Jane E. Wilson, M.D., and IU Medical Group v. Tyler Lawless b/n/f Mindy R. Lawless

FILED
Nov 18 2016, 9:56 am

CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
Kelly J. Pitcher C. Dennis Wegner
Adam R. Doerr C. Dennis Wegner & Assoc.,
Clendening Johnson & Bohrer, P.C. Pro.Corp.
Indianapolis, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Jane E. Wilson, M.D., and IU November 18, 2016
Medical Group, Court of Appeals Case No.
Appellants, 49A05-1511-CT-1814
Appeal from the Marion Superior
v. Court
The Honorable James B. Osborn,
Tyler Lawless b/n/f Mindy R. Judge
Lawless, Trial Court Cause No.
Appellee. 49D14-1312-CT-43325

Brown, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A05-1511-CT-1814 | November 18, 2016 Page 1 of 22
[1] Jane E. Wilson, M.D., and the IU Medical Group (“IU,” and together with

Wilson, the “Appellants”) appeal the trial court’s judgment in favor of Tyler

Lawless on a complaint for damages filed by Tyler’s mother Mindy Lawless as

Tyler’s next friend. The Appellants raise two issues which we consolidate and

restate as whether the trial court’s judgment is clearly erroneous. We affirm.

Facts and Procedural History

[2] The relevant facts are not in dispute. On October 9, 2008, Mindy brought

Tyler, who was ten years old at the time, to see Dr. Wilson because Tyler was

vomiting and had a fever. Dr. Wilson filled in for Tyler’s regular physician, Dr.

David Porter, who was not available that day. Dr. Wilson noted that Tyler had

undergone a percutaneous kidney biopsy ten days before and that he was

experiencing symptoms of fever, vomiting, and diarrhea. Dr. Wilson accessed

a medical website to refresh her knowledge regarding common complications

from percutaneous kidney biopsies, which are bleeding and infection, the

symptoms of which are flank or abdominal pain. Vomiting is a less common

symptom of kidney biopsy complications, and diarrhea is not a symptom of

complications. Dr. Wilson ordered a urinalysis to check for possible biopsy

complications, which showed no signs of bleeding or infection. She examined

Tyler’s abdominal area to see if he had any flank or abdominal pain and

determined that he did not.

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[3] Dr. Wilson believed that Tyler’s condition was not related to the kidney biopsy

and instead diagnosed him with viral gastroenteritis.1 She did consider other,

less common complications from kidney biopsies, such as hydronephrosis, 2 but

she ruled it out because Tyler was not experiencing flank pain. Dr. Wilson did

not order an ultrasound or sonogram, which would have revealed that Tyler

suffered a urinoma from the biopsy.

[4] At the visit Mindy played a voicemail message from Dr. Jeffrey Leiser, the

doctor who performed the biopsy on Tyler. Dr. Wilson believed based thereon

that Tyler was going to be seen by Dr. Leiser for follow up to the biopsy.3 Dr.

Wilson wrote Tyler a prescription for Zantac and gave instructions to “return

for new or concerning symptoms or persistent fever.” Exhibit 1 at 57. Dr.

Wilson did not contact Dr. Leiser’s office to confirm whether Tyler had a

follow up appointment scheduled. Mindy did not obtain a follow up

appointment with Dr. Leiser’s office or another doctor.

1
The Mayo Clinic’s website notes that viral gastroenteritis is commonly known as the stomach flu. See Viral
gastroenteritis (stomach flu), MAYO CLINIC, http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-
gastroenteritis/basics/definition/con-20019350 (last visited Sept. 16, 2016).
2
The National Kidney Foundation’s website states that “Hydronephrosis is the swelling of a kidney due to a
build-up of urine. It happens when urine cannot drain out from the kidney to the bladder from a blockage or
obstruction.” See Hydronephrosis, NATIONAL KIDNEY FOUNDATION,
https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/hydronephrosis (last visited Sept. 30, 2016).
3
According to the court’s Judgment, Dr. Leiser documented the voicemail as follows: “Biopsy revealed thin
glomerular basement membrane disease. Generally not associated with progressive kidney disease. No
medications or activity limitations. Will need periodic follow-up, e.g., annually. Call to leave me a contact
number and time.” Appellants’ Appendix at 30.

