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Appellate Court Date: 2016.11.17
12:34:43 -06'00'
People v. Franklin, 2016 IL App (1st) 140059
Appellate Court THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption MARLON FRANKLIN, Defendant-Appellant.
District & No. First District, Third Division
Docket No. 1-14-0059
Filed August 24, 2016
Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 11-C6-60259; the
Review Hon. Luciano Panici, Judge, presiding.
Judgment Reversed.
Counsel on Michael J. Pelletier, Alan D. Goldberg, Patricia Mysza, Cassidey
Appeal Davis Keilman, and Carolyn R. Klarquist, all of State Appellate
Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.
Anita M. Alvarez, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg,
Mary P. Needham, and Haley Peck, Assistant State’s Attorneys, of
counsel), for the People.
Panel JUSTICE MASON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Fitzgerald Smith and Lavin concurred in the judgment and
opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Defendant Marlon Franklin was charged with eight counts of aggravated unlawful use of a
weapon (AUUW) and six counts of unlawful use of a weapon by a felon (UUWF). The jury
convicted Franklin of two counts of UUWF, and the trial court later sentenced him to two
concurrent six-year terms of imprisonment. He appeals, challenging the sufficiency of the
evidence to demonstrate his possession of the firearms and the trial court’s denial of his motion
to suppress evidence. Because we find that the motion to suppress should have been granted,
we reverse.
¶2 On March 5, 2011, East Hazel Crest police received a call regarding a theft of cash from
room 106 of the Super 8 Motel located at 17220 South Halsted Street. Officer Kenneth Vallow
and his partner, Officer Hankins, went to room 106 and met Jasmine Ross, the victim of the
theft. Ross described the perpetrator as a 26-year-old, 6-foot-3-inch, 300-pound black male
going by the nickname “DB.” Ross told the officers they could find “DB” in room 301 and that
“DB” was “known to be armed.” As the officers approached room 301, they encountered
Franklin leaving the room. After the officers identified themselves, Franklin told the officers
that room 301 was rented in his name. When asked if he was known as “DB,” Franklin told the
officers that DB was in his room.
¶3 Franklin used his keycard to let the officers into the room. Vallow used a towel to prop
open the door. Once inside, the officers observed a large man matching Ross’s description
sleeping on one of the two beds. The man woke up and the officers began questioning him.
Meanwhile Franklin remained standing by the window. On the nightstand between the two
beds, Vallow observed a clear plastic bag containing a green, leafy substance, which appeared
to be cannabis, and handed the bag to Hankins.1 Vallow did a quick search of the room and the
bathroom and noticed nothing was out of place in the bathroom. In particular, Vallow looked at
the ceiling tiles in the bathroom, as experience told him that contraband or weapons were often
concealed there. The ceiling tiles appeared undisturbed.
¶4 Hankins radioed for a drug sniffing dog. Vallow observed that DB (later identified as
David Lathan) was becoming “very nervous” and “tense” and that Franklin also became
fidgety. DB then jumped over the bed, pushed past the officers, and ran out of the open door of
the room. DB ran down the stairs and proceeded to carjack a vehicle from two individuals who
were leaving the parking lot. Hankins and Vallow both gave chase, leaving Franklin alone in
the room.
¶5 A few minutes later, Vallow realized that Franklin was still in the room and returned to
room 301. Vallow walked through the still propped open door to see Franklin exiting the
bathroom with a “surprised” expression on his face. Franklin did not tell Vallow he was not
permitted to enter the room or ask him to leave. Upon examining the bathroom, Vallow
observed that the ceiling tiles had been pushed up two inches. Vallow handcuffed Franklin,
had him sit on the bed, and inspected the ceiling tiles in the bathroom. Standing on the toilet,
Vallow reached up and felt two plastic bags that he believed contained guns. At that point
Vallow did not pull the bags down. Vallow brought Franklin down to his squad car, secured
him in the backseat, and went back to the room, recovering from above the bathroom ceiling
1
The record is unclear as to what Hankins did with the suspected narcotics. For purposes of this
opinion, we will assume she took custody of the bag.
