State of Louisiana v. Joseph Taylor

Supreme Court of Louisiana
FOR IMMEDIATE NEWS RELEASE NEWS RELEASE #071

FROM: CLERK OF SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

The Opinions handed down on the 1st day of December, 2016, are as follows:

BY JOHNSON, C.J.:

2016-KK-1124 STATE OF LOUISIANA v. JOSEPH TAYLOR (Parish of Orleans)
C/W
2016-KK-1183

For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we find no error in
the district court’s ruling allowing the state to introduce
evidence of defendant’s 1999 PWITD cocaine conviction at trial.
However, we find the district court abused its discretion in
failing to conduct a pre-trial hearing to determine the
admissibility of defendant’s 1998 and 2005 convictions for
possession of cocaine. Therefore, we reverse this ruling of the
district court and remand the matter to district court to conduct
a pre-trial hearing consistent with the guidelines set forth in
this opinion.
AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART AND REMANDED. ANY REQUEST FOR
REHEARING MUST BE RECEIVED BY THIS COURT WITHIN SEVEN DAYS FROM
THE ISSUANCE OF THIS OPINION.

CRICHTON, J., additionally concurs and assigns reasons.
 12/01/16

SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

No. 2016-KK-1124

CONSOLIDATED WITH

No. 2016-KK-1183

STATE OF LOUISIANA

VERSUS

JOSEPH TAYLOR

ON SUPERVISORY WRITS TO THE CRIMINAL DISTRICT
COURT FOR THE PARISH OF ORLEANS

JOHNSON, C.J.

Defendant is charged with possession with intent to distribute (“PWITD”)

cocaine and conspiracy to distribute cocaine. The state sought to introduce evidence

of defendant’s three alleged prior convictions at trial – one PWITD cocaine and two

for possession of cocaine. In accordance with Louisiana Code of Evidence article

404(B)(1) and State v. Prieur, 277 So. 2d 126 (La. 1973), the state filed two notices

of intent to introduce such evidence, attaching the three police reports associated with

these prior incidents to satisfy its burden of proof. The district court issued rulings

allowing the state to introduce the other crimes evidence and the court of appeal

denied defendant’s writ applications. We granted defendant’s two writ applications

to address the correctness of the district court’s rulings and to re-examine the

requirements and procedure for introduction of “other crimes, wrongs or acts”

evidence at trial.

For the following reasons, we affirm the ruling of the district court relative to the

admissibility of defendant’s prior PWITD cocaine conviction. However, we reverse

the district court’s ruling relative to the admissibility of defendant’s prior two

1
convictions for possession of cocaine and remand this matter to the district court to

conduct a pre-trial evidentiary hearing to determine the admissibility of this evidence.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On April 3, 2014, defendant, Joseph Taylor, was charged by bill of information

with, inter alia, PWITD cocaine. On October 16, 2014, the district court found

probable cause after conducting a probable cause hearing. The state filed a

superseding bill of information on May 5, 2015, charging defendant with, inter alia,

conspiracy to distribute cocaine and PWITD cocaine.1 The original bill of information

was dismissed on May 18, 2015. Trial was initially scheduled for April 13, 2016. On

April 8, 2016, the state filed a “Notice of Intent to Offer Evidence of Similar Crimes

pursuant to State v. Prieur and La. C.E. art. 404(B)” (“Prieur notice”), seeking to

introduce evidence of defendant’s 1999 conviction for PWITD cocaine as “evidence

of intent to distribute narcotics in the present charge as demonstrative of repetitive

behavior in similar circumstances.”2 The state attached the corresponding police report

to its notice and asserted defendant pled guilty to the charge. Defendant filed an

objection to the notice. Defendant argued the 1999 conviction was not admissible to

show his intent in 2014, and further that he was not contesting intent at trial. Defendant

also argued the 1999 case was not sufficiently similar to the 2014 allegation of

possession with intent to distribute and that the prejudicial effect of the evidence

outweighed its probative value. A Prieur hearing was held on April 12, 2016.

Defendant subpoenaed and sought to introduce the testimony of the arresting and

reporting officers relative to the 1999 incident.

1
Defendant was charged with three co-defendants. The cases were severed on November 23,
2015, and the state opted to try defendant first.
2
Although the other crimes evidence was primarily offered to prove intent, the state also argued
the evidence was admissible to prove identity. Because we find this evidence admissible to prove intent,
we need not address the issue of identity.

2
 At the hearing, the district court heard arguments from the state and defendant

relative to the state’s burden at a Prieur hearing, and specifically whether the

unauthenticated police report attached to the state’s notice was sufficient to satisfy the

state’s burden. The district court ruled the police report was admissible without further

authentication and sufficient to be considered on the substantive issue of Prieur, and

further denied defendant’s request to call the subpoenaed officers to testify. The

district court granted the state’s Prieur motion, allowing the state to introduce

evidence of the 1999 PWITD conviction. On May 13, 2016, the court of appeal denied

defendant’s writ application, finding the district court did not abuse its discretion in

permitting the state to introduce this Prieur evidence.3

On May 23, 2016, the state filed an “Amended Notice of Intent to Offer

Evidence of Similar Crimes Pursuant to State v. Prieur and Article 404(B)(1),” noting