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[5] Following the appointment with Dr. Wilson, Tyler continued to vomit at least

once a week. Around December 2008 he began having flank pain, which is the

most common symptom of a kidney biopsy complication and the most

common symptom of a kidney obstruction. Mindy gave Tyler acetaminophen

almost every day for his flank pain. On January 22, 2009, she brought Tyler to

see Dr. David Kosten with Sunshine Pediatrics for his vomiting, which had

become more frequent during the previous week, and flank pain. At the visit,

Dr. Kosten noted that he did not believe Tyler’s symptoms were related to his

kidney disease, and he referred Tyler to pediatric gastroenterology.

[6] On March 30, 2009, Dr. Mark Corkins saw Tyler at the Riley Hospital pediatric

gastroenterology clinic, and Mindy reported that Tyler was vomiting one to two

times per week and complained that his hips hurt. Dr. Corkins ordered a

number of tests including an abdominal ultrasound, revealing that Tyler had

urinoma, which is a collection of urine outside of the ureter and is a rare

complication of a percutaneous kidney biopsy. The urinoma gradually

increased in size until it obstructed the kidney, causing an obstructive

nephropathy. On May 5, 2009, Tyler had his left kidney removed due to the

obstructive nephropathy.

[7] On December 3, 2013, Tyler by next friend Mindy filed a complaint alleging

that the Appellants failed to meet the applicable standard of care in treating

Tyler when Dr. Wilson examined him on October 9, 2008, causing the loss of

his kidney. On January 29, 2014, the Appellants filed an answer pleading the

affirmative defenses of contributory negligence and failure to mitigate damages.

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 On July 24, 2015, the parties submitted trial briefs, and the Defendants’ brief

argued that Tyler’s “recovery is barred by the doctrine of contributing

negligence and/or by the subsequent intervening and superseding negligence of

Ms. Lawless.” Appellants’ Appendix at 23.

[8] The court commenced a bench trial on July 27, 2015. Dr. Wilson testified that

“a uroma [] was slowly, slowly developing over time” around Tyler’s kidney

and that the obstruction likely developed in December when Tyler began

developing flank pain. Transcript at 270. Dr. Wilson testified that, although

she advised Mindy to bring Tyler back for a follow up if he “should worsen or

fail to improve,” she did not specifically instruct Mindy to bring Tyler back if he

continued vomiting. Id. at 262. She also did not advise Mindy that Tyler could

have a renal obstruction and that continued vomiting could be a symptom of a

renal obstruction.

[9] On October 8, 2015 the court entered its judgment (the “Judgment”) in favor of

Tyler containing findings of fact consistent with the foregoing and conclusions

of law. The Judgment stated in part:

FINDINGS OF FACT

*****

28. It was Dr. Wilson’s understanding from listening to the voice
mail message and from her recollection of talking to Mindy that
Mindy intended to return Dr. Leiser’s call and confirm a follow
up visit on Monday or Tuesday of the following week. Mindy
denies that she had a conversation about a future appointment
with Dr. Leiser with Dr. Wilson. The Court places greater
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 weight on Mindy’s testimony because Dr. Leiser had not
scheduled a follow up visit and Mindy was seeing Dr. Wilson
because Mindy was dissatisfied with Dr. Leiser.

*****

Expert Opinion

59. Pediatrician Robert Chabon, M.D., J.D., (hereinafter “Dr.
Chabon”) was retained by the Plaintiff to offer expert testimony.

*****

68. Dr. Chabon has both observed and performed percutaneous
renal biopsies.

69. After reviewing Tyler’s medical records, Dr. Chabon
concluded that Dr. Wilson’s treatment of Tyler did not comply
with the standard of care because Dr. Wilson failed to take a
complete medical history and failed to either confirm a follow up
appointment with Dr. Leiser or schedule a follow up within 24 to
48 hours with herself or Dr. Porter.

*****

71. The Court found Dr. Chabon’s testimony and opinion to be
of great value. He has abundant expertise in pediatrics both as a
practicing physician and as a teaching physician. His testimony
was clear, substantial, detailed, and credible.

