The case comes before us upon demurrer to the declaration, which alleges that the plaintiff, who is a barber in the city of Providence, on the 5th day of September, 1902, bought of a firm of dealers in barbers' supplies certain packages of soap made by the defendants and called Colgate Company's Shaving Soap, which were placed by the defendants upon the market, and intended to be used in shaving by barbers and others; that the defendants were careless and negligent in manufacturing this soap, so that when they placed it upon the market it contained an excess of alkali, a poisonous substance, and when used by the plaintiff in his business and applied to the faces of his customers it burned, poisoned, and disfigured their faces, and in consequence thereof the plaintiff lost their custom and the custom of others.
The defendants assign as grounds of demurrer that the facts as stated show no duty towards the plaintiff imposed by law upon the defendants, and no cause of action by the plaintiff against the defendants.
The whole subject of the responsibility of a manufacturer *Page 221 to persons using his products, on account of defects therein, has been recently fully discussed by this court in McCaffrey v.Mossberg Granville Mfg. Co., 23 R.I. 381.
We think the case can only be sustained if it can be brought within the second class referred to there — the article involved not being an inherently dangerous one, but one which may have become so by the acts or neglect of the manufacturer — in which case he is not liable unless he knows of the defect and practices deceit in exposing the defective product for sale. Alkali of some kind is a necessary ingredient of soap; and it is no deceit to include it in the manufacture of the article for the market. It is only the excess of alkali that can render the compound hurtful to the human skin. Unless the defendants knew of this excess they cannot be held liable. It is not alleged that they had this knowledge, only that they were negligent.
The declaration also shows that the plaintiff was negligent in continuing the use of the article upon "a large number" of customers, and thus contributed to the loss of trade which is the burden of his action.
The demurrer must be sustained.