its intent to introduce evidence of defendant’s 1998 and 2005 guilty pleas to

possession of cocaine.4 The state attached the corresponding police reports to its

amended Prieur notice. Although the matter was not set for a Prieur hearing, the issue

was raised at a scheduled ruling date on May 25, 2016, at which time the court heard

limited arguments relative to the necessity of a specific Prieur hearing. The court

proceeded to grant the state’s Prieur motion and denied the defendant’s request to

conduct a hearing for the purpose of assessing the admissibility of the 1998 and 2005

prior acts. On June 17, 2016, the court of appeal denied defendant’s writ application,

finding defendant has an adequate remedy on appeal.5

Defendant filed two writ applications in this court arising out of the district

3
State v. Taylor, 16-0397 (La. App. 4 Cir. 5/13/16).
4
According to the 1998 police report, defendant was arrested for PWITD cocaine.
5
State v. Taylor, 16-0600 (La. App. 4 Cir. 6/17/16).

3
court’s rulings on the state’s two Prieur notices. We granted defendant’s writ

applications and consolidated the matters for argument and opinion.6

DISCUSSION

In the seminal case of State v. Prieur, 277 So. 2d 126 (La. 1973), this court

addressed the admissibility of other crimes evidence pursuant to former statutes La.

R.S. 15:445 and La. R.S. 15:446. At the time of Prieur, these statutes provided:

§ 445. Inference of intent; evidence of acts similar to that charged

In order to show intent, evidence is admissible of similar acts,
independent of the act charged as a crime in the indictment, for though
intent is a question of fact, it need not be proven as a fact, it may be
inferred from the circumstances of the transaction.

§ 446. Evidence where knowledge or intent is material and where
offense is one of a system

When knowledge or intent forms an essential part of the inquiry,
testimony may be offered of such acts, conduct or declarations of the
accused as tend to establish such knowledge or intent and where the
offense is one of a system, evidence is admissible to prove the
continuity of the offense, and the commission of similar offenses for
the purpose of showing guilty knowledge and intent, but not to prove
the offense charged.

The court explained at the time that these statutes “were adopted in 1928 as part of the

old Code of Criminal Procedure and reflect a conscious desire on the part of the

draftsmen to adopt a limited, rather than expansive, approach to the admissibility of

other acts of misconduct.” Prieur, 277 So. 2d at 128. The court recognized that “the

admissibility of other acts of misconduct involves substantial risk of grave prejudice

to a defendant.” Id. Thus, this court reasoned “the probative value of evidence of

unrelated offenses in relation to the charged offense should therefore be weighed in

light of its possible prejudicial effect, its tendency to influence the triers of fact

improperly as to the present guilt of the accused.” Id. The court held if the state is

6
State v. Taylor, 16-1124 (La. 6/28/16), 192 So. 3d 781; State v. Taylor, 16-1183 (La.
6/28/16), 192 So. 3d 781.

4
able to show by clear and convincing evidence that the defendant committed the

other crime, such evidence may well be properly admissible. Id. at 129. But, to

protect defendant’s constitutional rights, the court established safeguards prerequisite

to the admissibility of such evidence:

When the State intends to offer evidence of other criminal offenses
under the exceptions outlined in R.S. 15:445 and 446:

(1) The State shall within a reasonable time before trial furnish in
writing to the defendant a statement of the acts or offenses it intends to
offer, describing same with the general particularity required of an
indictment or information. No such notice is required as to evidence of
offenses which are a part of the res gestae, or convictions used to
impeach defendant’s testimony.

(2) In the written statement the State shall specify the exception to the
general exclusionary rule upon which it relies for the admissibility of
the evidence of other acts or offenses.

(3) Prerequisite to the admissibility of the evidence is a showing by the
State that the evidence of other crimes is not merely repetitive and
cumulative, is not a subterfuge for depicting the defendant’s bad
character or his propensity for bad behavior, and that it serves the actual
purpose for which it is offered.

(4) When the evidence is admitted before the jury, the court, if
requested by defense counsel, shall charge the jury as to the limited
purpose for which the evidence is received and is to be considered.

(5) Moreover, the final charge to the jury shall contain a charge of the
limited purpose for which the evidence was received, and the court
shall at this time advise the jury that the defendant cannot be convicted
for any charge other than the one named in the indictment or one
responsive thereto.

Id. at 130.

Subsequent to our decision in Prieur, the legislature enacted the Code of

Evidence which specifically addressed the admissibility of other crimes evidence in

Article 404(B), and set forth a non-exhaustive list of instances wherein such evidence

may be admissible. La. C.E. art. 404(B) was originally enacted in 1988 to provide

as follows:

5
 B. Other crimes, wrongs, or acts. Except as provided in Article 412, evidence
of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character
of a person in order to show that he acted in conformity therewith. It
may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of
mistake or accident, or when it relates to conduct that constitutes an integral
part of the act or transaction that is the subject of the present proceeding. In
the absence of evidence of a hostile demonstration or an overt act on the part
of the victim at the time of the offense charged, evidence of the victim’s prior
threats against the accused or the accused’s state of mind as to the victim’s
dangerous character is not admissible; provided further that when the accused
pleads self-defense and there is a history of assaultive behavior between the
victim and the accused and the accused lived in a familial or intimate
relationship such as, but not limited to, the husband-wife, parent-child, or
concubinage relationship, it shall not be necessary to first show a hostile
demonstration or overt act on the part of the victim in order to introduce
evidence of the dangerous character of the victim, including specific instances
of conduct and domestic violence and further provided that an expert’s
opinion as to the effects of the prior assaultive acts on the accused’s state of
mind is admissible.