72. In addition to Dr. Chabon, Plaintiff retained nephrologist
Douglas Johnstone, M.D., J.D. (hereinafter “Dr. Johnstone”).

*****

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 76. Dr. Johnstone is not a pediatrician. He does not practice
pediatrics in an office setting like Dr. Wilson. He is not familiar
with the standard of care for pediatricians.

77. Dr. Johnstone once opined that Dr. Wilson did not meet the
standard of care because she either failed to make certain that
there was a follow up appointment with Dr. Leiser or failed to
order an ultrasound.

78. Dr. Johnstone also opined that if Dr. Wilson understood that
Tyler was planning to follow up with Dr. Leiser, Dr. Wilson
would have complied with the standard of care.

79. Because of his lack of familiarity with the standard of care
for pediatricians and his shifting positions on whether Dr. Wilson
met the standard of care, Dr. Johnstone’s testimony was of little
value.

80. The three physicians on the Medical Review Panel found
that Dr. Wilson complied with the standard of care – Mona
Zawaideli, M.D., a pediatric nephrologist, Theresa Travis, M.D.
(hereinafter “Dr. Travis”), a doctor of nephrology and internal
medicine, and Thomas Padgett, M.D. (hereinafter “Dr.
Padgett”), a pediatrician.

*****

82. While serving on the Medical Review Panel, Dr. Travis
deferred to Dr. Padgett’s knowledge of the standard of care for a
pediatrician because it was not her area of expertise.

83. In reviewing Dr. Wilson’s notes on Tyler, Dr. Travis
believed that Dr. Wilson had not considered hydronephrosis as a
possible diagnosis because Dr. Wilson had made no note to that
effect.

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 84. Dr. Travis concluded that, if Dr. Wilson did indeed consider
hydronephrosis as a diagnosis, Dr. Wilson should have gotten an
ultrasound for Tyler to meet the standard of care.

85. No evidence was presented questioning whether Dr. Travis
was biased. The Court found Dr. Travis’s testimony to be clear,
specific, and credible.

86. The Court now finds that Dr. Travis would not have
deferred to Dr. Padgett on the standard of care had she known
that Dr. Wilson considered hydronephrosis as a differential
diagnosis.

87. Dr. Padgett is a board certified pediatrician with a medical
degree from Indiana University School of Medicine and pediatric
residency.

88. Dr. Padgett has been in private pediatric practice since 1985.

89. Dr. Padgett is familiar with the standard of care for
pediatricians in circumstances similar to that of Dr. Wilson.

90. Dr. Padgett opined that Dr. Wilson’s plan complied with the
standard of care.

91. The Court accords some weight to Dr. Padgett’s opinion,
given his lengthy history of practice in pediatrics. However, Dr.
Padgett’s testimony was confusing and often incoherent. Dr.
Padgett seemed to be deliberately failing to understand the
questions of Plaintiff’s counsel, often struggling with the meaning
of relatively easy to understand terms. Unlike Dr. Chabon and
Dr. Travis, Dr. Padgett did not give a substantial factual and
reasonable basis for his opinion. The Court considered that Dr.
Padgett might not have had Dr. Chabon’s experience testifying,
but even accounting for nervousness in an unfamiliar role, Dr.
Padgett’s testimony remained unconvincing.

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 CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

1. Medical malpractice cases are governed by a modified version
of traditional negligence law. In a negligence action, a plaintiff
bears the burden of proving that there is “1) a duty on the part of
the defendant to conform his conduct to a standard of care
arising from his relationship with the plaintiff, (2) a failure of the
defendant to conform his conduct to the requisite standard of
care required by the relationship, and (3) an injury to the plaintiff
proximately caused by the breach.” Webb v. Jarvis, 575 N.E.2d
992, 995 (Ind. 1991)[, reh’g denied].

2. A physician’s duty to conform his or her conduct to the
standard of care arises from the physician-patient relationship.
Miller v. Martig, 754 N.E.2d 41, 46 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). A
physician-patient relationship existed between Dr. Wilson and
Tyler Lawless.

3. Indiana has a special standard of care that doctors must
follow. The doctor “must exercise that degree of care, skill, and
proficiency exercised by reasonably careful, skillful, and prudent
practitioners in the same class to which he belongs, acting under
the same or similar circumstances.” Vergara by Vergara v. Doan,
593 N.E.2d 185, 187 (Ind. 1992).