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two plastic bags containing a Lorcin .38-caliber automatic weapon, an extra ammunition clip
for that weapon, a Hi-Point 9-millimeter firearm with a full clip, and $153 in cash. The cash
was returned to Ross and the guns were inventoried. Vallow never observed Franklin in the
bathroom or reaching up to the ceiling tiles.
¶6 Based on this evidence, the trial court denied Franklin’s motion to quash arrest and
suppress evidence. The court ruled that the presence of suspect narcotics in plain view was
probable cause for Franklin’s arrest and that Vallow had probable cause to search the ceiling
tiles because of their notable change in the three-minute period during which Vallow left the
room.
¶7 The matter proceeded to trial and the parties stipulated to Franklin’s status as a felon.
Vallow’s testimony was consistent with his prior testimony on the motion to suppress.
¶8 Franklin’s motion for a directed verdict was denied, and the defense rested without calling
any witnesses or introducing any other evidence. The jury found Franklin guilty on both counts
of UUWF.
¶9 Franklin’s motion for a new trial and his motion to reconsider the ruling on his motion to
quash and suppress were denied. The court sentenced Franklin to six years’ incarceration.
¶ 10 ANALYSIS
¶ 11 Franklin raises a number of issues relating to the sufficiency of the State’s evidence, the
trial court’s response to a question from the jury and the claimed ineffective assistance of trial
counsel. But because it is dispositive, we need only address Franklin’s contention that the trial
court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence. On this issue, Franklin first contends
that Vallow was not justified in reentering the room after he left to pursue Lathan so that
Vallow’s “second entry” into the room was without Franklin’s consent and not justified by any
other exception to the warrant requirement. Franklin further contends that even if Vallow’s
reentry is deemed consensual, his search of the area above the bathroom ceiling tiles could not
be justified as a search incident to Franklin’s arrest or by exigent circumstances. The trial court
rejected these contentions, finding that Franklin’s original consent encompassed Vallow’s
return to the room and that Vallow had probable cause to arrest Franklin based on the plainly
visible bag of cannabis in between the two beds. Further, once Vallow observed that the
bathroom ceiling tiles had been disturbed during his brief absence, the court found he had
probable cause to search the area above those tiles.
¶ 12 We apply a bifurcated standard of review when reviewing a trial court’s decision denying a
defendant’s motion to quash arrest and suppress evidence. People v. Luedemann, 222 Ill. 2d
530, 542 (2006). In reviewing questions of fact, we defer to the trial court’s factual findings
and reverse them only if they are contrary to the manifest weight of evidence. Id. The question
of whether, based on the facts as found by the trial court, suppression is warranted is a legal
question we review de novo. Id.
¶ 13 The fourth amendment of the United States Constitution protects the rights of people “to be
secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable search and seizures.”
U.S. Const., amend. IV. The Illinois Constitution offers similar protection. Ill. Const. 1970, art.
1, § 6. A warrantless search is per se unconstitutional unless it falls within recognized
exceptions to the warrant requirement. Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 357 (1967). In
Illinois the exceptions are (1) probable cause accompanied by exigent circumstances, (2) a
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search incident to arrest, and (3) a search based on consent. People v. Harrell, 226 Ill. App. 3d
866, 872 (1992). “Consent is not valid unless it is voluntary, and in order for consent to be
voluntary, it must be freely given without duress or coercion (express or implied).” People v.
LaPoint, 353 Ill. App. 3d 328, 332 (2004). Generally, whether consent has been freely given is
a factual question that the reviewing court will accept unless it is clearly unreasonable. People
v. Turnipseed, 274 Ill. App. 3d 527, 530 (1995).
¶ 14 We find that Vallow’s reentry into Franklin’s motel room was consensual. There is no
dispute that Franklin consented to Vallow’s initial entry into his room. Franklin contends,
however, that once the officers accomplished their stated purpose for entering the room, i.e., to
find “DB,” their departure to pursue Lathan required Vallow to seek and obtain Franklin’s
consent before reentering the room. And because (i) there is no evidence that Franklin
consented to what he characterizes as the second entry and (ii) no other exception to the
warrant requirement exists, his motion to suppress the recovered weapons should have been
granted.