1988 La. Acts 515. (Emphasis added). Code of Evidence article 104 was enacted

at the same time to provide, in pertinent part:

A. Questions of admissibility generally. Preliminary questions concerning
the competency or qualification of a person to be a witness, the existence
of a privilege, or the admissibility of evidence shall be determined by the
court, subject to the provisions of Paragraph B. In making its
determination it is not bound by the rules of evidence except those with
respect to privileges.

B. Relevancy conditioned on fact. Subject to other provisions of this
Code, when the relevancy of evidence depends upon the fulfillment of a
condition of fact, the court shall admit it upon, or subject to, the
introduction of evidence sufficient to support a finding of the fulfillment
of the condition.

***

1988 La. Acts 515, § 1. These articles were accompanied by La. C.E. art. 1103,

which provided:

Article 404(B) and 104(A) neither codifies nor affects the law of other
crimes evidence, as set forth in State v. Prieur, 277 So. 2d 126 (La.
1973), State v. Davis, 449 So. 2d 466 (La. 1984) and State v. Moore,
278 So. 2d 781 (La. 1973) and their progeny, as regards the notice
requirement and the clear and convincing evidence standard in regard
to other crimes evidence. Those cases are law and apply to Article

6
 404(B) and 104(A), unless modified by subsequent state
jurisprudential development.

Although Prieur provided only three exceptions where other crimes evidence

may be admissible – to show “intent, knowledge or system,” Article 404(B) expanded

the areas of independent relevance to allow such evidence to be admitted for “other

purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge,

identity, absence of mistake or accident.” Otherwise, the enactment of the Code of

Evidence did not change or overrule the standards and requirements set forth in Prieur

and its progeny, and did not substantially change the manner in which other crimes

evidence was evaluated by the courts. District courts continued to make pre-trial

determinations regarding the admissibility of such evidence applying the clear and

convincing burden of proof. See, e.g., State v. Scales, 93-2203 (La. 5/22/95), 655 So.

2d 1326, 1330-31.

Article 404(B) was amended to its present form in 1994:7

B. Other crimes, wrongs, or acts. (1) Except as provided in Article
412, evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to
prove the character of a person in order to show that he acted in
conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other
purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation,
plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake or accident, provided
that upon request by the accused, the prosecution in a criminal case
shall provide reasonable notice in advance of trial, of the nature of any
such evidence it intends to introduce at trial for such purposes, or when
it relates to conduct that constitutes an integral part of the act or
transaction that is the subject of the present proceeding.

Notably, at the same time, the legislature added La. C.E. art. 1104: “The burden of

proof in a pretrial hearing held in accordance with State v. Prieur, 277 So. 2d 126

(La. 1973), shall be identical to the burden of proof required by Federal Rules of

Evidence Article IV, Rule 404.” Article 1103 was subsequently repealed by 1995

La. Acts 1300.

7
1994 La. Acts 51.

7
 The addition of Article 1104, along with the repeal of Article 1103, demonstrate

a definitive change relative to the burden of proof the state must meet before evidence

of other crimes, wrongs, or acts can be admissible. The Prieur court grounded its

analysis in “the spirit of” constitutional protections affording an accused notice of the

nature of the charges against him, the right to present a defense, and the right of

confrontation. 277 So. 2d at 130. However, the court did not explicitly state why the

“clear and convincing” standard is necessary to safeguard those rights.

Article 1104 provides the burden of proof is identical to that required by Federal

Rule of Evidence 404. Although Federal Rule 404 does not clearly state a specific

burden of proof, the United States Supreme Court has interpreted Federal Rule

404(b),8 along with Federal Rule 104(b)9 to support a finding that a lesser standard is

sufficient. In Huddleston v. United States, 485 U.S. 681, 108 S.Ct. 1496, 99 L.Ed. 2d

771 (1988), the Court, in reviewing the standard of proof for other crimes evidence

under Fed. R. Evid. art. 404(b), considered whether the district court must make a

preliminary finding that the government has proved the “other act” by a

preponderance of the evidence before it submits the evidence to the jury. 485 U.S. at

8
Fed. R. Evid. 404(b) provides:

(b) Crimes, Wrongs, or Other Acts.
(1) Prohibited Uses. Evidence of a crime, wrong, or other act is not admissible to prove a person’s
character in order to show that on a particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the
character.
(2) Permitted Uses; Notice in a Criminal Case. This evidence may be admissible for another
purpose, such as proving motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity,
absence of mistake, or lack of accident. On request by a defendant in a criminal case, the
prosecutor must:
(A) provide reasonable notice of the general nature of any such evidence that the prosecutor
intends to offer at trial; and
(B) do so before trial--or during trial if the court, for good cause, excuses lack of pretrial notice.
9
Fed. R. Evid. 104(b) provides:

(b) Relevance That Depends on a Fact. When the relevance of evidence depends on whether a
fact exists, proof must be introduced sufficient to support a finding that the fact does exist.
The court may admit the proposed evidence on the condition that the proof be introduced later.
(Emphasis added).