4. Dr. Wilson did not comply with the standard of care because
she took an incomplete medical history and failed either to order
a sonogram or ultrasound to rule out renal biopsy complications
or to confirm that a follow up visit with Dr. Leicer [sic] was
scheduled.

5. Dr. Wilson made a reasonable initial diagnosis based upon
the symptoms Tyler presented. Tyler was experiencing vomiting,
diarrhea, and low grade fever. These are all regular symptoms of
a prevalent disease known as viral gastroenteritis. Vomiting is
the only one of these symptom [sic] that would point to a biopsy
complication. Vomiting, however, is much less common than
the normal biopsy complication symptoms of flank and
abdominal pain, symptoms Tyler lacked. Even though Tyler’s

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 symptoms pointed to gastroenteritis, Dr. Wilson still checked for
the most common biopsy complications, infection and bleeding.
The urinalysis she ordered showed that Tyler had no white blood
cells (and thus no infection) and trace red blood cells in his urine
which were consistent with his diagnosis of hematuria. Tyler
also did not have any of the symptoms of acute hemorrhage,
pallor, dizziness or rapid heart rate, and thus had no acute
hemorrhage. But Dr. Wilson did not adequately test for less
common complications such as hydronephrosis.

6. Tyler’s persistent vomiting should have led Dr. Wilson to a
higher suspicion and further testing for complications from a
renal biopsy performed less than two weeks earlier, even though
Tyler did not exhibit the most common symptom of a biopsy
complication, flank pain.

7. The Court agrees with Plaintiff’s experts that, as an
alternative, Dr. Wilson should have taken steps to make sure
Tyler was evaluated immediately by a nephrologist. Dr.
Wilson’s belief that Mindy would be conducting a post-operative
follow up appointment with Dr. Leiser in the immediate future
was unreasonable given that Dr. Leiser indicated in his voice
mail message to Mindy that he wanted to follow up annually.

8. The Court finds that, as a 10-year old boy who relied on
Mindy to obtain health care for him, Tyler in no way negligently
contributed to his injuries.

9. Mindy had a duty to exercise that degree of care that an
ordinary reasonable person would exercise in like or similar
circumstances. Faulk v. Northwest Radiologists, P.C., 751 N.E.2d
233, 239 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001)[, trans. denied]. A patient’s failure
to follow a physician’s instructions may constitute contributory
negligence. Harris v. Cacdac, 512 N.E.2d 1138, 1139 (Ind. Ct.
App. 1987)[, reh’g denied, trans. denied]. Plaintiff could be barred
from recovery if her contributory negligence was a proximate
cause of Tyler’s injury. Cavens v. Zaberdac, 849 N.E.2d 526, 529
(Ind. 2006). The negligence of a parent can be a contributing
cause of the child’s injury, therefore relieving a defendant of

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 some or all liability. Witte v. Mundy, 820 N.E.2d 128, 133 (Ind.
2005).

10. Mindy’s failure to seek medical care for Tyler until January
2009, even though his vomiting persisted, a new complaint of
flank pain presented, and Dr. Wilson instructed her to seek
follow up care, constituted a breach of her duty of care. Mindy
could have made an appointment at any time during that almost
four month period with Dr. Wilson, Dr. Porter, or Dr. Leiser.
She could have sought treatment for Tyler at an urgent care or
emergency department. When Tyler began experiencing
symptoms of flank pain in December, 2008, Mindy should have
immediately returned to the Riley Nephrology Clinic for a follow
up appointment. Yet Mindy did none of these things.

11. Mindy may have been negligent to some degree for failing to
get follow up medical care from October 9, 2008 to January 22,
2009, but Dr. Wilson did not assert a non-party defense, did not
name Mindy as a non-party, and is precluded from arguing that
Mindy’s negligence contributed to Tyler’s loss.

12. The failure of Dr. Wilson to exercise reasonable care for
Tyler’s health needs contributed to the loss of Tyler’s kidney.
Without any medical intervention, the urinoma continued to
grow to the point that it caused obstruction, hydronephrosis, and,
eventually, loss of Tyler’s kidney.

