IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION ONE
ALEKSANDRA MILUTINOVIC, No. 73345-1-1
Appellant,
v. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
CHRISTOPHER OLIN MORITZ,
Respondent. FILED: November 21, 2016
Schindler, J. — Aleksandra Milutinovic appeals several aspects of the decree of
dissolution, parenting plan, and order of child support. We affirm in part, reverse in part,
and remand.
FACTS
Aleksandra Milutinovic and Christopher Olin Moritz married in 2008 and had two
children, S.M. and A.M.
In 2014, Aleksandra filed a petition for dissolution of the marriage and requested
a continuing restraining order and a domestic violence protection order against
Christopher.
Following a four-day trial, the superior court entered a decree of dissolution,
parenting plan, order of child support, and findings of fact and conclusions of law. The
No. 73345-1-1/2
findings addressed domestic violence, supervised visitation, and the need for a mutual
restraining order as well as a protection order.
2.13 Continuing Restraining Order
A temporary restraining order was entered on May 15, 2014. A
mutual restraining order shall be continued as provided in the
Decree of Dissolution ....
2.14 Protection Order
A domestic violence protection order was entered under this cause
number on May 15, 2014, protecting Aleksandra . . . from
Christopher. . . due to the history of domestic violence in this case.
Respondent agrees the Protection Order should be continued for a
period of two years. A new protection order shall issue, with
allowance for implementation of the parenting plan under the terms
stated therein.
2.21.3 The parties have had a tumultuous relationship. It has been
marked by episodes of serious physical abuse of Petitioner by
Respondent. Respondent admits he has no tools to deal with his
frustration and anger, and instead lashes out physically at
Petitioner. Respondent contends this reaction would not transfer to
his children, and Petitioner has not alleged that it has, but Petitioner
has always been the primary caregiver. . . . And Respondent's
violent outbursts toward Petitioner have occurred with the children
present.
2.21.5 A domestic violence assessment and parenting evaluation
was conducted by Family Court Services. The Parenting Evaluator
recommends, and both parents agree to, a graduated residential
schedule with Respondent that begins with supervised
visitation. . . .
2.21.6 To his credit, Respondent agrees he needs help learning to
control his behavior, and he agrees to a graduated program for
residential time with his children.111
Emphasis added, boldface in original.
No. 73345-1-1/3
The parenting plan imposes RCW 26.09.191 restrictions giving Aleksandra sole
decision-making authority and limiting Christopher's residential time with the children
due to his "history of acts of domestic violence."
The dissolution decree includes a "continuing restraining order." The restraining
order states, in pertinent part:
Both parties are restrained and enjoined from disturbing the peace of the
other.
Both parties [are] restrained and enjoined from knowingly coming or
remaining within 500 feet of the home, work place, school, or place of
worship of the other party.
Christopher... is restrained and enjoined from molesting, assaulting,
harassing, or stalking Aleksandra.
Aleksandra filed a motion for reconsideration. Aleksandra argued in part that the
parties did not agree to a mutual restraining order and that "[t]o enter an order that is
mutual with respect to this provision shifts the Respondent's duty to remove himself
from the Petitioner's presence, as set forth by the Order for Protection, to the victim."
The court denied the motion. Aleksandra appeals.
ANALYSIS
Aleksandra challenges several aspects of the dissolution decree and order of child
support. As the appellant, it is her burden to provide this court with a record sufficient to
review the issues raised on appeal. Storyv. Shelter Bay Co., 52 Wn. App. 334, 345, 760
P.2d 368 (1988). Aleksandra has provided a transcript of only a small portion ofthe trial.
Although she also filed a narrative report ofproceedings, it was rejected by this court for
noncompliance with RAP 9.3. As a result, the report ofproceedings covers only a fraction
ofthe testimony and arguments presented below. Accordingly, our ability to determine
No. 73345-1-1/4
whether and how arguments were preserved is hampered by an insufficient record.
Nevertheless, because most of the issues were raised in some fashion on reconsideration,
we have addressed Aleksandra's arguments despite the incomplete record.
Mutual Restraining Order
Aleksandra contends the mutual restraining order is based on an erroneous finding
in the decree that the parties "agreed" to the order. The challenged finding is located
under the heading related to "Service" and states:
The restrained parties and their attorneys appeared in court at trial and
agreed to entry of this restraining order. Service of this order shall be made
upon the attorney of record for each restrained party.
Christopher contends, and Aleksandra does not dispute, that the agreement
referenced in the finding "has to do with service of the order on the parties via their
attorneys of record[ ], not agreement regarding the entry of the order."