8
682. In addition to finding Federal Rule 404(b) does not mandate a preliminary finding

by the trial court that the act in question occurred, the Court concluded that the trial

court need only assess whether the evidence is sufficient to support a finding by the

jury that defendant committed the act, in accordance with Federal Rule of Evidence

104(b). Id. at 690. (Emphasis added). Louisiana has a parallel provision in Code of

Evidence article 104(B): “B. Relevancy conditioned on fact. Subject to other

provisions of this Code, when the relevancy of evidence depends upon the fulfillment

of a condition of fact, the court shall admit it upon, or subject to, the introduction of

evidence sufficient to support a finding of the fulfillment of the condition.” (Italics

added).

The jurisprudence has at times painted a murky picture concerning the burden

of proof relative to introduction of other crimes evidence pursuant to La. C.E. art.

404(B). Although this court has long recognized an issue exists regarding the extent

to which the repeal of La. C.E. art. 1103 and the addition of La. C.E. art. 1104 has

affected the burden of proof required for the admission of other crimes evidence, we

have yet to directly address and resolve the issue. See, e.g., State v. Jacobs, 99-0991

(La. 5/15/01), 803 So. 2d 933, 952 n. 15; State v. McArthur, 97-2918 (La. 10/20/98),

719 So. 2d 1037, 1039 n. 1. In some cases, we did not need to reach the issue because

we found the state satisfied its burden under either the clear and convincing evidence

standard or a lower standard. See, e.g., State v. Rose, 06-0402 (La. 2/22/07), 949 So.

2d 1236, 1243 n. 3; State v. Galliano, 02-2849 (La. 1/10/03), 839 So. 2d 932, 933

n.1; State v. Cotton, 00-0850 (La. 1/29/01), 778 So. 2d 569, 578 n. 3. Additionally,

this court has, on occasion, referenced and applied the “clear and convincing”

standard even after the enactment of Article 1104. However, this court merely relied

on jurisprudence that preceded the enactment of Article 1104. See, e.g., State v.

9
Robertson, 15-2095 (La. 2/5/16), 183 So. 3d 1287, 1289 n. 1; State v. Blank, 04-0204

(La. 4/11/07), 955 So. 2d 90, 123. Even without a definitive ruling by this court, our

circuit courts have generally recognized that the “clear and convincing” standard stated

in Prieur has been legislatively abrogated. See, e.g., State v. Millien, 02-1006 (La.

App. 1 Cir. 2/14/03), 845 So. 2d 506, 514; State v. Aleman, 01-0743 (La. App. 5 Cir.

1/15/02), 809 So. 2d 1056, 1064-65, writ denied, 02-0481 (La. 3/14/03), 839 So. 2d

26; State v. Williams, 99-2576 (La. App. 1 Cir. 9/22/00), 769 So. 2d 730, 735 n. 4;

State v. Langley, 95-2029 (La. App. 4 Cir. 9/4/96), 680 So. 2d 717, 720-21, writ

denied, 96-2357 (La. 2/7/97), 688 So. 2d 498; State v. Crawford, 95-1352 (La. App.

3 Cir. 4/3/96), 672 So. 2d 197, writ denied, 96-1126 (La. 10/4/96), 679 So. 2d 1379.

We find no constitutional requirement for adherence to the “clear and

convincing” evidence standard set forth in Prieur. Given the clear language of Code

of Evidence Articles 1104 and 104(B), and considering the Supreme Court’s holding

in Huddleston, we now recognize and hold that when seeking to introduce evidence

pursuant to La. C.E. art. 404(B), the state need only make a showing of sufficient

evidence to support a finding that the defendant committed the other crime, wrong, or

act.

Having established the correct standard under Article 404(B), we revisit the

requirements for admissibility of other crimes evidence. In opposing defendant’s writ

applications in this court, the state asserts that neither Prieur nor the subsequent

enactment of the Code of Evidence require a pre-trial evidentiary hearing. Relying on

Huddleston, the state asserts the Supreme Court explicitly rejected the notion that the

government has a pre-trial evidentiary burden relative to admissibility of other crimes

evidence. The state urges this court to adopt the procedure set forth in Huddleston

and expressly overrule Prieur. We decline to do so.

10
 Prieur did not specifically require a pre-trial evidentiary hearing on the

question of the admissibility of other crimes evidence. In State v. Lukehahr, 363 So.

2d 661, 665 (La. 1978), this court explained that Prieur does not “require a pre-trial

evidentiary hearing as to whether extraneous other-crime evidence may be admitted;

it only requires that, before such evidence is introduced, the trial court must determine,

on the basis of the showing requisite for it to do so at the hearing outside the presence

of the jury, that the extraneous acts are probative of a real issue and that their probative

value exceeds their prejudicial effect.” However, despite the pronouncement in

Lukehahr, the Prieur court did not prohibit such a hearing and the jurisprudence that

developed after Prieur certainly envisioned a pre-trial hearing, commonly referred to

as a “Prieur hearing.” See, e.g., State v. Hatcher, 372 So. 2d 1024, 1027 (La. 1979).