Appellants’ Appendix at 28, 31, 35-42. The court entered judgment in favor of

Tyler and against the Appellants and awarded Tyler damages totaling $255,000.

Discussion

[10] The issue is whether the court’s Judgment is clearly erroneous. When a trial

court enters findings of fact and conclusions thereon, findings control only as to

the issues they cover and a general judgment will control as to the issues upon

which there are no findings. Yanoff v. Muncy, 688 N.E.2d 1259, 1262 (Ind.

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 1997). A general judgment entered with findings will be affirmed if it can be

sustained on any legal theory supported by the evidence. Id. When a court has

made special findings of fact, an appellate court reviews sufficiency of the

evidence using a two-step process. Id. First, it must determine whether the

evidence supports the trial court’s findings of fact, and second it must determine

whether those findings of fact support the trial court’s conclusions. Id.

Findings will be set aside only if they are clearly erroneous. Id. Findings are

clearly erroneous only when the record contains no facts to support them either

directly or by inference. Id. In order to determine that a finding or conclusion

is clearly erroneous, an appellate court’s review of the evidence must leave it

with the firm conviction that a mistake has been made. Id.

[11] The Appellants argue that the court’s Judgment should be reversed because of

Mindy’s failure to seek follow up medical treatment for Tyler between the time

he was seen by Dr. Wilson and January 22, 2009, when he was seen by Dr.

Kosten. They contend that this constituted contributory negligence which must

be imputed to Tyler, and that it was an intervening, superseding cause. We

address each of the Appellants’ arguments separately.

A. Contributory Negligence

[12] Under Indiana law, the historic common law defense of contributory negligence

remains available to defendants in cases alleging medical malpractice. Cavens v.

Zaberdac, 849 N.E.2d 526, 529 (Ind. 2006). The Indiana Comparative Fault Act

replaced the defense of contributory negligence, which completely bars a

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 plaintiff from any recovery, with a system providing for the reduction of a

plaintiff’s recovery in proportion to the plaintiff’s fault, but this Act does not

apply to actions for medical malpractice. Id. (citing Ind. Code § 34-51-2-1).

The contributory negligence defense has been applied in medical malpractice

cases. Id. (citing Mem’l Hosp. of South Bend, Inc. v. Scott, 261 Ind. 27, 300 N.E.2d

50 (1973) (defense alleged negligence of plaintiff in use of hospital toilet

facilities, resulting in severe burns from scalding water); Fall v. White, 449

N.E.2d 628, 632-634 (Ind. Ct. App. 1983) (defendant doctor alleged patient’s

failure to provide complete and accurate information and failure to follow

defendant doctor’s instructions), trans. denied). A patient may not recover in a

malpractice action where the patient is contributorily negligent by failing to

follow the defendant physician’s instructions if such contributory negligence is

simultaneous with and unites with the fault of the defendant to proximately

cause the injury. Id. (citing Harris v. Cacdac, 512 N.E.2d 1138, 1139-1140 (Ind.

Ct. App. 1987), reh’g denied, trans. denied). A plaintiff’s contributory negligence

operates as a complete bar to recovery. McSwane v. Bloomington Hosp. and

Healthcare Sys., 916 N.E.2d 906, 911 (Ind. 2009).

[13] We note that Tyler was ten years old at the relevant time. Children between the

ages of seven and fourteen are required to exercise due care for their own safety

under the circumstances of a child of like age, knowledge, judgment, and

experience and there is a rebuttable presumption they are incapable of

negligence. Cook v. Ford Motor Co., 913 N.E.2d 311, 329 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009)

(citing Creasy v. Rusk, 730 N.E.2d 659, 662 (Ind. 2000)), trans. denied.

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[14] The Appellants acknowledge that the non-party defense is created by Indiana’s

Comparative Fault Act, which is not applicable to medical malpractice cases,

and accordingly “defendants are unable to attribute fault to non-parties in

malpractice cases. Instead, they argue the trial court should have analyzed

[Mindy’s] negligence through the doctrine of imputed contributory negligence.”

Appellant’s Brief at 8.