In any event, on reconsideration, the trial court rejected the same argument
Aleksandra advances here, stating that "[t]he restraints on the parties for coming into ...
contact with one another... are mutual." The court's reiteration of the mutuality of the
restraining order without mentioning an agreement demonstrates the order was an
exercise of the court's discretion under RCW 26.09.050 authorizing restraining orders in
dissolution cases, not an agreed order.
Aleksandra next challenges finding of fact 2.13 that states, "A temporary restraining
order was entered on May 15, 2014. A mutual restraining order shall be continued as
provided in the Decree of Dissolution."
Because the 2014 temporary order restrained only Christopher, Aleksandra
contends the current order that also restrains her is more than a continuation of the 2014
No. 73345-1-1/5
order. Aleksandra is correct. But an erroneous finding offact that does not materially
affect the conclusions of law is not prejudicial and does not warrant reversal. State v.
Caldera. 66 Wn. App. 548, 551, 832 P.2d 139 (1992).
Aleksandra fails to demonstrate how the misstatement in finding of fact 2.13 is
material to the court's decision. To the extent Aleksandra suggests that the court had
authority to only continue the prior temporary restraining order against Christopher, she
is mistaken. Courts in dissolution proceedings have broad statutory and equitable
authority to impose restraining orders. RCW 26.09.050(1); Blackmon v. Blackmon. 155
Wn. App. 715, 721-22, 230 P.3d 233 (2010) (protection and restraining orders are
essentially a type of injunction and are equitable in nature); 20 Scott J. Horenstein,
Washington Practice: Familyand Community Property Law § 41:3, at 634-35 (2d ed.
2015) (courts have "broad equitable powers to fashion remedies," including restraining
orders, over and above the available statutory remedies); Hough v. Stockbridge. 150
Wn.2d 234, 236, 76 P.3d 216 (2003).
Aleksandra also challenges the mutuality of the restraining order. For the first
time on appeal, she contends the court cannot impose mutual restraining orders
because "the Legislature has prohibited mutual domestic violence protection orders
under RCW 26.50.060, unless both parties have filed a petition or counter-petition" for
such an order.2 Because Christopher did not seek a restraining order, Aleksandra
contends the court lacked authority to impose one on her. We reject this contention for
several reasons.
Emphasis added.
No. 73345-1-1/6
First, we need not consider arguments raised for the first time on appeal. RAP
2.5(a). Second, Aleksandra's argument rests on prohibitions allegedly applicable to
domestic violence protection orders, not to restraining orders. Aleksandra's attempt to
equate the two types of orders ignores their distinct and different purposes. See 3
Wash. State Bar Ass'n, Washington Family Law Deskbook, § 74.5(3), at 74-24 (2d ed.
2012) ("Restraining orders are frequently mutual and are typically obtained to keep the
peace and maintain the status quo. Some judges and court commissioners insist on
entry of mutual restraining orders unless there is a significant reason not to enter these
orders against both parties. A domestic violence protection order is entered to prevent
domestic violence and is rarely mutual. If there is domestic violence in a case, the
restraining order is not enough by itself to prevent harm to the victim — a protection
order should be obtained.").
Third, as noted above, the power to issue restraining orders is both statutory and
equitable, and in the absence of legislative limitations on the issuance of such orders, a
court may impose them sua sponte. Cf. Hough, 150 Wn.2d at 236 (holding that power
to issue an antiharassment protection order is both statutory and equitable, that a court
sitting in equity can fashion broad remedies to do substantial justice, and that a district
court therefore can issue a protection order sua sponte). Thus, Aleksandra's challenge
to the mutuality of the restraining order fails.
Next, Aleksandra contends the court erred in failing to enter a finding justifying a
restraining order against her. But the court found that "[t]he parties have had a
tumultuous relationship" including domestic violence perpetrated by Christopher. Those
findings are sufficient to support a mutual restraining order.
No. 73345-1-1/7
Finally, Aleksandra claims she was denied procedural due process because
Christopher did not petition for a restraining order and she did not receive a full
evidentiary hearing. But as discussed above, courts have authority to impose
restraining orders sua sponte, and RCW 26.09.050(1) provides notice that dissolution
courts can impose such orders. Aleksandra also had a full and fair opportunity to
present evidence and cross-examine witnesses at trial. There was no violation of due
process.
Consent to Additional Monthly Expenses
Aleksandra contends the court "committed a legal error.. . when it barred [her]
from obligating [Christopher] to more than $1,000 in additional monthly costs for special
expenses . . . without [his] consent." Aleksandra claims this condition unlawfully limits
the sole decision-making authority granted to her by statute.