Although not addressing the issue directly, post-Huddleston this court has continued

to indicate that the state cannot introduce evidence of other crimes without first

conducting a pre-trial hearing at which it must prove defendant committed the other

crimes and that they are admissible under Article 404(B). See, e.g., State v.

Altenberger, 13-2518 (La. 4/11/14), 139 So. 3d 510, 517 (wherein this court remanded

the matter for a pre-trial evidentiary hearing in accordance with Prieur). Moreover,

unlike the Federal Rules of Evidence relied on by the Supreme Court in Huddleston,

the Louisiana Code of Evidence specifically references a pre-trial hearing in

accordance with Prieur in Article 1104, wherein an evidentiary burden of proof is

provided. We therefore choose to maintain the longstanding requirement of a pre-trial

hearing to determine the admissibility of other crimes evidence. We caution, however,

that this hearing is not intended to be a “mini trial” of the prior offenses. See

Altenberger, 139 So. 3d at 517; State v. Garcia, 09-1578 (La. 11/16/12), 108 So. 3d

1, 15-18. The state is simply required to make some showing of sufficient evidence to

11
support a finding that defendant committed the other act. We cannot mandate or

prohibit a specific form of evidence applicable to every case. Although testimony is

not required, it may be necessary depending on the facts of a particular case. Other

times the submission of documents, such as a police report or conviction, and a

summation of the other crime, wrong, or act will suffice. Sufficiency of the state’s

evidence naturally must be determined on a case by case basis.

Code of Evidence article 404(B)(1) embodies the settled principle that evidence

of other crimes may be admissible if the state establishes an independent and relevant

reason for its admission. While the clear and convincing burden of proof set forth in

Prieur is no longer mandated, other jurisprudential rules and guidelines derived from

Prieur and its progeny remain valid and applicable. Thus, the state is still required

provide the defendant with written notice before trial that it intends to offer prior

crimes evidence. See Garcia, 108 So. 3d at 39; Rose, 949 So. 2d at 1243. And, the

safeguard in Prieur providing for a jury charge regarding the limited purpose for which

other crimes evidence is presented remains valid. Moreover, even when the other

crimes evidence is offered for a purpose allowed under Article 404(B)(1), the evidence

must have substantial relevance independent from showing defendant’s general

criminal character and thus is not admissible unless it tends to prove a material fact at

issue or to rebut a defendant’s defense. Altenberger, 139 So. 3d at 515; Rose, 949 So.

2d at 1243. Accordingly, the state cannot simply rely on a boilerplate recitation of the

grounds for admissibility stated in La. C.E. art. 404(B). It is the duty of the district

court in its gatekeeping function to determine the independent relevancy of this

evidence. Altenberger, 139 So. 3d at 515; Garcia, 108 So. 3d at 39. The district court

must also balance the probative value of the other crimes, wrongs or acts evidence

against its prejudicial effects before the evidence can be admitted. State v. Henderson,

12
12-2422 (La. 1/4/13), 107 So. 3d 566, 567-68.

With these principles and guidelines in mind, we must now determine whether

the district court correctly found the other crimes evidence admissible in this case. In

the state’s first Prieur notice, it explained its purpose to introduce evidence of

defendant’s 1999 conviction for PWITD cocaine as “evidence of intent to distribute

narcotics in the present charge as demonstrative of repetitive behavior in similar

circumstances.” At the Prieur hearing, the state relied on a copy of the police report

relative to the 1999 incident which was attached to its Prieur notice, and further

asserted the defendant pled guilty to the charge, referencing the specific Orleans Parish

Criminal District Court case number. Defendant argues the district court erred in

allowing the state to rely solely on the unauthenticated police report that was attached

to the Prieur notice and never properly introduced as evidence at the hearing.

Additionally, defendant argues that by allowing the state to submit the police report

without authentication and refusing to allow defendant to call witnesses to rebut the

state’s evidence, he was effectively denied the opportunity to participate in the

evidentiary hearing.

First, we find no error in the district court relying on the unauthenticated police

report for purposes of the Prieur hearing. La. C.E. art. 104(A) provides: “Preliminary

questions concerning...the admissibility of evidence shall be determined by the

court…. In making its determination it is not bound by the rules of evidence....” As

this court has previously recognized, “the last sentence of this article is ‘based on a

recognition that most of the rules of evidence are intended to regulate the quality and

reliability of evidence reaching the untrained juror, not the court.’ La. Code Evid. art.

104, comment (d).” Scales, 655 So. 2d at 1330; see also State v. Shirley, 08-2106 (La.

5/5/09), 10 So. 3d 224, 228. Thus, the rules of evidence do not operate in full force

13
at a Prieur hearing. Accordingly, evidence such as hearsay evidence, although

generally inadmissible at trial, is admissible at a Prieur hearing. In Scales, this court

found no error in the district court allowing hearsay evidence at the pre-trial Prieur

hearing, noting “we believe the trial judge in a Prieur hearing is competent to determine

whether hearsay statements are sufficient to meet the state’s burden ….” Id.