[15] Tyler contends that this court need not decide whether the trial court correctly

determined that Mindy was not added as a non-party because, under common

law contributory negligence, the negligence of a parent may not be imputed to a

minor child “as contributory negligence in an action by the child against a third

party . . . .” Appellee’s Brief at 7 (citing Jeffersonville v. McHenry, 22 Ind. App.

10, 53 N.E. 183 (1899); Evansville v. Senhenn, 151 Ind. 42, 47 N.E. 634 (1897),

reh’g denied; Gillam v. J.C. Penney Co., 341 F.2d 457 (7th Cir. 1965)). Tyler also

directs the court’s attention to cases from other jurisdictions, the Restatement

(Second) of Torts, and an American Law Reports Annotation for the

proposition that in personal injury actions the negligence of a parent may not be

imputed to the child on a claim by the child. He asserts that the Appellants do

not cite “a single medical malpractice case allowing for such an imputation

under Indiana law” and “simply invoke their own proposed rule . . . .” Id. at 12

(internal quotations omitted).

[16] The crux of this matter is whether any alleged contributory negligence by

Mindy may be imputed to Tyler to bar Tyler’s claim for medical malpractice.

In general, Indiana courts have not allowed a parent’s negligence to be imputed

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 to a child in a personal injury action by the child. See Senhenn, 151 Ind. at 45,

47 N.E. at 635 (“The law, taking cognizance of [a child plaintiff’s] want of

discretion, and that its tender years renders it impossible for it to know any

better, exempts it from the charge of negligence. Upon what principle, then, we

are led to inquire, may its parent’s, guardian’s, or custodian’s negligence be

imputed to it so as to take away its property in its cause of action for

defendant’s negligence making it a cripple for life? We know of none . . . .”).

The Indiana rule is supported by the Restatement (Second) of Torts, which

states unequivocally: “A child who suffers physical harm is not barred from

recovery by the negligence of his parent, either in the parent’s custody of the

child or otherwise.” RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS, § 488 (1965). The

Appellants request that this court create an exception to this rule under these

circumstances.

[17] The Appellants cite to Witte for the proposition that Mindy’s alleged

contributory negligence should be imputed to Tyler. In Witte, five-year-old

Mikayla Mundy was riding her bicycle when she ran a stop sign and was struck

by a car driven by Monica Witte, also a minor. 820 N.E.2d at 131. Mikayla’s

mother, Kristin, sued as Mikayla’s next friend and also in her own capacity,

naming Witte and her parents as defendants, and the defendants responded by

asserting that Witte was not negligent and also that the accident was due to

negligence on the part of both Mikayla and Kristin. Id. Before trial, Kristin

moved to dismiss her individual claim without prejudice, and Mikayla moved

for an order to preclude the defendants from offering evidence of negligence on

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 the part of Kristin by negligent supervision. Id. The defendants objected to

Kristin’s dismissal and, in the alternative, sought to amend their answer to

include Kristin as a nonparty defendant under the comparative fault statute. Id.

The trial court granted Kristin’s motion to dismiss and denied the defendants’

motion to add Kristin as a nonparty. Id.

[18] On transfer, the Indiana Supreme Court examined the question of whether

Kristin was a proper nonparty defendant and determined that she was, noting

that “[i]t is one thing to say a child under age seven is ‘incapable of judgment or

discretion’ and therefore, as a matter of law, cannot be negligent” and that “[i]t

is another thing to conclude that an adult’s negligent supervision cannot be a

contributing cause to the child’s injury relieving a third party of some or all

liability.” Id. at 133. In so holding, the Court observed that, “[i]n a

comparative fault cause, ‘the jury shall determine the percentage of fault of the

claimant, of the defendant, and of any person who is a nonparty. . . .’” Id.

(quoting Ind. Code § 34-51-2-7). It noted that nonparty is defined as “a person

who caused or contributed to cause the alleged injury, death, or damage to

property but who has not been joined in the action as a defendant,” id. (quoting

Ind. Code § 34-6-2-88), and that accordingly “the comparative fault statute ‘no

longer requires that the nonparty be liable to the plaintiff, but only that he or

she have caused or contributed to the cause of the plaintiff’s injury.’” Id.

(quoting Bulldog Battery Corp. v. Pica Invs., 736 N.E.2d 333, 338 (Ind. Ct. App.