Under RCW 26.09.191 (1)(c), a court must not require mutual decision-making
when a parent is found to have a history of domestic violence. Here, the court found
Christopher had a history of domestic violence and therefore gave sole decision-making
authority to Aleksandra. However, the child support order states that "[b]ecause
petitioner has sole decision-making authority, she shall not financially obligate the father
to additional monthly costs of more [than] $1,000 without his agreement." The parenting
plan also states Christopher's financial contributions are limited by the order of child
support "unless agreed to by the father." Citing In re Marriage of Mansour, 126 Wn.
App. 1, 106 P.3d 768 (2004), Aleksandra contends these provisions violate RCW
26.09.191 (1)(c) by infringing on her sole-decision making authority. We agree.
No. 73345-1-1/8
In Mansour, the trial court found the father's discipline of his son amounted to
physical abuse warranting restrictions in the parenting plan under RCW 26.09.191(3).
Mansour, 126 Wn. App. at 6. The court gave the mother sole decision-making authority
but prohibited extracurricular activities or nonemergency health care requiring
" 'additional'" or" 'significant'" expenses absent agreement of the parties or a court
order. Mansour, 126 Wn. App. at 6. In reversing, we held that once a court makes a
finding of physical abuse of a child, domestic violence, or one of the other acts listed in
RCW 26.09.191, it cannot require mutual decision-making and must order sole
decision-making by the other parent. Mansour, 126 Wn. App. at 10 (citing RCW
26.09.191, .187(2)(b)(i)). We concluded that "the father's financial veto substantially
diminishes the mother's decision-making authority in violation of RCW
26.09.187(2)(b)(i), converting her authority to decide into an authority to propose."
Mansour, 126 Wn. App. at 11.
Christopher ignores Mansour and simply argues the court's limitation on his
financial obligations is within its discretion. While we agree that the court has discretion
to limit his obligation for special expenses to $1,000, the court erred in requiring the
parties to agree on costs above that amount. On remand, the court shall strike the
requirement to agree.
Aleksandra also challenges the requirement that absent Christopher's
agreement, all additional expenses exceeding $1,000 per month will be paid by her.
Aleksandra contends this violates the requirement that unless the court deviates from
the standard calculation, special child-rearing expenses must be borne by the parties in
the same proportion as their basic child support obligation. See RCW 26.19.080(3); h
8
No. 73345-1-1/9
re Yeamans. 117 Wn. App. 593, 600-01, 72 P.3d 775 (2003). Because the requirement
to agree to additional expenses over $1,000 must be stricken, we do not reach this
issue.
Health Insurance Costs
Absent a deviation from the child support schedule, all "[m]onthly health care
costs shall be shared by the parents in the same proportion as the basic child support
obligation." RCW 26.19.080(2); cf. Yeamans. 117 Wn. App. at 600. Because the court
did not deviate from the standard calculation, and because Aleksandra pays $90 a
month for the children's insurance while Christopher's insurance is provided by his
union at no cost to him, Aleksandra claims the court violated RCW 26.19.080(2) by not
allocating the insurance costs in proportion to each parent's support obligation.
Christopher contends there was no violation of the statute because while he pays no
out-of-pocket premium for the children's coverage, his coverage "does have real costs,
in the form of labor performed by the father."
The trial court's intent regarding health insurance payments is unclear. The court
entered findings that Christopher pays nothing out-of-pocket for his insurance while
Aleksandra pays $90 per month, that Christopher's insurance "could be lost," that both
parents should maintain their coverage, and that both parents' "contribution to the
health insurance premium is calculated in the Worksheet and included in the transfer
payment." However, the Worksheet lists nothing for either parent under "Health Care
Expenses" and there are no findings addressing allocation. Accordingly, on remand,
the court shall clarify the allocation of health care expenses under RCW 26.19.080(2).
No. 73345-1-1/10
Interest on Child Support
The parties agree RCW 4.56.110(2) mandates 12 percent interest on judgments
for unpaid child support accrued under a superior court order. The "Judgment
Summary" in the order of child support states the judgment "shall bear interest at 6%
per annum." On remand, the court shall amend the Judgment Summary to reflect a 12
percent interest rate.
Attorney Fees on Appeal
Aleksandra requests reasonable attorney fees and costs on appeal under RCW
26.18.160, RCW 26.50.060(1 )(g), and RCW 26.09.140. The party requesting fees
under RCW 26.09.140 must make a present showing of need to support the award. In
re Marriage of Konzen, 103 Wn.2d 470, 478, 693 P.2d 97 (1985). Aleksandra's
unrebutted financial declaration demonstrates her need and Christopher's ability to pay.
Subject to compliance with RAP 18.1, we award Aleksandra reasonable attorney fees
and costs on appeal.
We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.
Vjl^Wflft
WE CONCUR:
fc^.Au^? ;
10