Additionally, in Hatcher, this court recognized that evidence offered by the state at the

pre-trial Prieur hearing was hearsay, but found no error in the district court’s ruling

allowing such testimony. This court explained:

We are satisfied that the testimony of the assistant district attorney
adequately informed defendant of the nature and factual content of the
other-crime evidence sought to be introduced by the state. Moreover, the
testimony of the victims of the prior offenses at trial conforms
substantially to the details of the offenses as described by the assistant
district attorney. Additionally, this testimony afforded the trial judge a
sufficient basis from which he could rule on the admissibility of the
other-crime evidence.

372 So. 2d at 1027. Similarly, although the unauthenticated copy of the police report

would be insufficient at trial, it is sufficient for purposes of consideration at a Prieur

hearing.

In this case, we find no error in the district court allowing the state to submit an

unauthenticated police report in order to meet its burden under Article 404(B)(1).

Although it does not appear from the record that the police report was formally

offered and accepted as evidence in the district court, it is undisputed defendant was

provided a copy of the police report with the state’s Prieur notice and the police

report was physically before the court as part of the filed Prieur notice. Given the

relaxed evidentiary standards in pre-trial evidentiary admissibility determinations, we

find no error in the district court’s ruling that the police report was sufficient to be

considered on the substantive Prieur issue. We also point out that while the rules of

evidence are relaxed in a pre-trial hearing to determine what evidence may be offered

14
at trial, the state will obviously be required to adhere to the rules of evidence when

presenting evidence of the 1999 incident at trial. Should the state not properly present

competent evidence at trial, the trial court may exclude the other crimes evidence at

that time.

Additionally, we find no error in the district court’s refusal to allow defendant

to call the police officers related to the 1999 incident as witnesses at the Prieur

hearing. The defendant subpoenaed and sought to present the testimony of the officers

to rebut the state’s argument that the facts of the 1999 incident were sufficiently similar

to the current charges to be probative of intent or identity under Rule 404(B). Although

pre-trial hearing is required, its limited purpose is simply to determine whether the state

has provided sufficient evidence to support a finding by the jury that the defendant

committed the other crime, wrong, or act. Here, the state presented the police report

indicating the basis for the arrest and referenced defendant’s guilty plea to the

underlying charge with the appropriate court case number. Under the given facts, there

is no requirement that defendant be allowed to subpoena and question state witnesses

pre-trial, effectively conducting a trial of the prior crime. Notably, in this case, there

appears to be no real dispute that defendant pled guilty to the 1999 charge represented

in the police report. Defendant points out the state failed to introduce evidence of the

actual plea/conviction, however in its Prieur notice, the state referenced the case

number under which defendant pled guilty in the same court as the current offense.

And, the state will be required to prove the conviction with competent evidence at trial.

Furthermore, although defendant argues the prior crime did not occur in the exact

manner portrayed in the police report, the fact that defendant pled guilty to the charge

lessens the need for the court to hear testimony from the officers relative to that crime

in the context of a Prieur hearing. The defendant received adequate notice of the other

15
crimes evidence the state plans to present and defendant can fully challenge the state’s

evidence relative to this prior crime at trial.

While we cannot say reliance on an unauthenticated police report will be

sufficient evidence in every case, considering the police report submitted by the state

in this case, combined with the referenced guilty plea to the 1999 PWITD charge, we

find live testimony was not necessary and the state met its burden of submitting

sufficient proof that defendant committed the 1999 crime. However, our inquiry does

not end here. We must consider whether the state demonstrated that the 1999 PWITD

offense satisfies one of the requirements listed in La. C.E. art. 404(B)(1).

In its Prieur notice, the state asserted the prior 1999 incident was relevant to

demonstrate intent to distribute narcotics in this case. The defendant argues he is not

disputing intent and thus the prior act serves no purpose other than to paint him as a

bad person with a propensity for crime. Further, even if intent was a genuine issue in

this case, defendant argues the prior act is not sufficiently similar to the current charges

to be relevant.

“‘This court has recognized the principle that where the element of intent is

regarded as an essential ingredient of the crime charged, it is proper to admit proof of

similar but disconnected crimes to show the intent with which the act charged was

committed.’” State v. Jackson, 625 So. 2d 146, 150 (La. 1993) (quoting State v.

Cupit, 179 So. 837, 839 (La. 1938)). The offense of possession with intent to

distribute a controlled dangerous substance is comprised of two elements: (1) a

knowing and intentional possession of the substance (2) with a specific intent to

distribute it. State v. Williams, 16-32 (La. App. 5 Cir. 8/24/16), 199 So. 3d 1205,

1212. Thus, “specific intent is required to commit the crime to possess cocaine with

intent to distribute.” State v. Elzie, 343 So. 2d 712, 713 (La. 1977).

16
 In State v. Hearold, 603 So. 2d 731, 735 (La. 1992), this court explained that

“intent is a condition of mind which is usually proved by evidence of circumstances

from which intent may be inferred.” We further re-stated certain factors which are

useful in determining whether circumstantial evidence is sufficient to prove the intent

to distribute a controlled dangerous substance: (1) whether the defendant ever

distributed or attempted to distribute the drug; (2) whether the drug was in a form

usually associated with possession for distribution to others; (3) whether the amount

of drug created an inference of an intent to distribute; (4) whether expert or other

testimony established that the amount of drug found in the defendant’s possession is

inconsistent with personal use only; and (5) whether there was any paraphernalia, such

as baggies or scales, evidencing an intent to distribute.” Id. (Emphasis added).

