The fluctuating workweek method
of payment allows an employee whose hours fluctuate from week to week to be
compensated at a fixed amount per week as straight-time pay irrespective of the
number of hours worked, whether few or many. Id. Payment for overtime hours
under this method is at one-half time regular-rate instead of the standard one and
one-half time rate because, in theory, the straight-time rate already includes
compensation for all hours worked. Notably, the fluctuating workweek method is
merely one way to meet the FLSA’s overtime requirements -- it is not an exception
to those requirements. Lamonica v. Safe Hurricane Shutters, Inc., 711 F.3d 1299,
1311 (11th Cir. 2013). Thus, the employee bears the burden of proving that the
employer failed to properly administer the payments. Id.
The Department of Labor’s regulations permitting the fluctuating workweek
to be implemented require that four criteria be met:
4
Case: 16-10095 Date Filed: 10/27/2016 Page: 5 of 7
(1) the employee clearly understands that the straight-
salary covers whatever hours he or she is required to
work;
(2) the straight-salary is paid irrespective of whether the
workweek is one in which a full schedule of hours are
worked;
(3) the straight-salary is sufficient to provide a pay-rate
not less than the applicable minimum wage rate for every
hour worked in those workweeks in which the number of
hours worked is greatest; and
(4) in addition to straight-salary, the employee is paid for
all hours in excess of the statutory maximum at a rate not
less than one-half the regular rate of pay.
See 29 C.F.R. § 778.114. The only point at issue here is the first prong, whether
Garcia had a clear understanding of how he was to be paid.
The fluctuating workweek method of payment applies only if there is a clear
mutual understanding of the parties that the fixed salary is compensation for
however many hours the employee may work in a particular week, rather than for a
fixed number of hours per week. See Clements v. Serco, Inc., 530 F.3d 1224, 1230
(10th Cir. 2008); see also Valerio v. Putnam Assocs. Inc., 173 F.3d 35, 39 (1st Cir.
1999) (same). One way that clear mutual understanding can be achieved directly is
by employers working to educate their employees. See Samson v. Apollo Res.,
Inc., 242 F.3d 629, 637 (5th Cir. 2001). An employee does not have to understand
every contour of how the fluctuating workweek method is used to calculate salary,
so long as the employee understands that his base salary is fixed regardless of the
5
Case: 16-10095 Date Filed: 10/27/2016 Page: 6 of 7
hours worked. Clements, 530 F.3d at 1230; Samson, 242 F.3d at 636–37; Valerio,
173 F.3d at 40. Crucially, the employee must “clearly understand[] that the salary
covers whatever hours the job may demand in a particular workweek and the
employer pays the salary even though the workweek is one in which a full
schedule of hours is not worked.” 29 C.F.R. § 778.114(c). As the Fourth Circuit
has explained, “the existence of a clear mutual understanding under § 778.114 can
be based on the implied terms of one’s employment agreement if it is clear from
the employee’s actions that he or she understood the payment plan in spite of after-
the-fact verbal contentions otherwise.” Monahan v. Cty. of Chesterfield, Va., 95
F.3d 1263, 1281 (4th Cir. 1996).
Here, there is no genuine dispute of material fact that Garcia had a clear
understanding that his base salary remained the same regardless of how many
hours he worked, be it over or under 40 hours a week. For starters, the
memorandum he signed regarding Yachting Promotions’ adoption of the
fluctuating workweek method of calculating his pay provided that “the Company
will continue to pay [his] weekly base salary for all hours worked in a workweek”
and that he understood that “[his] weekly hours will fluctuate and that this base
salary will compensate [him] for any and all hours worked.” (Emphasis added).
But even if we assume that Garcia did not comprehend English well enough to
understand the memorandum, it is clear from the record that Garcia understood that
6
Case: 16-10095 Date Filed: 10/27/2016 Page: 7 of 7
the fluctuating method would be used. In his deposition, Garcia admitted that
during the relevant time period, he was not paid on an hourly basis, but was paid
“by [a] salary” of $779.84 per week. Moreover, Garcia submitted evidence
indicating that as early as 2006, one supervisor had explained to him that he was a
“salary employee who did receive overtime,” and another instructed that he be told
that he was “a salary employee” and was paid a “weekly salary.”
As for Garcia’s claim that his supervisors gave confusing answers to his
questions about how his overtime pay was calculated, we are unpersuaded. As
many courts have said, an employee does not have to understand every contour of
how the fluctuating workweek method is used to calculate salary, so long as the
employee understands that his base salary is fixed regardless of the hours worked.
Clements, 530 F.3d at 1230; Samson, 242 F.3d at 636–37; Valerio, 173 F.3d at 40.
Garcia has put forth no evidence that he did not understand what the term “salary”
meant, nor is there anything in the record to suggest that he did not understand that
his salary would be paid even if he worked less than the “full schedule of hours”
for the week. Thus, we cannot say that there is any dispute of fact about whether
Garcia clearly understood that the fluctuating workweek method applied to him.
Accordingly, because no other issues are in dispute, we affirm the district court’s
decision granting summary judgment in favor of Yachting Promotions.
AFFIRMED.
7