2000), reh’g denied). Importantly, the Court also observed that “[t]he trial

court’s instruction that the parent’s negligence is not attributable to the child

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 would have been proper” had Kristin not been a valid nonparty defendant but

that, under the comparative fault scheme, it was error to deny the defendants’

motion to name her as a nonparty. Id. (citing Senhenn, 151 Ind. at 48, 47 N.E.

at 435).

[19] We decline the Appellants’ invitation to create an exception to the general rule

that a parent’s alleged contributory negligence may not be imputed to a child’s

medical malpractice claim. The Appellants essentially ask this court to apply a

principle from Witte, arising out of comparative fault, to the law of common

law contributory negligence applicable in medical malpractice actions. Such a

rule in this context would have severe consequences because contributory

negligence acts as a complete bar to recovery. Indeed, the purpose of the

Comparative Fault Act is to ameliorate the harshness of the common law

doctrine of contributory negligence. Baker v. Osco Drug, Inc., 632 N.E.2d 794,

797 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994), trans. denied. Even in Witte the Court recognized, that

under the common law, negligence on the part of a parent may not be imputed

to the child – we see no reason to deviate from this long-standing rule. See

Young v. Washington Hosp., 761 A.2d 559, 563-564 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2000) (noting

that the plaintiffs in a medical malpractice action “argue that the allegations of

contributory negligence are unsupported by the record and that their conduct,

subsequent to [defendants’] negligence, was not a proximate or superseding

cause of the child’s injury. [The Plaintiffs] emphasize that the parents and the

child are separate and distinct persons in the eyes of the law. We agree that this

latter point is dispositive. As this action was brought by the parents on behalf

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 of the child, the actions of the parents—their asserted contributory negligence

or failure to mitigate damages—is irrelevant.”), appeal denied; Vieregger v.

Robertson, 609 N.W.2d 409, 416 (Neb. Ct. App. 2000) (holding that the trial

court erred in not instructing the jury that “the negligence or acts or omissions

of the parents cannot be imputed to the child” on a medical malpractice action),

review overruled; Galvin v. Cosico, 456 N.Y.S.2d 259, 259 (N.Y. App. Div. 1982)

(“The court correctly charged that Justine, who was 3 years and 10 months of

age at the time of the claimed malpractice, was incapable as a matter of law of

contributory negligence; and that even if Justine’s mother was negligent in not

immediately transporting her to the hospital, as defendants contend, such

negligence could not be ascribed to Justine.”), appeal dismissed.4

B. Intervening, Superseding Cause

[20] In general, a defendant’s act is a proximate cause of an injury if the injury “is

the natural and probable consequence of the act and should have been

reasonably foreseen and anticipated in light of the circumstances.” Scott v. Retz,

916 N.E.2d 252, 257 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). However, under the doctrine of

superseding causation, “a chain of causation may be broken if an independent

agency intervenes between the defendant’s negligence and the resulting injury.”

Id. “The key to determining whether an intervening agency has broken the

original chain of causation is to determine whether, under the circumstances, it

4
We observe that, although the Appellants raised the defense of mitigation of damages in their answer, they
do not assert that defense on appeal.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A05-1511-CT-1814 | November 18, 2016 Page 18 of 22
 was reasonably foreseeable that the agency would intervene in such a way as to

cause the resulting injury.” Id.; see also Conder v. Hull Lift Truck, Inc., 435 N.E.2d

10, 14 (Ind. 1982) (the action of someone or something other than the alleged

tortfeasor that affects the chain of causation is an intervening cause; it becomes

a superseding cause breaking the chain of causation if it was not foreseeable).

When assessing foreseeability in the context of proximate cause, courts

“evaulat[e] the particular circumstances of an incident after the incident

occurs.” Scott, 916 N.E.2d at 257-258. Although proximate cause is generally a

question of fact to be determined by the jury, it becomes a question of law when

the relevant facts are undisputed and lead to only a single inference or

conclusion. Id. at 258 (citing Peters v. Forster, 804 N.E.2d 736, 743 (Ind. 2004)).