This court has explicitly recognized that evidence of other drug sales is of great

probative value in establishing intent to distribute when it is an essential element of the

crime charged. State v. Hill, 11-2585 (La. 3/9/12), 82 So. 3d 267 (per curiam) (“In a

prosecution for possession of contraband drugs with intent to distribute, evidence of

prior acts of distribution is admissible on the question of specific intent.”); State v.

Knighten, 07-1061 (La. 11/16/07), 968 So. 2d 720, 721; State v. Grey, 408 So. 2d

1239, 1242 (La. 1982).

While the defendant argues intent is not a genuinely contested issue, his actual

defense will be unknown until trial. Defendant is not bound by a pre-trial statement that

intent will not be contested. In the current posture of this case, the state still has the

burden of proving specific intent, an essential element of the crime charged, and the

jury will be specifically instructed in this regard prior to deliberations. Thus, we find

evidence of defendant’s 1999 PWITD cocaine conviction relevant under Article

404(B)(1). As the case develops at trial, should it be clear that intent will not be

17
disputed, the district court can revisit the issue.

Although we have found the 1999 conviction relevant and otherwise admissible

under Article 404(B)(1), we must still conduct a balancing test pursuant to Article 403.

“Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially

outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading

the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, or waste of time.” La. C.E. art. 403. Any

inculpatory evidence is “prejudicial” to a defendant, especially when it is “probative”

to a high degree. Rose, 949 So. 2d at 1244; State v. Germain, 433 So. 2d 110, 118

(La. 1983). As used in the balancing test, “prejudicial” limits the introduction of

probative evidence of prior misconduct only when it is unduly and unfairly prejudicial.

Henderson, 107 So. 3d at 568; Germain, 433 So. 2d at 118. “The term ‘unfair

prejudice,’ as to a criminal defendant, speaks to the capacity of some concededly

relevant evidence to lure the factfinder into declaring guilt on a ground different from

proof specific to the offense charged.” Henderson, 107 So. 3d at 568; Rose, 949 So.

2d at 1244 (citing Old Chief v. United States, 519 U.S. 172, 180, 117 S.Ct. 644, 650,

136 L.Ed. 2d 574 (1997)). Under the particular facts of this case, although evidence

of the prior incident is necessarily prejudicial, we cannot say that it is so inflammatory

as to create an unacceptable risk of luring jurors “into declaring guilt on a ground

different from proof specific to the offense charged.” Additionally, considering this

court’s history of finding evidence of prior acts of distribution relevant and admissible

on the issue of specific intent, we do not find the probative value of the 1999 PWITD

cocaine conviction is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.

A district court’s ruling on the admissibility of other crimes evidence will not be

overturned absent an abuse of discretion. Galliano, 839 So. 2d at 934; see also State

v. Wright, 11-0141 (La. 12/6/11), 79 So. 3d 309, 316. We find the state sustained its

18
burden of proving an independent and relevant reason under Article 404(B)(1) for the

admission of defendant’s 1999 PWITD cocaine conviction, and this evidence is not

substantially outweighed by the risk of undue or unfair prejudice to the defendant.

Thus, we conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion in ruling this evidence

admissible.

It is important to emphasize that we are merely reviewing the district court’s

ruling on preliminary admissibility of this evidence and ensuring the defendant has

received proper notice of the other crimes evidence. The district court’s view of the

admissibility of this other crimes evidence is always subject to change if any of these

relevant considerations change. Thus, should the district court determine during trial

that intent is not an issue, or should the state not present sufficient and competent

evidence to prove the other crimes, the court may decide to exclude the evidence.

We now turn to the state’s amended Prieur notice, seeking to introduce

evidence of defendant’s 1998 and 2005 guilty pleas to possession of cocaine. As with

its original Prieur notice, the state again attached the relevant police reports as exhibits

to its amended notice. However, unlike its handling of the original Prieur notice, the

district court did not schedule a pre-trial hearing. Rather, at a “ruling date” previously

scheduled to address other outstanding motions, the state brought to the court’s

attention that it had filed an amended Prieur notice seeking to introduce two additional

prior crimes, asserting the “facts and circumstances of these crimes were nearly

identical” to that in its original Prieur notice. The district court indicated it was ready

to rule on the issue, even though defense counsel pointed out no hearing had been held

and specifically requested a hearing to determine the admissibility of this evidence. The

district court denied defendant’s motion for a hearing, initially indicating it would deny

the state’s Prieur motion. However, after the state objected and argued the additional

19
crimes were similar to the earlier Prieur evidence ruled admissible, the court granted

the state’s Prieur motion. The district court again denied defendant’s motion to

conduct a hearing for the purpose of assessing the admissibility of the additional

Prieur evidence.