¶ 15 We disagree with the premise of Franklin’s argument that there were two entries into his
room: one consensual and one without consent. On the facts presented here, we find that there
was one consensual search and that the interruption of the search as a result of Lathan’s flight
did not render Vallow’s reentry nonconsensual.
¶ 16 An analogous situation was presented in People v. Logsdon, 208 Ill. App. 3d 989 (1991). In
Logsdon, the defendant, who was hospitalized, asked the police to search her home because
she was concerned that her ex-husband, who had been harassing her, was planning to break-in.
Id. at 991. In response to defendant’s request, a police officer went to her home and found pry
marks on the kitchen door and chipped wood next to the lock. Id. The door was also unlocked.
Id. Upon entry, the officer searched each room and ultimately came upon a cubbyhole
containing a clear plastic bag of what appeared to be cannabis. Id. The officer left the narcotics
where they were, completed his search for intruders and returned to his squad car to call for
backup to secure the residence while he went to obtain a warrant. Id. Backup arrived about 50
minutes later and the officer then contacted an assistant State’s Attorney who advised him to
reenter the premises and seize the drugs without a warrant, which he proceeded to do. Id.
¶ 17 The trial court granted defendant’s motion to suppress, finding that although the officer’s
initial entry was with the homeowner’s consent, he exceeded the scope of that consent when he
reentered the home. Id. at 992. Reversing the trial court, the Logsdon court rejected the notion
that there were two separate searches of defendant’s home: “[W]e are not faced with two
searches, but rather with one continuous search. A brief interruption or a temporary suspension
of a search does not transform one continuous search into two separate searches. [Citations.].”
Id. The court further observed:
“The record reveals [the officer] never abandoned his investigation, relinquished
control over the defendant’s house, or indicated an intent not to seize the marijuana. He
only briefly interrupted his search to call for backup and to reach the assistant State’s
Attorney.” Id. at 992-93.
¶ 18 Here, Vallow entered Franklin’s room for a nondrug-related purpose and, during the
course of his consensual search, observed suspect narcotics in plain view. At that point, Vallow
had probable cause to arrest Franklin for possession of those narcotics as Franklin had
previously informed Vallow that the room was rented in his name. And Franklin would have
been arrested had Lathan not unexpectedly fled the room. The officers did not leave the room
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because they had completed their search and ran out only to pursue a fleeing suspect. When
Vallow returned minutes later, the door was still propped open and Franklin, upon seeing
Vallow, did not register any objection to Vallow’s return or ask him to leave. Under these
circumstances, we find that there was one continuous consensual search and that Vallow could
properly reenter the room to effect Franklin’s arrest.
¶ 19 The authorities Franklin cites on the issue of consent to multiple searches by police are
distinguishable on their facts. See People v. Plante, 371 Ill. App. 3d 264, 268-69 (2007)
(holding there was no consent where the police officer had made three entries into the
defendant’s home, each time through a closed door, defendant voiced an objection to the third
entry, and the officer made a physical gesture for the defendant to move aside); People v.
Jackson, 57 Ill. App. 3d 720, 723 (1978) (holding there was no consent for police officers’
second entry into room where door to room was locked in between first and second searches).
Under the circumstances here, where (i) the officers’ entry into the room was indisputably
consensual; (ii) the officers had recovered narcotics in plain view giving them probable cause
to arrest, at a minimum, the person in whose name the room was rented; (iii) the officers’
departure from the room was occasioned not by completion of the search but by the need to
pursue a fleeing suspect; (iv) the door to the room remained open when one officer returned
minutes later; and (v) the room’s occupant expressed no objection to the officer’s reentry, we
find that Vallow’s reentry to the room was authorized by consent.
¶ 20 Franklin also contends that even if Vallow could properly reenter the motel room pursuant
to his original consent, Vallow’s warrantless search of other areas of the room and, in
particular, the area above the bathroom ceiling, was not justified. Specifically, Franklin
contends that Vallow’s search of the bathroom ceiling, which exceeded the scope of Franklin’s
consent to enter the room to find “DB,” was not otherwise justified either as a search incident
to Franklin’s arrest or by exigent circumstances. On this point, we agree with Franklin.