[21] This court in Scott identified factors previous cases have examined “[i]n

determining whether an intervening agency is unforeseeable and therefore

superseding” as follows:

First, we have looked to whether the intervening actor is
independent from the original actor, or, in other words, whether
the intervening actor is an “independent agency.” Hassan[ v.
Begley], 836 N.E.2d [307, 308 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005), reh’g denied] .
...

Second, we have looked to whether the instrumentality of harm
is under the complete control of the intervening actor. . . .

Third, this court has looked to whether the intervening actor, as
opposed to the original actor, is in the better position to prevent
the harm. . . .

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 Id.

[22] The Appellants assert that the Indiana Supreme Court in Walker v. Rinck, 604

N.E.2d 591 (Ind. 1992), “did not reject the possibility that ‘unforeseeable’

actions by parents could be an intervening cause.” Appellants’ Brief at 14.

They cite to cases from other jurisdictions for the proposition that “a patient’s

failure to seek follow up care is not foreseeable and is an intervening cause of

that patient’s injuries” and assert that this “rationale also applies to parents

supervising their children who are patients.”5 Id. at 15. The Appellants argue

that Mindy’s failure to seek follow up medical care for Tyler despite his

persistent vomiting and development of flank pain was an intervening cause.

They assert that Mindy was an independent force not under the control of the

Appellants, was in complete control over whether Tyler received follow up

medical care, and was in a better position to prevent harm to Tyler.

[23] Tyler argues that the Appellants “have failed to establish that any delay by

Mindy in follow up visits was the proximate cause of the loss of Tyler’s

kidney,” noting that a treatise on torts states that “[t]he intervening force, to

become a superseding cause and break the chain of causation, must be a cause

in fact of the harm of which the plaintiff complains, that is, it must be a cause

sine qua non.” Appellee’s Brief at 15-16 (quoting FOWLER HARPER, A

5
The Appellants cite to Williams v. Birkeness, 34 F.3d 695 (8th Cir. 1994), reh’g denied; Eldred v. Blue Cross &
Blue Shield of Ga., Inc., 274 Ga. App. 798 (2005); and Sorina v. Armstrong, 554 N.E.2d 943 (Ohio Ct. App.
1988).

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A05-1511-CT-1814 | November 18, 2016 Page 20 of 22
 TREATISE ON THE LAW OF TORTS § 114 (1933)). Tyler also notes that “Dr.

Kosten was himself unsure of what was causing Tyler’s flank pain and

vomiting, even though he was aware that Tyler had been vomiting since his

renal biopsy,” that the Appellants “never presented any expert medical

testimony at trial to show that any delay by Mindy in Tyler’s follow up care

prevented the urinoma from being successfully treated,” and that “[w]ithout

such evidence, there is no proof that any negligence on Mindy’s part was the

proximate cause of the loss of Tyler’s kidney.” Id. at 19-20.

[24] We need not examine the foreseeability of Mindy’s actions because, as asserted

by Tyler, we find that the evidence presented at trial did not reveal that the

delay in seeking follow up medical attention was an intervening cause of Tyler’s

injury, i.e., the loss of his kidney. The evidence presented showed that Tyler

developed flank pain in December 2008. Dr. Wilson at trial testified that the

obstruction likely developed around this time. Mindy brought Tyler to see Dr.

Kosten on January 22, 2009, at which appointment Dr. Kosten did not identify

the urinoma and obstruction, and he referred Tyler to pediatric

gastroenterology. Tyler was examined over two months later, on March 30,

2009, and tests revealed the urinoma, which had gradually increased in size

until it obstructed the kidney, causing an obstructive nephropathy.

[25] Thus, the evidence reveals that Mindy brought Tyler for medical treatment in

January 2009 but that the obstruction was not detected for over two months

following that appointment. There was no evidence presented that, even had

the urinoma been discovered in January when Mindy brought Tyler to see Dr.

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 Kosten, Tyler still would have lost the kidney. In other words, evidence was

not presented showing that the delay until January 22, 2009 was a cause sine

qua non of the injury. Accordingly, we conclude that Mindy’s failure to

immediately bring Tyler to see a doctor after he developed flank pain, instead

waiting for a few weeks to do so, did not constitute an intervening cause of

Tyler’s injury.

Conclusion

[26] For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s Judgment.

[27] Affirmed.

Baker, J., and Robb, J., concur.

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