After reviewing the record relative to the court’s ruling on the amended Prieur

notice, we note the district court assumed refusing to conduct a hearing to consider

the admissibility of other crimes evidence was within its discretion. However, as we

make clear earlier in this opinion, a pre-trial hearing is required before the district court

can make such a ruling. Based on our review of the record, the district court allowed

the state to give substantive arguments relative to its amended Prieur notice at a

previously scheduled “ruling date” that was intended to address other issues. Defense

counsel stated on the record she had been served in court with the amended Prieur

notice only two days prior. Defendant had not yet filed a response to the amended

Prieur notice, no evidentiary hearing was scheduled, and defendant did not have an

opportunity to present substantive arguments opposing the state’s amended Prieur

notice prior to the district court’s ruling in favor of the state.10 Further, although the

state argues this other crimes evidence was nearly identical to that previously ruled

admissible by the district court, we note the 1998 and 2005 convictions appear to

consist of guilty pleas to possession of cocaine, not PWITD cocaine. While we hold

in this opinion that the prior PWITD conviction is particularly relevant to intent in this

case, our holding does not necessarily apply to the prior possession convictions. The

district court must conduct a hearing to directly address the relevancy issue of the

prior possession convictions. We find the district court abused its discretion in

refusing to conduct a pre-trial hearing to determine the admissibility of the other crimes

10
Defense counsel provided limited substantive argument for the record following the district
court’s ruling.

20
evidence set forth in the state’s amended Prieur notice. We therefore reverse the

district court’s ruling allowing the state to introduce the 1998 and 2005 convictions

and remand this matter to the district court to conduct a pre-trial hearing consistent

with this opinion.

CONCLUSION

In sum, for other crimes evidence to be admissible, the state must comply with

the notice requirement set out in Prieur. Additionally, at a pre-trial hearing, the state

must provide sufficient evidence to support a finding that the defendant committed the

other crime, wrong, or act, and demonstrate that the other act satisfies one of the

requirements listed in La. C.E. art. 404(B)(1). The hearing allows the district court to

perform its gatekeeping functions of determining the relevancy of the other crimes

evidence and balancing its probative value against its prejudicial effect pursuant to

Article 403.

For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we find no error in the district court’s

ruling allowing the state to introduce evidence of defendant’s 1999 PWITD cocaine

conviction at trial. However, we find the district court abused its discretion in failing

to conduct a pre-trial hearing to determine the admissibility of defendant’s 1998 and

2005 convictions for possession of cocaine. Therefore, we reverse this ruling of the

district court and remand the matter to district court to conduct a pre-trial hearing

consistent with the guidelines set forth in this opinion.

DECREE

AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART AND REMANDED. ANY

REQUEST FOR REHEARING MUST BE RECEIVED BY THIS COURT

WITHIN SEVEN DAYS FROM THE ISSUANCE OF THIS OPINION.

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12/01/16

SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

No. 2016-KK-1124

CONSOLIDATED WITH

No. 2016-KK-1183

STATE OF LOUISIANA

VERSUS

JOSEPH TAYLOR

ON SUPERVISORY WRITS TO THE CRIMINAL DISTRICT
COURT FOR THE PARISH OF ORLEANS

CRICHTON, J., additionally concurs and assigns reasons.

I fully agree with the majority, but write separately to emphasize the critical

task faced by trial courts in conducting hearings pursuant to State v. Prieur, 277

So.2d 126 (La. 1973) and La. C.E. art. 404(B)(1). “The principle that there is a

presumption of innocence in favor of the accused is the undoubted law, axiomatic

and elementary, and its enforcement lies at the foundation of the administration of

our criminal law.” Coffin v. United States, 156 U.S. 432, 453, 15 S.Ct. 394, 403, 39

L.Ed. 481 (1895). Any measures undertaken by the state that might diminish this

constitutionally protected guarantee merit careful scrutiny and any evidentiary

rules that could infringe on this right require careful tailoring. On the other hand,

the state cannot have its hands tied—it must be allowed to put forth relevant

evidence in service of fully informing the trier of fact so that it might fulfill its

duty. See Old Chief v. United States, 519 U.S. 172, 117 S.Ct. 644, 136 L.Ed.2d 574

(1997) (“Evidence thus has force beyond any linear scheme of reasoning, and as its

pieces come together a narrative gains momentum, with power not only to support

conclusions but to sustain the willingness of jurors to draw the inferences,

whatever they may be, necessary to reach an honest verdict. . . . Thus, the
prosecution may fairly seek to place its evidence before the jurors, as much to tell a

story of guiltiness as to support an inference of guilt, to convince the jurors that a

guilty verdict would be morally reasonable as much as to point to the discrete

elements of a defendant’s legal fault.”).

Thus, in Prieur hearings, trial courts face the difficult job of balancing the

bedrock presumption of innocence with the vindication of the justice system by

performing two essential gatekeeping functions: first, the trial court must decide

whether the state will be able to provide sufficient proof of other acts, and second,

the trial court must evaluate the state’s motivation in seeking to admit defendant’s

prior acts. The presumption of innocence requires that the state attempt to only

introduce acts that strictly adhere to the legitimate purposes for which other acts

evidence may be used. Trial courts should exercise particular diligence in

excluding unfairly prejudicial or irrelevant prior acts. In declining to articulate a

specific manner in which every Prieur hearing must be conducted, this Court

correctly leaves the scope of the hearing to the sound discretion of the trial court.

Logic and fairness dictate that the extent of the hearing required will depend in

large part on what the state seeks to introduce. In my view, trial courts must

balance these competing interests according to the dictates of justice and

fundamental fairness, which is a task they are well-suited to perform.