¶ 21 Franklin’s consent to Vallow and Hankins’ entry into his motel room was predicated on the
officers’ stated purpose to locate Lathan, a suspect in a theft. Once inside, the narcotics in plain
view gave rise to probable cause to arrest Franklin, in addition to Lathan. But, absent other
circumstances, the probable cause to arrest Franklin did not translate into the ability to conduct
a warrantless search of the entire room, including the bathroom. Thus, in order to justify
Vallow’s search of the area above the bathroom ceiling tiles, it was incumbent on the State,
once Franklin demonstrated that the weapons were recovered in a warrantless search, to
demonstrate that the search was properly incident to Franklin’s arrest or that exigent
circumstances existed. See People v. Kowalski, 2011 IL App (2d) 100237, ¶ 9 (in motion to
suppress, defendant bears initial burden to show search was conducted without a warrant, then
burden shifts to State to present evidence of exception to warrant requirement).
¶ 22 We first consider whether Vallow’s search above the bathroom ceiling tiles was properly
incident to Franklin’s arrest. Chimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752 (1969), addresses the
parameters of a warrantless search incident to a lawful arrest. In Chimel, officers arrived at
defendant’s home with a warrant authorizing his arrest for the burglary of a coin shop.
Defendant was not home when the officers arrived, and his wife admitted them to the home.
After defendant returned from work, the officers served him with the arrest warrant and asked
permission to “look around.” Although defendant objected, the officers informed him that
based on his lawful arrest, they would search over his objection. Items recovered in the search
were later admitted into evidence against defendant. Id. at 753-54.
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¶ 23 After reviewing the fluid history of the law justifying a search incident to an arrest, the
Supreme Court articulated the proper scope of such a warrantless search:
“When an arrest is made, it is reasonable for the arresting officer to search the person
arrested in order to remove any weapons that the latter might seek to use in order to
resist arrest or effect his escape. Otherwise, the officer’s safety might well be
endangered, and the arrest itself frustrated. In addition, it is entirely reasonable for the
arresting officer to search for and seize any evidence on the arrestee’s person in order to
prevent its concealment or destruction. And the area into which an arrestee might reach
in order to grab a weapon or evidentiary items must, of course, be governed by a like
rule. A gun on a table or in a drawer in front of one who is arrested can be as dangerous
to the arresting officer as one concealed in the clothing of the person arrested. ***
There is no comparable justification, however, for routinely searching any room
other than that in which an arrest occurs—or, for that matter, for searching through all
the desk drawers or other closed or concealed areas in that room itself. Such searches,
in the absence of well-recognized exceptions, may be made only under the authority of
a search warrant.” Id. at 762-63.
Ultimately, the Court concluded that “[t]he only reasoned distinction is one between a search
of the person arrested and the area within his reach on the one hand, and more extensive
searches on the other.” Id. at 766. Chimel thus determined that the search of defendant’s home
violated the fourth amendment and that his motion to suppress evidence recovered during that
search should have been granted.
¶ 24 Following Chimel, Illinois courts have likewise addressed the permissible scope of a
warrantless search incident to an arrest. Thus, our supreme court has concluded that a search
under a bed occupied by the arrestee was proper as the area was under the arrestee’s immediate
control (People v. Doss, 44 Ill. 2d 541, 547-48 (1970)), and this court determined that
searching a pile of clothes within an arrestee’s reach and the drawer of a desk located next to
the bed where the defendant was arrested was likewise proper. People v. Olson, 198 Ill. App.
3d 675, 684 (1990). The fact that an arrestee is already handcuffed does not necessarily
circumscribe a police officer’s ability to search the area within the arrestee’s immediate control
incident to an arrest. People v. Hoskins, 101 Ill. 2d 209, 213, 216-17 (1984) (finding search of
handcuffed defendant’s purse proper as incident to arrest); People v. Perry, 47 Ill. 2d 402, 405,
407-08 (1971) (search of half-open drawer into which defendant had reached prior to being
handcuffed was valid search incident to arrest).
¶ 25 Applying these principles to this case, it is apparent that Vallow’s search of the area above
the bathroom ceiling tiles (both after Franklin was handcuffed and sitting on the bed and later
when he was secured in Vallow’s squad) was not within the permissible scope of a search
incident to Franklin’s arrest. The bathroom area was separate from the room where Franklin
was arrested, and it was not within his immediate reach. The evidence shows that Vallow had
to stand on the toilet seat to access the area. When Vallow reentered the motel room and
observed Franklin emerging from the bathroom, nothing prevented him from visually
examining the bathroom and determining that the ceiling tiles had been disturbed. And while
the trial court properly concluded that the changed condition of the ceiling tiles gave Vallow
probable cause to believe Franklin had either recently concealed contraband in or retrieved
contraband from that location, probable cause, standing alone, did not justify the warrantless
search. Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 587-88 (1980); see also People v. Hassan, 253 Ill.
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App. 3d 558, 567 (1993) (“[N]o amount of probable cause can justify a warrantless search or
seizure absent exigent circumstances.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)).
¶ 26 The State contends that even if the search above the ceiling tiles was not justified as
incident to Franklin’s arrest, exigent circumstances supported the search. Courts have
authorized warrantless entries when there is compelling need for prompt action by police and
time does not permit the police to obtain a warrant. People v. Free, 94 Ill. 2d 378, 395 (1983).
In People v. Williams, 161 Ill. 2d 1, 26 (1994), our supreme court articulated a number of
factors relevant to the determination of whether exigent circumstances exist, which include
whether “(1) the crime under investigation was recently committed; (2) there was any
deliberate or unjustified delay by the police during which time a warrant could have been
obtained; (3) a grave offense was involved, particularly a crime of violence; (4) there was
reasonable belief that the suspect was armed; (5) the police officers were acting on a clear
showing of probable cause; (6) there was a likelihood that the suspect would escape if *** not
swiftly apprehended; (7) there was strong reason to believe the suspect was in the premises;
and (8) the police entry was made peaceably, albeit nonconsensually.”
¶ 27 Because Vallow’s entry into the motel room was with Franklin’s consent, the only question
is whether Vallow’s search of the area above the bathroom ceiling tiles was justified by this
exception.
¶ 28 In its argument, the State conflates the circumstances existing as of Vallow’s first entry
into the motel room, i.e., pursuit of a suspect in a recent theft who, according to the victim, was
“known to be armed,” with the circumstances that existed after Vallow returned to the room.
Thus, the State argues that the officers reasonably believed Lathan had recently stolen money
from another patron of the motel, was likely armed, behaved erratically when confronted, and
ultimately fled after carjacking a vehicle in the parking lot. But by the time Vallow returned to
the room, albeit only a few minutes later, only Franklin was present and although Vallow saw
Franklin as he emerged from the bathroom, he did not observe him reaching up into the ceiling
tiles and, following Franklin’s arrest, the area above the ceiling tiles, as noted above, was not
within Franklin’s immediate reach.
¶ 29 If we hypothesize a scenario where Lathan did not flee the room, the analysis becomes
even more clear. If Lathan had not fled, the officers would have been justified in searching
both Lathan and Franklin and the area within their immediate reach. This would not have
included the bathroom or the area above the ceiling tiles, particularly since, as Vallow testified,
the ceiling tiles were in place. Such a search incident to arrest may have resulted in the
recovery of the weapons we assume Franklin later attempted to conceal above the bathroom
ceiling, but it would not have exceeded the search’s permissible scope.
¶ 30 We do not question that Vallow’s 41 years’ experience as a police officer led him to
believe (correctly, as it turns out) that contraband was concealed above the recently disturbed
ceiling tiles. But that is just probable cause and because Franklin was already in custody and
handcuffed (indeed, he was outside the room locked in Vallow’s squad), no exigent
circumstances justified the search of the ceiling area without a warrant.
¶ 31 CONCLUSION
¶ 32 The weapons recovered from above the bathroom ceiling in Franklin’s motel room were
the only evidence supporting his UUWF convictions. Given our conclusion that Franklin’s
motion to suppress that evidence should have been granted, we reverse outright the judgment
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of the circuit court of Cook County.
¶ 33 Reversed.
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